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Vaccines
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Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease
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Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 8818

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xiuli Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Interests: veterinary infectious diseases diagnosis and immunization; veterinary biotechnology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Poultry and livestock infectious diseases have caused heavy economic losses in the breeding industry and seriously threaten human health—especially concerning are some zoonotic infectious diseases. In the modern breeding industry, livestock and poultry are highly concentrated and frequently transported, which makes them more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Therefore, veterinary science research in poultry and livestock infectious diseases is increasingly important.

Veterinary infectious disease has a broadly intersecting and close relationship with other disciplines in veterinary science, including animal biochemistry, veterinary epidemiology, veterinary microbiology, veterinary immunology, veterinary pathology, veterinary pharmacology, veterinary diagnostics and veterinary public health. In particular, veterinary epidemiology, veterinary microbiology and immunology are most closely related to veterinary infectious diseases. With the rapid development of modern biotechnology, the relationship between bioengineering and veterinary infectious disease is becoming closer and closer. The theory and technology of veterinary epidemiology, veterinary microbiology, immunology, bioengineering, and other fields should be applied to pathogen diagnosis and immune prevention for animal infectious diseases.

This Special Issue focuses on recent research progress in the important clinical multiple infectious diseases in poultry and livestock, including immunosuppressive diseases, respiratory syndrome diseases, an gastrointestinal diseases. Additionally, the related detection and basic knowledge of physiology, biochemistry and pathogenic mechanisms are of great concern. Additionally, the development of scientific and standardized management models conducive to the healthy breeding of animals is also of great interest to us.

The research subjects of interest for this Special Issue include poultry, pigs, cattle, sheep, horses, etc.  Furthermore, excellent research results outside of the above research scope are also welcome.

In this Special Issue, the original research articles and reviews are welcome. We encourage all scientists working in these fields to publish their experimental results and conceptual summaries in this Special Issue.

We look forward to receiving your contributions. 

Dr. Xiuli Feng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • poultry infectious diseases
  • livestock infectious diseases
  • immunosuppressive disease
  • respiratory syndrome disease
  • immunoenhancers and adjuvants
  • diarrhea-related diseases
  • biosafety management of clinical veterinarians
  • development of antibiotic substitutes
  • pathogenic mechanism
  • antiviral drugs

