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Vaccines
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Vaccines Against Poultry Viruses
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Vaccines Against Poultry Viruses

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 16891

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xiuli Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Interests: poultry vaccines; immune enhancers; respiratory diseases; development of humoral and cellular immune vaccines; mucosal immune vaccine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Poultry viral infectious diseases have caused heavy economic losses in the poultry industry, which has also caused serious threats to human health—especially concerning zoonotic infectious diseases. In the modern breeding industry, poultry are highly concentrated and frequently transported, which makes them more vulnerable to infectious diseases.

Therefore, veterinary vaccine research in poultry and related animal infectious diseases is increasingly important. Poultry viral infectious diseases have a broadly intersecting and close relationship with other disciplines in veterinary science. The spread and expansion mechanism of avian influenza virus has attracted widespread attention from researchers, which promotes the development of universal vaccines against the influenza virus infection. The differences and vaccine development between avian coronavirus, human coronavirus, and other animal species of coronaviruses are also important research topics. Also, the clinical variation patterns of the Newcastle disease virus and vaccine development are highly noteworthy priorities. Some avian immunosuppressive viral diseases and avian tumor diseases pose serious threats to the healthy development of the poultry industry, and the diagnostic technology and vaccine development of these related diseases are crucial. In addition, the development of new avian virus-vectored vaccines and the current application status and improvement measures of conventional vaccines are also the focus of this Special Issue.

This Special Issue focuses on recent vaccine research in important clinical virus infectious diseases in poultry, waterfowl, pigeons, and wild birds, including immunosuppressive diseases, respiratory syndrome diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. Furthermore, the related detection and basic knowledge of immunology and immune adjuvant and enhancers are of great concern. Additionally, the development of scientific and standardized diagnoses and monitoring techniques for newly emerging avian viral diseases is also of great interest to us.

The research subjects of interest for this Special Issue include poultry, waterfowl, pigeons, wild birds, etc.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. We encourage all scientists working in these fields to publish their experimental results and conceptual summaries in this Special Issue.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Xiuli Feng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • poultry and waterfowl
  • pigeons
  • wild birds
  • viral diseases
  • immunosuppressive disease
  • respiratory syndrome disease
  • poultry tumor diseases
  • immunoenhancers and adjuvants
  • genetically engineered vaccines
  • biosafety management of clinical veterinarians
  • antiviral drugs

