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Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Ecohydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 9192

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Junhong Bai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Interests: carbon cycling; nitrogen cycling; biogeochemical processes; ecohydrological processes; ecological risks; heavy metals; wetland restoration; wetland soil; microbial ecology; wetland ecology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tian Xie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Interests: ecological restoration; hydrological connectivity; wetland ecosystems; coastal wetland; estuary wetland
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are grateful to all authors, reviewers, and readers for their responses to the first and second editions of this Special Issue, entitled "Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems". You can access these articles for free via the following link:

Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, Volume I

Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, Volume II

Now, we plan to move forward with this topic, to which you are very welcome to contribute to.

Wetlands are among the most important ecosystems on Earth and play important multi-ecological service functions such as providing productivity, regulating climate, purifying water quality, sequestrating carbon, and controlling floods. Wetlands serve as sources, sinks, and transformers of a multitude of chemical, biological, and genetic materials. The conversion of sources and sinks of chemical materials highly depends on ecohydrological processes and microbial degradation. Wetland loss and degradation have occurred on a global scale due to intense human activities, and approximately 50% of wetlands has been lost over the past century. Intense anthropogenic disturbances have greatly degraded wetland functions by draining, dredging, and filling wetlands, modifying the hydrological regime, constructing artificial facilities, and polluting wetland habitats. Wetland habitats have been greatly threatened by the abovementioned human pressures and climate change, which can not only affect primary and secondary productivity, community composition and distribution, and biodiversity but also impact natural ecohydrological and biogeochemical processes. Meanwhile, the ecosystem services of wetlands have also been degraded due to changing wetland hydrology. Therefore, many protection and restoration projects have been conducted to restore degraded habitats, improve water quality, and control flooding. Wetland restoration is driven by policies such as the Ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance, the Clean Water Act of the US, the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, and others. Hopefully, increasing practices of protection and restoration will develop into an intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of degraded or destroyed wetlands in more countries.

We invite you to contribute your recent research in relation to understanding ecohydrological processes, environmental effects, and integrated regulation in wetland ecosystems to wetland conservation and management. The potential topics for focus in this Special Issue include, but not limited to, the following:

  1. Hydrological processes in wetlands;
  2. Wetland biogeochemistrical processes;
  3. Wetland ecological risks;
  4. Wetland structures and functions;
  5. Environmental pollution in wetlands;
  6. Ecohydrological processes in wetlands;
  7. Wetlands conservation and restoration;
  8. Effects of climate change on wetlands;
  9. Ecological service functions in wetlands;
  10. Ecological network analysis of wetlands.

Prof. Dr. Junhong Bai
Dr. Tian Xie
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ecohydrological processes
  • environmental effects
  • ecological risks
  • biogeochemical processes
  • pollution
  • restoration
  • regulation
  • climate change
  • ecological service functions
  • wetland ecosystems

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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27 pages, 7530 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Evaluation of Wetland Ecological Networks for Mitigating Urban Flooding
by Haoyu Tong, Yonghong Cao and Yue Zhang
Water 2025, 17(10), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101461 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 212
Abstract
Innovative solutions are needed for urban flooding exacerbated by climate change. In light of this, this study developed an integrated framework for urban wetland flood control that combines Morphospatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) modeling, and complex network theory for optimizing [...] Read more.