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2360 KiB  
Article
MDA5 with Complete CARD2 Region Inhibits the Early Replication of H9N2 AIV and Enhances the Immune Response during Vaccination
by Tongtong Li, Yiqin Cai, Chenfei Li, Jingwen Huang, Jiajing Chen, Ze Zhang, Ruibing Cao, Bin Zhou and Xiuli Feng
Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101542 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1159
Abstract
Chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a member of the RLRs family that recognizes the viral RNAs invading cells and activates downstream interferon regulatory pathways, thereby inhibiting viral replication. The caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) is the most important region in [...] Read more.
Chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a member of the RLRs family that recognizes the viral RNAs invading cells and activates downstream interferon regulatory pathways, thereby inhibiting viral replication. The caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) is the most important region in MDA5 protein. However, the antiviral and immune enhancement of MDA5 with the CARD region remains unclear. In this study, two truncated MDA5 genes with different CARD regions, namely MDA5-1 with CARD1 plus partial CARD2 domain and MDA5-2 with CARD1 plus complete CARD2 domain, were cloned via reverse transcription PCR and ligated into plasmid Flag-N vector to be Flag-MDA5-1 and Flag-MDA5-2 plasmids. DF-1 cells were transfected with two plasmids for 24 h and then inoculated with H9N2 virus (0.1 MOI) for 6 h to detect the levels of IFN-β, PKR, MAVS, and viral HA, NA, and NS proteins expression. The results showed that MDA5-1 and MDA5-2 increased the expression of IFN-β and PKR, activated the downstream molecule MAVS production, and inhibited the expression of HA, NA, and NS proteins. The knockdown of MDA5 genes confirmed that MDA5-2 had a stronger antiviral effect than that of MDA5-1. Furthermore, the recombinant proteins MDA5-1 and MDA5-2 were combined with H9N2 inactivated vaccine to immunize SPF chickens subcutaneously injected in the neck three times. The immune response of the immunized chicken was investigated. It was observed that the antibody titers and expressions of immune-related molecules from the chicken immunized with MDA5-1 and MDA5-2 group were increased, in which the inducing function of MDA5-2 groups was the highest among all immunization groups. These results suggested that the truncated MDA5 recombinant proteins with complete CARD2 region could play vital roles in antiviral and immune enhancement. This study provides important material for the further study of the immunoregulatory function and clinical applications of MDA5 protein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease)
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14 pages, 2887 KiB  
Article
Efficiency of NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-LoxP Engineered Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing Pasteurella multocida OmpH Protein for Fowl Cholera Prevention in Ducks
by Nisachon Apinda, Yongxiu Yao, Yaoyao Zhang, Anucha Muenthaisong, Kanokwan Sangkakam, Boondarika Nambooppha, Amarin Rittipornlertrak, Pongpisid Koonyosying, Venugopal Nair and Nattawooti Sthitmatee
Vaccines 2023, 11(9), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091498 - 18 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1649
Abstract
Fowl cholera is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, a highly transmissible avian ailment with significant global implications, leading to substantial economic repercussions. The control of fowl cholera outbreaks primarily relies on vaccination using traditional vaccines that are still in use today [...] Read more.
Fowl cholera is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, a highly transmissible avian ailment with significant global implications, leading to substantial economic repercussions. The control of fowl cholera outbreaks primarily relies on vaccination using traditional vaccines that are still in use today despite their many limitations. In this research, we describe the development of a genetically engineered herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) that carries the OmpH gene from P. multocida integrated into UL 45/46 intergenic region using CRISPR/Cas9-NHEJ and Cre-Lox system editing. The integration and expression of the foreign cassettes were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indirect immunofluorescence assays, and Western blot assays. The novel recombinant virus (rHVT-OmpH) demonstrated stable integration of the OmpH gene even after 15 consecutive in vitro passages, along with similar in vitro growth kinetics as the parent HVT virus. The protective efficacy of the rHVT-OmpH vaccine was evaluated in vaccinated ducks by examining the levels of P. multocida OmpH-specific antibodies in serum samples using ELISA. Groups of ducks that received the rHVT-OmpH vaccine or the rOmpH protein with Montanide™ (SEPPIC, Paris, France) adjuvant exhibited high levels of antibodies, in contrast to the negative control groups that received the parental HVT or PBS. The recombinant rHVT-OmpH vaccine also provided complete protection against exposure to virulent P. multocida X-73 seven days post-vaccination. This outcome not only demonstrates that the HVT vector possesses many characteristics of an ideal recombinant viral vaccine vector for protecting non-chicken hosts, such as ducks, but also represents significant research progress in identifying a modern, effective vaccine candidate for combatting ancient infectious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease)
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12 pages, 2852 KiB  
Article
A Field Efficacy Trial of Recombinant Porcine Circovirus Type 2d Vaccine in Three Herds
by Lanjeong Ju, Usharani Jayaramaiah, Min-A Lee, Young-Ju Jeong, Su-Hwa You, Hyang-Sim Lee, Bang-Hun Hyun, Nakhyung Lee and Seok-Jin Kang
Vaccines 2023, 11(9), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091497 - 16 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1146
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine containing the open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) in a farm environment where natural infections associated with porcine circovirus-associated disease are endemic. The vaccine trial was [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine containing the open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) in a farm environment where natural infections associated with porcine circovirus-associated disease are endemic. The vaccine trial was conducted on three farms (H, M, and Y) with a history of infections including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), PCV, Mycoplasma, and E. coli. Farm H, as well as farms M and Y, experienced natural PCV2 infection between 4 and 8 weeks post-vaccination (wpv), and 8 and 12 wpv, respectively. Viremia levels of all farms were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in vaccinated piglets than the control group after natural infection. In all farms, serum immunoglobulin G levels peaked at 8 wpv in the vaccinated groups, surpassing those in the control groups. Furthermore, neutralizing antibody titers were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the vaccinated groups than the control groups in farms H and Y (0–8 wpv). However, there were no significant differences between the vaccinated and control group in neutralizing antibody titers of farm M (0–20 wpv). In terms of body weight, vaccinated piglets from all three farms showed significantly increased average weights at 12 wpv compared to the control groups. In conclusion, our study revealed noteworthy differences in viremia and body weight gain between vaccinated and control animals on three farms. As a result, this field trial of PCV2d VLP vaccine was successful in protecting piglets from natural PCV2 infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease)
