Memory T Cells in Vaccine-Induced Immunity for Infectious Diseases

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 2138

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Interests: memory T cells; vaccination; adjuvant; immune strategy; infectious disease
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Memory T cells are essential for vaccine-induced immunity, providing long-lasting protection against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, smallpox, COVID-19, and influenza. They are classified into three main types: Central Memory T Cells, Effector Memory T Cells, and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Vaccines activate the adaptive immune system to generate memory T cells specific to the target pathogen. Upon re-exposure, these cells respond faster and more effectively than naïve T cells, limiting pathogen replication and reducing disease severity. Understanding the mechanisms that maintain memory T cells over time is vital for developing long-lasting vaccines. Advances in vaccine technologies, such as mRNA platforms and adjuvant design, are enhancing our ability to generate robust and durable memory T cell responses. In addition, efforts to target Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells are being explored, particularly for respiratory pathogens. Leveraging the biology of memory T cells and investigating the factors affecting the development of immune memory following vaccination will be critical for combating infectious diseases and improving global health outcomes.

Prof. Dr. Bingdong Zhu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • memory T cells
  • vaccination
  • adjuvant
  • immune strategy
  • infectious disease

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

18 pages, 3727 KB  
Article
Intranasal Vaccination with a Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Type 6 Encoding SapM Confers Protection Against Tuberculosis
by Chaonan Xing, Wenfei Wang, Jiahuan Yang, Siwan Feng, Jiayi Xiao, Ningjian Cai, Siwei Mo, Yi Cai, Xinchun Chen and Chenyan Shi
Vaccines 2026, 14(3), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14030224 - 28 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1568
Abstract
Background: Effective tuberculosis vaccines capable of inducing durable pulmonary immunity remain an unmet need. Mucosal vaccination strategies and rational antigen selection are increasingly recognized as critical for improving protection against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Objective: The objective of [...] Read more.
Background: Effective tuberculosis vaccines capable of inducing durable pulmonary immunity remain an unmet need. Mucosal vaccination strategies and rational antigen selection are increasingly recognized as critical for improving protection against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish an intranasal recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) platform and evaluate SapM (Rv3310) as a mucosal TB vaccine antigen in mice. Methods: We established and optimized an rAAV production and purification platform suitable for intranasal immunization and applied it to deliver Mtb antigen SapM. Immunogenicity was assessed by lung mucosal T-cell responses (CD69/CD103) and IFN-γ production in the lungs and spleen after mycobacterial antigen stimulation. Protective efficacy was evaluated after aerosol H37Rv challenge by quantifying pulmonary bacterial burden and lung pathology compared with vector controls and BCG. Results: rAAV6-SapM was successfully produced and efficiently transduced antigen-presenting cells without inducing phenotypic maturation. Intranasal immunization in mice induced mucosal T-cell responses in the lungs and increased expression of tissue residency-related markers (CD69 and CD103). It also elicited a Th1-biased cellular immune response characterized by enhanced IFN-γ production in both the lungs and spleen in response to mycobacterial antigen stimulation. Upon aerosol challenge with virulent Mtb H37Rv, rAAV6-SapM-immunized mice exhibited a significant reduction in pulmonary bacterial burden and attenuated lung pathology compared with vector-immunized controls. Conclusions: These findings provide proof-of-concept evidence that intranasal delivery of an AAV-based vaccine encoding SapM can induce antigen-responsive Th1 immunity and confer significant protection against early pulmonary TB, supporting further exploration of SapM as a vaccine antigen and AAV-based mucosal gene vaccination as a platform for TB vaccine development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Memory T Cells in Vaccine-Induced Immunity for Infectious Diseases)
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