Innovative solutions are needed for urban flooding exacerbated by climate change. In light of this, this study developed an integrated framework for urban wetland flood control that combines Morphospatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) modeling, and complex network theory for optimizing an ecological network of flood control and mitigation wetlands in Changchun, China. The results show that the optimized ecological network significantly improved connectivity and flood mitigation efficiency. The node degree increased from 2.737 to 3.433, and the average clustering coefficient exhibited an increase from 0.074 to 0.231, enhancing material flow efficiency. Robustness analysis revealed that the optimized network’s connectivity robustness improved by 12.6%, 18.4%, and 24.1% under random, malicious, and controlled attack scenarios, respectively. Additionally, ecological corridors with a width of 30–50 m were identified as the optimal range for water conveyance potential, effectively dispersing peak runoff and reducing flood risk. This study provides both a transferable methodology for flood-resilient planning and specific policy actions, including priority conservation of high-betweenness nodes and restoration of fragmented wetlands, offering practical solutions for high-density cities facing similar climate challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 2764 KiB  
Article
The Patterns of Dissolved N2O Concentrations Are Driven by Nutrient Stoichiometry Related to Land Use Types in the Yiluo River Basin, China
by Hongli Zhang, Heng Liu, Bingbing Jiang, Yunyi Chi, Rongchun Zhu, Yujia Jing, Honglei Zhu, Yingchen Li, Cuicui Hou, Shufen Li and Wujun Gao
Water 2025, 17(8), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081167 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
The concentrations of dissolved N2O in river systems at the basin scale exhibit significant spatial and temporal variability, particularly under diverse landscape conditions. This study focused on a temperate basin—the Yiluo River (YLR) basin in China—to investigate the variations in dissolved [...] Read more.
The concentrations of dissolved N2O in river systems at the basin scale exhibit significant spatial and temporal variability, particularly under diverse landscape conditions. This study focused on a temperate basin—the Yiluo River (YLR) basin in China—to investigate the variations in dissolved N2O concentrations and the indirect emission factors (EF5r) between the dry and wet seasons. The differences among tributaries were analyzed to assess the impact of land use types. The findings revealed that N2O concentrations and saturation levels were lower during the wet season in both the main streams and tributaries. In the dry season, the N2O concentrations were strongly correlated with NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) (R2 = 0.743, p < 0.001), while in the wet season, the N2O concentrations were correlated with dissolved phosphorus (DP), water temperature (Tw), NH4+-N, and DOC (R2 = 0.640, p < 0.001). Impervious land was identified as the primary source of nitrogen in both seasons, rather than cropland. Natural land, particularly shrubland, demonstrated a notable mitigating effect on N2O accumulation and played a significant role in reducing NO3−-N levels. The YLR basin exhibited lower EF5r values (0.005–0.052%) compared to the default value recommended by the IPCC, with a significant decrease observed during the wet season (p < 0.001). Data analysis indicated that nutrient dynamics, particularly NO3−-N, the ratio of dissolved organic carbon to NO3−-N (DOC/NO3−-N), and the ratio of NO3−-N to DP (NO3−-N/DP), were significantly correlated with EF5r. These results underscore the need to re-evaluate regional N2O emission potentials and provide new insights into mitigating N2O emissions through strategic land use management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 2535 KiB  
Article
How Will the Heavy Metal Risk Change Under Continuous Changing Hydrological Regimes and Salinity?
by Yang Yu, Qian Xu, Hui Zhang, Xintong Zhang, Jisong Yang, Yunzhao Li, Ningning Song and Junbao Yu
Water 2025, 17(7), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071038 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in the intertidal zone play an irreplaceable role in protecting biodiversity. However, it could be changed by the constantly changing hydrological regimes and salinity. To identify the change and mechanisms of these phenomena, an incubation experiment [...] Read more.