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 843 KB  
Article
Hybrid Whole-Genome Sequencing for Genetic Stability Assessment of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Vaccine Strains
by Hee-young Jeong, Jessica Hicks, Su-min Go, Jin-ju Nah and Il Jang
Vaccines 2026, 14(3), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14030245 - 7 Mar 2026
Viewed by 675
Abstract
Background: Genetic stability of live-attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccines is essential for consistent efficacy and safety; however, marker-based assessments targeting partial genes are often insufficient given the virus’s large, structurally complex genome. The ILTV genome contains long internal inverted repeats (IRs) that [...] Read more.
Background: Genetic stability of live-attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccines is essential for consistent efficacy and safety; however, marker-based assessments targeting partial genes are often insufficient given the virus’s large, structurally complex genome. The ILTV genome contains long internal inverted repeats (IRs) that can give rise to genomic isomers, complicating short-read assembly and accurate resolution of genome structure. Methods: To overcome these limitations, we used a hybrid whole-genome sequencing (WGS) strategy, combining Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long reads to improve assembly contiguity with Illumina short reads for high-accuracy polishing at the single-nucleotide level. Using this approach, we generated complete de novo genome assemblies for the commercial Serva and Salsbury #146 vaccine strains. Results: The assemblies showed high sequence concordance with targeted regions validated by Sanger sequencing. Whole-genome analysis further enabled detection and independent validation of a structural inversion in the unique short (US) region of the Salsbury strain, consistent with herpesvirus genome isomerization. To enable phylogenetic inference despite structural variability, we performed a pangenome-based analysis to define a conserved core-genome dataset that robustly resolved vaccine-associated lineages, separating Serva- and Salsbury-derived strains. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings show that a hybrid WGS workflow can generate high-confidence genome assemblies for the specific commercial ILTV vaccine vials analyzed and can support QC-relevant detection of major structural variations. Because this study is cross-sectional (two strains; single lot/vial per strain), it cannot distinguish potential biological lot-to-lot variation from methodological differences, and a comprehensive genetic stability evaluation will require applying this workflow across defined passage levels and/or multiple production lots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Against Poultry Viruses)
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14 pages, 3565 KB  
Article
Engineering AQP1-Deficient DF-1 Suspension Cells for High-Yield IBDV Production and Vaccine Scale-Up
by Bingmei Dong, Ruonan Wang, Yu Guan, Xiubao Zhao, Ronghua Li, Qingqing Xu, Hui Li, Qingfang Gao, Shengjie Yao, Shuyu Song, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet and Na Tang
Vaccines 2026, 14(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010052 - 31 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 774
Abstract
Background: Large-scale production of poultry viral vaccines increasingly requires robust suspension cell platforms. However, most avian cell lines, including DF-1, are strictly anchorage-dependent, limiting scalability. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) regulates cell–cell adhesion and membrane dynamics, making it a potential target for engineering suspension growth. [...] Read more.
Background: Large-scale production of poultry viral vaccines increasingly requires robust suspension cell platforms. However, most avian cell lines, including DF-1, are strictly anchorage-dependent, limiting scalability. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) regulates cell–cell adhesion and membrane dynamics, making it a potential target for engineering suspension growth. This study aimed to generate a stable DF-1 suspension cell line via AQP1 disruption and evaluate its potential for enhanced infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) production. Methodology: DF-1 cells were engineered using a CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein system to create a truncated AQP1 gene. DF-1/AQP1− cells were assessed for morphology, tumorigenicity in nude mice, and genetic stability across 20 passages. Suspension growth, cell density, and viability were measured. Cells were infected with IBDV strain BJQ902, and viral titers were compared with wild-type DF-1 and monolayer DF-1/AQP1− cells. Results: DF-1/AQP1− cells maintained normal morphology, were non-tumorigenic, and retained stable AQP1 mutations. They grew as true suspension cultures without adaptation, reaching 4.0 × 106 cells/mL with >95% viability. Suspension DF-1/AQP1− cells cells produced significantly higher viral titers (9.0 log TCID50/mL; 8.63 log EID50/mL) than both monolayer DF-1/AQP1− and wild-type DF-1 cells. Virus production time was shortened in suspension cultures. Conclusions: Targeted AQP1 disruption converts DF-1 cells into a stable, non-tumorigenic suspension cell line with markedly enhanced IBDV production, providing a scalable platform for next-generation avian vaccine manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Against Poultry Viruses)
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13 pages, 3223 KB  
Article
Live Attenuated aTJ Vaccine Effectively Protects Pigeons Against Homologous PPMV-1 Challenge
by Shan Zhang, Dahu Liu, Baojing Liu, Ruinying Liang, Lin Liang, Xinming Tang, Shaohua Hou, Chan Ding, Xusheng Qiu and Jiabo Ding
Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121304 - 22 Nov 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2942
Abstract
Background: Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a significant pathogen affecting pigeon populations globally. The commonly used La Sota vaccine provides limited protection due to antigenic divergence from circulating PPMV-1 strains. An antigenically matched vaccine is needed to address this challenge. Methods: An [...] Read more.
Background: Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a significant pathogen affecting pigeon populations globally. The commonly used La Sota vaccine provides limited protection due to antigenic divergence from circulating PPMV-1 strains. An antigenically matched vaccine is needed to address this challenge. Methods: An attenuated aTJ strain was developed through reverse genetics by modifying the F protein cleavage site of the virulent TJ-WT strain. Pigeons were immunized twice with the aTJ strain via eyedrop and intranasal routes, followed by a challenge with a virulent PPMV-1 strain ten days after the booster immunization. Results: The attenuated aTJ strain induced robust serum antibody titers post-booster immunization, and vaccinated pigeons showed strong protection upon challenge, with significantly reduced morbidity, mortality, and viral shedding compared to controls. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the aTJ strain is a promising candidate for the promotion of PPMV-1 prevention and control, emphasizing the importance of antigenic matching in optimizing vaccine efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Against Poultry Viruses)
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Review

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34 pages, 3445 KB  
Review
Approaches to Enhance the Potency of Vaccines in Chickens
by Oenone Bodman-Harris, Christine S. Rollier and Munir Iqbal
Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121337 - 27 Nov 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11491
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian pathogens such as Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, and salmonella have a major impact on economies and food security worldwide. Some pathogens also pose a significant zoonotic potential, especially avian influenza viruses. Vaccination plays a key role in controlling [...] Read more.
Outbreaks of avian pathogens such as Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, and salmonella have a major impact on economies and food security worldwide. Some pathogens also pose a significant zoonotic potential, especially avian influenza viruses. Vaccination plays a key role in controlling many poultry diseases, and there are many vaccines licenced in the United Kingdom for diseases of poultry caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. However, these vaccines often do not provide complete protection and can cause unwanted side effects. Several factors affect the potency of poultry vaccines, including the type of vaccination used, the mechanism of delivery, and the use of adjuvants. Advancements in technology have led to the study and development of novel vaccines and vaccine adjuvants for use in poultry. These induce stronger immune responses compared with current vaccine technology and have the potential to protect against multiple poultry diseases. This review aims to discuss the existing poultry vaccine technology; the effect of delivery mechanisms on vaccine efficacy; the use of current and novel adjuvants; the ability to target antigens to antigen-presenting cells; and the use of probiotics, multivalent vaccines, and nanotechnology to enhance the potency of poultry vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Against Poultry Viruses)
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