Water

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20 pages, 4959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution of Vegetation on Stream Bars and the Riparian Zone Reflects Successional Pattern Due to Fluid Dynamics of River

by Ji Eun Seok, Bong Soon Lim, Jeong Sook Moon, Gyung Soon Kim and Chang Seok Lee

Water 2023, 15(8), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081493 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3347

Abstract

The river is a dynamic space where erosion, transportation, and sedimentation are constantly occurring due to running water. This study aims to reveal the change in geomorphology caused by the flow characteristics of water in rivers and the response of vegetation to that. [...] Read more.

The river is a dynamic space where erosion, transportation, and sedimentation are constantly occurring due to running water. This study aims to reveal the change in geomorphology caused by the flow characteristics of water in rivers and the response of vegetation to that. This study was carried out by clarifying the spatially appearing successional trends in the vegetation established in the stream bars and the riparian zones, which are located on different topographic conditions based on the vegetation profile, ordination result, and species diversity. The spatial distribution of vegetation on the stream bars tended to appear in the order of annual plant-, perennial plant-, and tree-dominated stands from the upstream toward a downstream direction (a gravel bar and a sand bar in a mountain gravel-bed river and an estuary, respectively) or the reversed one (a sand bar in a lowland river). The spatial distribution of vegetation on the riparian zones tended to appear in the order of annual plant-, perennial plant-, and tree-dominated stands from the waterfront toward the bank direction. Changes in species composition also differed depending on the spatial location, showing a similar trend to the spatial distribution of vegetation. Species diversity became higher in proportion to the longevity of the dominant species of each vegetation type. In conclusion, the longitudinal distribution pattern of vegetation on the stream bars resembles the lateral distribution of riparian vegetation, and the successional trends follow the spatial distribution pattern. These results suggest that the dynamics of bed loading, an allogenic process, may be an important determinant of the spatial distribution and succession of plant communities in dynamic riverine environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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17 pages, 4077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of Trends of Potential Evapotranspiration at Multiple Timescales and Locations in Sicily from 2002 to 2022

by Tagele Mossie Aschale, Nunziarita Palazzolo, David J. Peres, Guido Sciuto and Antonino Cancelliere

Water 2023, 15(7), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071273 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

Climate change and the related temperature rise can cause an increase in evapotranspiration. Thus, the assessment of potential evapotranspiration (PET) trends is important to identify possible ongoing signals of climate change, in order to develop adaptation measures for water resource management and improve [...] Read more.

Climate change and the related temperature rise can cause an increase in evapotranspiration. Thus, the assessment of potential evapotranspiration (PET) trends is important to identify possible ongoing signals of climate change, in order to develop adaptation measures for water resource management and improve irrigation efficiency. In this study, we capitalize on the data available from a network of 46 complete meteorological stations in Sicily that cover a period of about 21 years (2002–2022) to estimate PET by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) using the Penman–Monteith method at the daily time scale in Sicily (southern Italy). We then analyse the trends of PET and assess their significance by Sen’s Slope and the Mann–Kendall test at multiple temporal scales (monthly, seasonal, and annual). Most of the locations do not show significant trends. For instance, at the annual timescale, only five locations have a significantly increasing trend. However, there are many locations where the monthly trend is statistically significant. The number of locations where monthly trend is significant is maximum for August, where 18 out of these 46 stations have an increasing trend. In contrast, in March, there are no locations with a significant trend. The location with the highest increasing trend of PET indicates trend slopes of 1.73, 3.42, and 10.68 mm/year at monthly (August), seasonal (summer), and annual timescales, respectively. In contrast, decreasing PET trends are present only at the monthly and seasonal scales, with a maximum of, respectively, −1.82 (July) and −3.28 (summer) mm/year. Overall, the findings of this study are useful for climate change adaptation strategies to be pursued in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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17 pages, 17872 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Trend Analysis and Identification of the Meteorological Factors Influencing Reference Evapotranspiration

by Tagele Mossie Aschale, David J. Peres, Aurora Gullotta, Guido Sciuto and Antonino Cancelliere

Water 2023, 15(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030470 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3587

Abstract

Investigating the trends of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is fundamental importance for water resource management in agriculture, climate variability analysis, and other hydroclimate-related projects. Moreover, it would be useful for understanding the sensitivity of such trends to basic meteorological variables, as the modifications of [...] Read more.