The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in the intertidal zone play an irreplaceable role in protecting biodiversity. However, it could be changed by the constantly changing hydrological regimes and salinity. To identify the change and mechanisms of these phenomena, an incubation experiment was conducted under three hydrological regimes (no flooding, periodic flooding, and long-term flooding) and five salinities (0‰, 5‰, 10‰, 20‰, and 30‰). The concentration and speciation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediment cores collected at the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth week were detected. The results indicated that as the incubation time increased, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Pb decreased while the concentrations of Cd and Zn increased. The primary speciation for Cd was acid-soluble fraction, whereas the residual fraction was the dominant form for Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The acid-soluble fraction of Cd was lowest in freshwater conditions. The oxidizable fraction of Cd generally increased under long-term flooding and was higher than that under no-flooding or periodic-flooding conditions. The speciation of Cr under freshwater and 5‰ salinity conditions was similar but distinctly different from that under other salinity levels. Cu was easily combined with organic matter, and the oxidizable fraction of Cu was the predominant form, aside from the residual fraction. The residual fraction of Pb observably increased in the ninth week. The general linear model revealed that hydrological regimes, salt conditions, and incubation time had an obvious influence on metal speciation. Throughout the incubation experiment, Cd posed a higher risk (ranging from 21.91% to 71.91%) and should be closely monitored. The risks associated with Cr and Zn also increased during the incubation period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 2077 KiB  
Article
The Simulation of the Wetland Biodiversity Pattern Under Different Land Use Policies on the Sanjiang Plain
by Ling Cui, Xingyu Zeng, Boqi Zhou, Hongqiang Zhang, Haiyan Li, Chunyu Luo, Yanjun Wei, Wendong Guo, Ruoyuan Wu, Nan Xu and Yi Qu
Water 2025, 17(6), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060859 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
Involving wetland protection policies in the simulation of the wetland biodiversity pattern has the potential to improve the accuracy of policy-making. In this research, by combining the Cellular Automata Markov Model (CA-Markov) for land use change simulation and a wetland Biodiversity Estimation Model [...] Read more.
Involving wetland protection policies in the simulation of the wetland biodiversity pattern has the potential to improve the accuracy of policy-making. In this research, by combining the Cellular Automata Markov Model (CA-Markov) for land use change simulation and a wetland Biodiversity Estimation Model Based on Hydrological Pattern and Connectivity (BEHPC), we put forward a comprehensive framework that integrates policy stage division, the identification of stage characteristics, and biodiversity prediction. This framework divided the wetland conservation policies implemented in the study area into three stages: promoting (1995−2005), strengthening (2005–2010), and stabilizing (2010–2020). CA-Markov verification confirmed the stages’ consistency with actual policy implementation, indicating its usability. Using the land use data of different policy stages as input for the CA-Markov model, we then predicted the wetland biodiversity pattern in 2030 under different scenarios. The results showed that the land use and wetland protection policies implemented during 2010–2020 were most beneficial for enhancing wetland biodiversity in the study area, with an expected increase of about 8% if continued. This study offers technical and scheme references for the future evaluation of wetland-related policies at the regional scale. It also provides guidance for optimizing the spatial structure and providing numerical goals for land use and wetland protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 1946 KiB  
Article
Stable Water Isotopes Across Marsh, River, and Lake Environments in the Zoige Alpine Wetland on the Tibetan Plateau
by Yangying Zhan, Chunyi Li, Yu Ning, Guichun Rong, You Zhou, Kexin Liu, Junxuan Li and Haoyang Wang
Water 2025, 17(6), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060820 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 482
Abstract
Water isotope studies in alpine wetlands have revealed the dynamic characteristics of the hydrological cycle and evapotranspiration processes in the Zoige region through hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. However, the hydrological continuity between marshes, rivers, and lakes in wetlands is relatively understudied. The [...] Read more.