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12 pages, 2559 KiB  
Article
Selection and Evaluation of Porcine circovirus (PCV) 2d Vaccine Strains to Protect against Currently Prevalent PCV2
by Lanjeong Ju, Su-Hwa You, Min-A Lee, Usharani Jayaramaiah, Young-Ju Jeong, Hyang-Sim Lee, Bang-Hun Hyun, Nakhyung Lee and Seok-Jin Kang
Vaccines 2023, 11(9), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091447 - 1 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1100
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) 2d is a common genotype in South Korea, and the cross-protective ability of PCV2a-based vaccines has been reported recently. In this study, a PCV2d vaccine candidate was selected, and its protective efficacy against the PCV2d isolate was evaluated. From 2016 [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus (PCV) 2d is a common genotype in South Korea, and the cross-protective ability of PCV2a-based vaccines has been reported recently. In this study, a PCV2d vaccine candidate was selected, and its protective efficacy against the PCV2d isolate was evaluated. From 2016 to 2020, 234 PCV2d isolates were phylogenetically analyzed using open reading frame 2 (ORF2) sequences and classified into four subgroups: PCV2d-1, PCV2d-2, PCV2d-3, and PCV2d-4. Except for PCV2d-4, which consisted of ungrouped isolates, the three subgroups showed distinct differences at amino acid positions 53 and 169 in the ORF2. The detection rates of PCV2d-1, PCV2d-2, and PCV2d-3 were 36.5, 37.4, and 3.7%, respectively, and representative isolates were selected from each subgroup (QIA244, QIA126, and QIA169, respectively). In the neutralization assay, QIA244 showed the lowest neutralization efficiency among the three PCV2a-based vaccines, whereas the virus-like particles of QIA244 (rQIA244) provided broader protection against the three genotypes than did those of QIA126 and rQIA169. To further evaluate rQIA244 in pigs, the experimental groups were divided into rQIA244-vaccine (2dVac), commercial PCV2a-vaccine (2aVac), and no-vaccination (noVac) groups. The 2dVac effectively reduced the copy number of PCV2d in blood and tissues, as well as in tissue lesions, compared to the effect of 2aVac. Collectively, 2dVac provided by QIA244 ORF2 successfully demonstrated protective efficacy against the currently prevalent PCV2d in vitro neutralization and in vivo assays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease)
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17 pages, 31564 KiB  
Article
Impact of Maternal Antibodies on Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Infection in Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs of Chickens
by Ishara M. Isham, Mohamed S. H. Hassan, Reham M. Abd-Elsalam, Hiruni A. Ranaweera, Motamed E. Mahmoud, Shahnas M. Najimudeen, Awais Ghaffar, Susan C. Cork, Ashish Gupta and Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071216 - 7 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis disease in chickens. IBV primarily infects the upper respiratory tract and then disseminates to other body systems including gastrointestinal, reproductive, and urinary systems. Unlike original IBV serotypes, the novel IBV variants target lymphoid organs, but information [...] Read more.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis disease in chickens. IBV primarily infects the upper respiratory tract and then disseminates to other body systems including gastrointestinal, reproductive, and urinary systems. Unlike original IBV serotypes, the novel IBV variants target lymphoid organs, but information on this is scarce. In this study, we aim to evaluate the impact of the presence of maternal antibodies on IBV infection in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Maternal antibody free, specific pathogen free (SPF) hens were divided into vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. The progeny male chicks from these hens were divided into four groups; vaccinated challenged (VC), non-vaccinated challenged (NVC), vaccinated non-challenged (VNC), and non-vaccinated non-challenged (NVNC). The challenge groups were given 1 × 106 embryo infectious dose (EID)50 of IBV Delmarva (DMV)/1639 by the oculo-nasal route and non-challenge groups were given saline. The serum anti-IBV antibody titer was significantly higher in challenged groups compared to non-challenged groups. The IBV genome load was significantly lower in the VC group than NVC group in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and in bursa of Fabricius (BF) and cecal tonsils (CT). The histopathological lesion scores were significantly lower in VC group than NVC group in BF and CT. These findings suggest that the presence of maternal antibody in chicks could provide some degree of protection against IBV infection in BF and CT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease)
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16 pages, 2054 KiB  
Article
A Plant-Produced Porcine Parvovirus 1-82 VP2 Subunit Vaccine Protects Pregnant Sows against Challenge with a Genetically Heterologous PPV1 Strain
by Kyou-Nam Cho, In-Ohk Ouh, Young-Min Park, Min-Hee Park, Kyung-Min Min, Hyang-Ju Kang, Su-Yeong Yun, Jae-Young Song, Bang-Hun Hyun, Choi-Kyu Park, Bo-Hwa Choi and Yoon-Hee Lee
Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010054 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1491
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) causes reproductive failure in sows, and vaccination remains the most effective means of preventing infection. The NADL-2 strain has been used as a vaccine for ~50 years; however, it does not protect animals against genetically heterologous PPV strains. Thus, new [...] Read more.
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) causes reproductive failure in sows, and vaccination remains the most effective means of preventing infection. The NADL-2 strain has been used as a vaccine for ~50 years; however, it does not protect animals against genetically heterologous PPV strains. Thus, new effective and safe vaccines are needed. In this study, we aimed to identify novel PPV1 strains, and to develop PPV1 subunit vaccines. We isolated and sequenced PPV1 VP2 genes from 926 pigs and identified ten PPV1 strains (belonging to Groups C, D and E). We selected the Group D PPV1-82 strain as a vaccine candidate because it was close to the highly pathogenic 27a strain. The PPV1-82 VP2 protein was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. It formed virus-like particles and exhibited a 211 agglutination value. The PPV1-190313 strain (Group E), isolated from an aborted fetus, was used as the challenging strain because it was pathogenic. The unvaccinated sow miscarried at 8 days postchallenge, and mummified fetuses were all PPV1-positive. By contrast, pregnant sows vaccinated with PPV1-82 VP2 had 9–11 Log2 antibody titers and produced normal fetuses after PPV1-190313 challenge. These results suggest the PPV1-82 VP2 subunit vaccine protects pregnant sows against a genetically heterologous PPV1 strain by inducing neutralizing antibodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Research in Poultry and Livestock Infectious Disease)
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