Investigating the trends of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is fundamental importance for water resource management in agriculture, climate variability analysis, and other hydroclimate-related projects. Moreover, it would be useful for understanding the sensitivity of such trends to basic meteorological variables, as the modifications of these variables due to climate change are more easily predictable. This study aims to analyze ETo trends and sensitivity in relation to different explanatory meteorological factors. The study used a 17 year-long dataset of meteorological variables from a station located in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, a region characterized by a Mediterranean climate. First, the FAO-Penman-Monteith method was applied for estimation of ETo. Next, the Mann-Kendall test with serial autocorrelation removal by Trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) was applied to analyze ETo trends and the basic meteorological variables on which they depend. Sen’s slope was also used to examine the magnitude of the trend of monthly ETo and its related meteorological variables. According to the obtained results, ETo only showed a downward trend of 0.790 mm per year in November, while no trend is shown in other months or on seasonal and annual time scales. Solar radiation (November and Autumn) and rainfall (Autumn) showed a downward trend. The other meteorological variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, mean temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) showed an upward trend both at monthly and seasonally scale in the study area. The highest and lowest sensitivity coefficients of ETo in the study area are obtained for specific humidity and wind speed, respectively. Specific humidity and wind speed give the highest (44.59%) and lowest (0.9%) contribution to ETo trends in the study area. These results contribute to understanding the potential and possible future footprint of climate change on evapotranspiration in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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11 pages, 1597 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Potential Hydrological Impacts of Planting Switchgrass on Marginal Rangelands in South Central Great Plains

by Gehendra Kharel, Yu Zhong, Rodney E. Will, Tian Zhang and Chris B. Zou

Water 2022, 14(19), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193087 - 1 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

Woody plant encroachment is an ongoing global issue. In the Southern Great Plains of the United States, the rapid encroachment and coalescence of woody plants are transforming herbaceous-dominated rangelands into woodlands with a detrimental impact on water quality and quantity. In this study, [...] Read more.

Woody plant encroachment is an ongoing global issue. In the Southern Great Plains of the United States, the rapid encroachment and coalescence of woody plants are transforming herbaceous-dominated rangelands into woodlands with a detrimental impact on water quality and quantity. In this study, we conducted modeling simulations to assess how converting juniper (Juniperus virginiana) woodland and low to moderately productive grassland into switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) biomass production system would affect streamflow and sediment yields in the Lower Cimarron River, Oklahoma. First, the grassland areas in the basin were divided into productivity classes suitable for rangeland activities based on the soil productivity index. Next, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to develop the basin hydrologic model, calibrated and validated for streamflow in five gaging stations with a percent bias of <10%, Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency index of >0.76, and R² of >0.77. Then, the model was used to simulate evapotranspiration (ET), streamflow, groundwater recharge, and sediment loads under different land use conversion scenarios. Results showed that converting existing juniper woodlands, ~4% of the basin, to switchgrass had limited impacts on the water budget and sediment yield. A hypothetical scenario of converting low to moderately productive rangeland to switchgrass increased annual ET by 2.6%, with a decrease in streamflow by 10.8% and a reduction in sediment yield by 39.2% compared to the baseline model. Results indicated that switchgrass could be considered a potential land use alternative to address the juniper encroached grassland with minimal loss in streamflow but a substantial reduction in sediment yield in the southcentral region of the Great Plains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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11 pages, 4543 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Land Cover Change Effects on Stormflow Characteristics across Broad Hydroclimate Representative Urban Watersheds in the United States

by Kul Khand and Gabriel B. Senay

Water 2022, 14(14), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142256 - 19 Jul 2022

Viewed by 2691

Abstract

Urban development alters stormflow characteristics and is associated with increasing flood risks. The long-term evaluation of stormflow characteristics that exacerbate floods, such as peak stormflow and time-to-peak stormflow at varying levels of urbanization across different hydroclimates, is limited. This study investigated the long-term [...] Read more.

Urban development alters stormflow characteristics and is associated with increasing flood risks. The long-term evaluation of stormflow characteristics that exacerbate floods, such as peak stormflow and time-to-peak stormflow at varying levels of urbanization across different hydroclimates, is limited. This study investigated the long-term (1980s to 2010s) effects of increasing urbanization on key stormflow characteristics using observed 15 min streamflow data across six broad hydroclimate representative urban watersheds in the conterminous United States. The results indicate upward trends in peak stormflow and downward trends in time-to-peak stormflow at four out of six watersheds. The watershed in the Great Plains region had the largest annual increasing (decreasing) percent change in peak stormflow (time-to-peak stormflow). With the current change rates, peak stormflow in the Great Plains region watershed is expected to increase by 55.4% and have a 2.71 h faster time-to-peak stormflow in the next decade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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14 pages, 21112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Distributions of Grass Strips on Soil Erosion in Spoil Tips

by Yongcai Lou, Zhaoliang Gao, Yonghong Li, Guanfang Sun, Tong Wu, Yunfeng Cen and Bingni Su

Water 2022, 14(6), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060913 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2982

Abstract

The spatial distribution pattern of vegetation is of great significance to the prevention and control of soil erosion in spoil tips. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spatial distributions of grass strips on soil erosion in spoil tips. [...] Read more.

