Dear Colleagues,

Following on from the first Special Issue on the topic, “Application of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunctions: Where Are We Now?”

In recent decades, botulinum toxin A has been widely used in the treatment of several lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTDs), such as overactive bladder syndrome (OAB), neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), interstitial cystitis (IC), and voiding dysfunction. Although botulinum toxin A intravesical injection has been approved for OAB and NDO, the other application of this neurotoxin in LUTDs is yet to be approved. Because some clinical experiences of adverse events have limited its wide application, this treatment has gradually been considered as an unpopular procedure for LUTDs. However, evidence has shown that botulinum toxin A has advantages in LUTDs compared with oral pharmacological medications, especially in elderly OAB patients with cognitive dysfunction, patients with bladder neck dysfunction or dysfunctional voiding, idiopathic voiding dysfunction due to poor relaxation of the external sphincter, or intractable bladder pain syndrome due to IC or ketamine-induced cystitis, male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and a small prostate, and pediatric patients with OAB or dysfunctional voiding. In addition, botulinum toxin A can also be carried across the urothelial barrier with the aid of bladder treatment such as liposomes or low-energy shock waves. There are several LUTDs other than OAB and NDO that can benefit from botulinum toxin A injection or intravesical instillation. This Special Issue welcomes original or review articles that fucus on the novel applications of botulinum toxin A in LUTDs, either in human or animal studies. The collection of this Special Issue of Toxins will provide updated knowledge and information on the current position of botulinum toxin A in functional urology and LUTDs.

Prof. Dr. Hann-Chorng Kuo
Guest Editor

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• overactive bladder
• interstitial cystitis
• neurogenic detrusor overactivity
• voiding dysfunction
• lower urinary tract symptoms