Water isotope studies in alpine wetlands have revealed the dynamic characteristics of the hydrological cycle and evapotranspiration processes in the Zoige region through hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. However, the hydrological continuity between marshes, rivers, and lakes in wetlands is relatively understudied. The study found that the Zoige Alpine Wetland local meteoric water line (LMWL) is δD = 8.33δ18O + 14.52 (R2 = 0.92) by using linear regression analysis to confirm the Craig temperature effect equation backwards. Comparison with the global and Chinese LMWLs revealed that the slope of the Zoige LMWL is significantly higher than those of the global and Chinese LMWLs, indicating that the oceanic warm and humid airflow and the southwest monsoon significantly influence this region. The δ18O ranges of rivers, lakes, and marshes in the Zoige wetland were −12.86‰ to −2.02‰, −12.9‰ to −2.22‰, and −15.47‰ to −7.07‰, respectively. In terms of δD, marshes had the lowest δD values, with a mean value of −89.58‰, while rivers and lakes had close δD values of about −72‰. Rivers had the most dramatic variation in d-excess values, ranging from −34.16‰ to 3.68‰, while marshes and lakes had more concentrated d-excess values, with particularly negative values in marshes. Regression analysis yielded a trend line of δD = 5.41δ18O − 29.57 for evaporation from the water bodies, further demonstrating the importance of evaporation effects in this region. By using the Rayleigh fractionation model and estimating the climatic conditions, we found that the lake water had the highest evaporation intensity (41%). Those of the river and marsh water were 40% and 36%, respectively. The results of this study provide new scientific insights into the hydrological connectivity, evaporation processes, and water source characteristics in the Zoige wetland. Future studies can shed more light on how climate change affects wetland hydrological systems and how they change over time and space. This will help to manage water resources in the region and protect the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 18373 KiB  
Article
Visual Satisfaction of Urban Park Waterfront Environment and Its Landscape Element Characteristics
by Mei Lyu, Shujiao Wang, Jiaxuan Shi, Dong Sun, Kangting Cong and Yi Tian
Water 2025, 17(6), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060772 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 822
Abstract
Close contact with nature helps moderate public emotions and enhance happiness. As an important space for the public to connect with nature, the urban park waterfront environment plays a significant role. Studying the characteristics of landscape elements contributes to the optimization of the [...] Read more.
Close contact with nature helps moderate public emotions and enhance happiness. As an important space for the public to connect with nature, the urban park waterfront environment plays a significant role. Studying the characteristics of landscape elements contributes to the optimization of the urban park natural environment. In this study, the waterfront spaces of 23 urban parks in Shenyang were selected in order to categorize urban park waterfront spaces from the perspective of landscape elements and to explore the relationship between the characteristics of landscape elements in different types of waterfront spaces and public visual satisfaction. Using qualitative analysis, typical spatial types were identified based on differences in landscape elements. Content analysis was used to extract and quantify the characteristics of landscape elements for various waterfront spaces. Through orthogonal experimental design, virtual scenarios were created to evaluate public satisfaction. Methods such as the least significant difference multiple comparison analysis (LSD) were applied to explore the effects of landscape element characteristics on satisfaction in different types and differences within groups. Among the four types of waterfront spaces identified in the experiment, the landscape elements that influenced spatial satisfaction were primarily concentrated in plant characteristics and pavement characteristics. In different types of spaces, the impact of landscape element factors at different levels varied. The study introduced virtual experiments to analyze the characteristics of landscape elements in waterfront spaces, which provided a new method for the satisfaction research of waterfront spaces. The results are a valuable guidance for the scientific classification of urban park waterfront spaces. A new perspective for enhancing the urban park waterfront landscape was supplied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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11 pages, 3671 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Analysis of Oxidation Ditch and High-Efficiency Multi-Cycle A2/O Processes Performance in Urban Wastewater Treatment
by Jun Liu, Kangping Cui, Zhen Yan and Houyun Yang
Water 2025, 17(5), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050713 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 968
Abstract
Oxidation ditch and Anaerobic–Anoxic–Oxic (A2/O) processes have been applied in urban wastewater treatment plants for decades, but the differences between two processes in engineering applications are less studied. Based on the continuous monitoring of Ningyang’s sewage treatment plant (Shandong, China) for [...] Read more.