The spatial distribution pattern of vegetation is of great significance to the prevention and control of soil erosion in spoil tips. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spatial distributions of grass strips on soil erosion in spoil tips. A field runoff plot (20 m long, 1 m wide, and 0.5 m deep) was used for inflow simulation experiments under four inflow rate patterns (even, rising, falling, and rising–falling) and five grass strip patterns (patterns I–V). Results showed that the runoff reduction benefit (RRB) and soil loss reduction benefit (SLRB) of grass strip patterns were 12.23–49.62% and 12.92–80.54%, respectively. The optimal grass strip pattern was when the grass strips were distributed on a slope in bands (pattern V). In this pattern, the soil and water conservation effects were best, with RRB and SLRB of 43.87% and 58.09%, respectively. The grass strip patterns exhibited a significant time-limited effect on controlling soil erosion. The maximum amount of soil loss reduction for patterns II, III, IV, and V was 93.02, 84.30, 65.86, and 98.26 kg, respectively. Soil loss reduction caused by decreasing runoff (SR_R) for grass strip patterns was the main factor controlling erosion. The efficiency coefficient of soil loss reduction caused by decreasing runoff for pattern V was higher than that for the other patterns. The grass strip pattern V (i.e., grass strips were distributed on a slope in bands) should be considered a priority in the prevention of soil erosion in spoil tips. This study can guide the configuration of vegetation control measures for soil and water loss in spoil tips. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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8 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upland Rootzone Soil Water Deficit Regulates Streamflow in a Catchment Dominated by North American Tallgrass Prairie

by Andres Patrignani, Nathaniel Parker and Sofia Cominelli

Water 2022, 14(5), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050759 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2591

Abstract

Intermittent tallgrass prairie streams depend on surface runoff and are highly susceptible to hydrological disturbances such as droughts. The objective of this study was to investigate the timing of intermittent streamflow pulses and upstream rootzone soil water deficit in a watershed dominated by [...] Read more.

Intermittent tallgrass prairie streams depend on surface runoff and are highly susceptible to hydrological disturbances such as droughts. The objective of this study was to investigate the timing of intermittent streamflow pulses and upstream rootzone soil water deficit in a watershed dominated by tallgrass prairie. The study was conducted from July to December 2021 in the Kings Creek watershed located within the Konza Prairie Biological station, Kansas, USA. Hourly precipitation and soil moisture observations in the 0–10, 10–30, and 30–50 cm depth were obtained from a hydrological network consisting of 16 monitoring stations across the Kings Creek watershed. Rootzone soil water storage (S) was computed at hourly time steps as the sum of the soil water storage of each soil layer. A drained upper limit (DUL) was estimated as the soil moisture remaining 24 h after the soil had been thoroughly wetted during large (~100 mm) rainfall events. A lower limit (LL) was estimated as the lowest rootzone soil water storage during the study period. Hourly soil water deficit (D) was computed as D = (DUL − S)/(DUL − LL). The study period had 19 precipitation events totaling 436 mm, and only 14 out of the 19 precipitation events exceeded a common canopy and litter interception threshold of 4 mm for tallgrass prairies in this region. Only two precipitation events resulted in measurable streamflow, and the inception of these two streamflow events was associated with a negative weighted soil water deficit (i.e., S > DUL). This pilot study revealed that upland rootzone soil water deficit plays a major role controlling the timing of streamflow in the Kings Creek watershed and possibly in other catchment areas with intermittent prairie streams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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19 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using the Change Point Model (CPM) Framework to Identify Windows for Water Resource Management Action in the Lower Colorado River Basin of Texas, USA

by Brendan L. Lavy, Russell C. Weaver and Ronald R. Hagelman III

Water 2022, 14(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010018 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4157

Abstract

In water-stressed river basins with growing urban populations, conflicts over water resources have emerged between urban and agricultural interests, as managerial interventions occur with little warning and tend to favor urban over agricultural water uses. This research documents changes in water use along [...] Read more.

In water-stressed river basins with growing urban populations, conflicts over water resources have emerged between urban and agricultural interests, as managerial interventions occur with little warning and tend to favor urban over agricultural water uses. This research documents changes in water use along an urban-to-agricultural gradient to examine whether it is possible to leverage temporal fluctuations in key quantitative data indicators to detect periods in which we could expect substantive managerial interventions in water resource management. We employ the change point model (CPM) framework to locate shifts in water use, climate-related indicators, lake and river characteristics, and agricultural trends across urban and agricultural counties in the lower Colorado River basin of Texas. Three distinctive groupings of change points appear. Increasing water use by urban counties and a shift in local climate conditions characterize the first period. Declines in agricultural counties’ water use and crop production define the second. Drops in lake levels, lower river discharge, and an extended drought mark the third. We interpret the results relative to documented managerial intervention events and show that managerial interventions occur during and after significant change points. We conclude that the CPM framework may be used to monitor the optimal timing of managerial interventions and their effects to avoid negative outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Response to Environmental Change)

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