Oxidation ditch and Anaerobic–Anoxic–Oxic (A2/O) processes have been applied in urban wastewater treatment plants for decades, but the differences between two processes in engineering applications are less studied. Based on the continuous monitoring of Ningyang’s sewage treatment plant (Shandong, China) for one year, this study systematically analyzed the removal efficiencies of nutrients in the oxidation ditch and the modified high-efficiency multi-cycle A2/O processes. The results showed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) removal in the modified high-efficiency multi-cycle A2/O process of the Phase II project was better than that in the oxidation ditch process of the Phase I project, and the average concentration of COD and TP in the effluent was 49.9% and 51.7% lower than that in the oxidation ditch process, respectively. The removal rate of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) by the two processes was basically the same, while the total nitrogen (TN) effluent concentration of the oxidation ditch process was 31.4% lower than that in the high-efficiency multi-cycle A2/O process. In summary, the high-efficiency multi-cycle A2/O process had a better treatment performance regarding nutrient removal than the oxidation ditch process under the same conditions. Furthermore, the engineering and operational costs of the high-efficiency multi-cycle A2/O process were lower. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 3362 KiB  
Article
Assessment and Seasonal Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Landfill-Affected Regions of China: Findings from Xiangyang
by Juan Du, Wenbing Yang, Qi Yang, You Li, Xiang Wan, Anan Zhu, Zhenzhu He, Rajendra Prasad Shrestha and Amar Razzaq
Water 2025, 17(4), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17040572 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
Groundwater pollution in landfill-adjacent regions presents a critical environmental and public health issue. This study evaluates groundwater quality in Xiangyang City, focusing on drinking water sources and key pollution points near landfill sites. The investigation involved a comprehensive field survey, systematic sampling, and [...] Read more.
Groundwater pollution in landfill-adjacent regions presents a critical environmental and public health issue. This study evaluates groundwater quality in Xiangyang City, focusing on drinking water sources and key pollution points near landfill sites. The investigation involved a comprehensive field survey, systematic sampling, and laboratory analysis to determine pollutant types, sources, and concentrations. A total of 13 landfill sites were examined, with 178 groundwater samples analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological indicators during both wet and dry seasons. The findings reveal that 27.0% of groundwater samples meet Class I standards, while 46.1% and 27.0% fall into Class IV and V categories, respectively, indicating a significant prevalence of poor-quality groundwater. Seasonal variations were observed, with both wet and dry seasons showing consistent distributions of Class I, IV, and V samples. Heavy metals such as lead and arsenic, along with organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides (e.g., hexachlorobenzene), were significant contaminants in several sites. Key indicators such as nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, manganese, and total hardness consistently exceeded standard limits, with the most affected sites including L4 and L5 in Xiangyang. This study identifies leachate infiltration as the primary cause of pollution, exacerbated by geological and agricultural non-point sources. Based on these findings, a robust framework for monitoring and controlling groundwater pollution is proposed, emphasizing stricter regulations, advanced monitoring systems, and cross-regional coordination. The results underscore the urgency of immediate intervention to safeguard groundwater quality in landfill-adjacent regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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12 pages, 5393 KiB  
Article
Effects of Gradient Warming on Carbon and Water Fluxes in Zoige Plateau Peatland
by Xiaoshun Yu, Yanbin Hao, Zhongqing Yan, Yong Li, Ao Yang, Yuechuan Niu, Jinming Liu, Enze Kang, Kerou Zhang, Liang Yan, Weirong Zhuang, Xiaodong Zhang and Xiaoming Kang
Water 2025, 17(2), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020241 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 616
Abstract
Water use efficiency (WUE) plays a pivotal role in connecting the carbon and water cycles and represents the amount of water used by plants or ecosystems to achieve carbon sequestration. The response of WUE to climate warming and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. [...] Read more.
Water use efficiency (WUE) plays a pivotal role in connecting the carbon and water cycles and represents the amount of water used by plants or ecosystems to achieve carbon sequestration. The response of WUE to climate warming and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined the effects of varying levels of warming on carbon fluxes, water fluxes, and WUE in an alpine peatland, with Blysmus sinocompressus and Carex secbrirostris as dominant species. Open-top chambers were utilized to simulate two levels of warming: low-level warming (TL) and high-level warming (TH). The carbon dioxide and water fluxes were monitored over a growing season (June to September). Gradient warming significantly decreased both gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE); GPP was 10.05% and 13.31% lower and NEE was 21.00% and 30.00% lower in the TL and TH treatments, respectively, than in the control. Warming had no significant effect on soil evaporation, and plant transpiration and evapotranspiration were 36.98% and 23.71% higher in the TL treatment than in the control, respectively; this led to decreases of 31.38% and 28.17% in canopy water use efficiency (WUEc) and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEe), respectively. Plant transpiration was the main factor affecting both WUEe and WUEc in response to warming. The findings underscore the essential function of water fluxes in regulating WUE and enhance our understanding of carbon–water coupling mechanisms under climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 832 KiB  
Article
Monetizing Co-Benefits of Nature-Based Sanitation-Constructed Wetlands Using Contingent Valuation Method—Jordan as a Case Study
by Ahmed M. N. Masoud, Amani Alfarra and Sabrina Sorlini
Water 2024, 16(24), 3612; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243612 - 15 Dec 2024
Viewed by 995
Abstract
Parallel to the growing evidence about the efficiency of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in sanitation, there is a growing need to highlight the co-benefits of these solutions compared to conventional alternatives. This study focuses on economically valuing these co-benefits, with constructed wetlands (CWs) examined [...] Read more.
Parallel to the growing evidence about the efficiency of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in sanitation, there is a growing need to highlight the co-benefits of these solutions compared to conventional alternatives. This study focuses on economically valuing these co-benefits, with constructed wetlands (CWs) examined as a sanitation solution. The contingent valuation (CV) method has been utilized for this purpose, measuring people’s willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA) CWs as a sanitation solution. Jordan has been selected as a case study due to the country’s preference for sustainable, cost-efficient solutions. By utilizing extended questionnaires at the stakeholder and community levels, this research aims to identify gaps between these groups’ perspectives on CWs. Additionally, this study investigates the main factors affecting communities’ WTP and WTA. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for the responses, followed by the CV method, and regression analysis to understand the main factors affecting WTP and WTA. The results are intended to guide decision-makers in developing programs that align with community preferences and address gaps in the acceptance of NbS-CWs. The main results found that while stakeholders have concerns about people’s WTA CWs, the community survey revealed that people prefer CWs over conventional solutions. The findings revealed that 78.9% of respondents were willing to accept (WTA) CWs to treat wastewater in their town, but only 33% WTA having CW near their households. Meanwhile, 53.2% were willing to pay (WTP) for CWs in general, while 80.7% are willing to accept (WTP) using CWs to treat greywater at the household level and 56.9% of the respondents are WTP for that. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 6264 KiB  
Article
Linking Water Quality Indicators in Stable Reservoir Ecosystems: Correlation Analysis and Ecohydrological Implications
by Juan Du, Xiao Yang, Peng Xu, Xiang Wan, Pan Wang, Ding Wang, Qi Yang, Qiu Wang and Amar Razzaq
Water 2024, 16(24), 3600; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243600 - 14 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1203
Abstract
This research was conducted to determine the connections between dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate index (CODMn), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-H) across five reservoirs of Yunmeng County, China, from January to November [...] Read more.
This research was conducted to determine the connections between dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate index (CODMn), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-H) across five reservoirs of Yunmeng County, China, from January to November 2022. Each month, water samples were collected and subjected to analysis using standard methods. The samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods: dissolved oxygen was determined using the electrochemical probe method, COD was measured via the rapid digestion spectrophotometric method, CODMn was detected using the potassium permanganate oxidation method, BOD5 was determined using the dilution and inoculation method, and NH3-N was measured by using the Nessler reagent spectrophotometry method. The results confirmed strong positive correlations between COD and CODMn, with different intensities from reservoir to reservoir. More specific and demanding COD parameters were used to estimate the level of oxygen consumption; hence, a more variable correlation strength was observed between BOD5 and the other two parameters. Thus, BOD5 was found to be the main indicator of biodegradable organic matter and bacterial oxygen consumption. However, the results were negative, showing a decreasing trend. This means that the oxygen content was lower in the majority of reservoirs, which is attributed to the decomposition of ammonia nitrogen and the presence of organic matter. These findings significantly contribute to the development of appropriate programs for efficient water quality monitoring and the development of reservoir-specific management strategies. This study suggests that there is a need for continuous monitoring of these parameters, together with the extension of the program to additional reservoirs and water quality indicators, along with the use of advanced modeling techniques to clarify the underlying factors that connect water quality parameters in these complex reservoir ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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21 pages, 6374 KiB  
Article
Habitat Assessment of Bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) in Ciénaga de Betancí, Colombia, Using a Habitat Suitability Index Model
by Karol Vellojín-Muñoz, José Lorduy-González, Franklin Torres-Bejarano, Gabriel Campo-Daza and Ana Carolina Torregroza-Espinosa
Water 2024, 16(22), 3312; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223312 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1334
Abstract
This study evaluates the habitat of the Bocachico fish (Prochilodus magdalenae) in the Ciénaga de Betancí, Colombia, using a habitat suitability index (HSI) model. Wetlands like the Ciénaga de Betancí are under significant pressure from anthropogenic activities, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the habitat of the Bocachico fish (Prochilodus magdalenae) in the Ciénaga de Betancí, Colombia, using a habitat suitability index (HSI) model. Wetlands like the Ciénaga de Betancí are under significant pressure from anthropogenic activities, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem health. The Bocachico, a species of immense cultural and economic importance, faces habitat degradation and fragmentation. Using hydrodynamic and water quality data, a numerical model (EFDC+ Explorer 11.5), and field data collected from multiple sampling campaigns, we assessed habitat suitability based on five key parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, velocity, and depth. The model results indicated that environmental conditions in the wetland remained relatively stable during the dry season, with an average HSI score of 0.67, where 9% of the wetland area displayed acceptable conditions, and the remaining 91% displayed medium conditions. The wet season, on the other hand, had an average HSI score of 0.64, with 7.2% of the area in the acceptable suitability range, and the remaining 92.8% in the medium category. Variations in HSI were primarily driven by ammonia nitrogen levels, water velocity, and depth. Despite limited fluctuations in the HSI, areas of low suitability were identified, particularly in regions impacted by human activities. These findings have practical implications for conservation strategies, providing valuable insights for the sustainable management and conservation of the Ciénaga de Betancí, informing strategies for improving habitat conditions for the Bocachico, and supporting wetland restoration efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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Review
Statistical Process Control in the Environmental Monitoring of Water Quality and Wastewaters: A Review
by Greicelene Jesus da Silva and Alisson Carraro Borges
Water 2025, 17(9), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091281 - 25 Apr 2025
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Abstract
Water and wastewater monitoring plays a fundamental role in understanding the impact of anthropogenic activities on natural systems. Statistical process control (SPC) is a technique, among other statistical methods, for controlling systems and improving quality, with early applications in water quality and wastewater [...] Read more.
Water and wastewater monitoring plays a fundamental role in understanding the impact of anthropogenic activities on natural systems. Statistical process control (SPC) is a technique, among other statistical methods, for controlling systems and improving quality, with early applications in water quality and wastewater monitoring. This study aims to clarify the basic concepts of the tool, study how it has been used in water and wastewater monitoring, and highlight the limitations and opportunities for research. SPC still needs necessary adaptations and considerations to deal with the limitations of environmental data, especially in open systems such as water bodies. Future research should explore suitable statistical parameters and chart options, which could represent financial savings and effectiveness in monitoring, as, to date, the choice of these parameters has been based on monitoring studies conducted at the industrial level, where the variability in the monitoring variables is easily controlled. Finally, the tool shows promise for potential use in extreme events, such as droughts, major floods, storms (cyclones), and catastrophic environmental incidents (such as dam bursts), as long as the analysis is supported by a base period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydrological Processes, Environmental Effects, and Integrated Regulation of Wetland Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)
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