Selected Papers from the 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2024) | Viewed by 3329

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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue comprises selected papers from the First International Electronic Conference on Toxics, organized by the journal Toxics, from 20 to 22 March 2024 on the MDPI Sciforum platform. We welcome extended versions of the presented papers at this conference to be considered, after the peer-review process, for publication in this Special Issue.

Conference Link:  https://sciforum.net/event/IECTO2024

Dr. Demetrio Raldúa
Prof. Dr. Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
Dr. Gunnar Toft
Dr. Louis A. Tremblay
Dr. Natalia Garcia-Reyero
Prof. Dr. Yankai Xia
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 910 KiB  
Article
Phytochemical Volatiles as Potential Bionematicides with Safer Ecotoxicological Properties
by Tomás Cavaco and Jorge M. S. Faria
Toxics 2024, 12(6), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060406 - 3 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1079
Abstract
The management of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) still relies on traditional nematicides that threaten the environment and human health. Novel solutions are urgently needed for PPN pest management that are effective while safeguarding non-target organisms. Volatile phytochemicals belong to a structurally diverse group of [...] Read more.
The management of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) still relies on traditional nematicides that threaten the environment and human health. Novel solutions are urgently needed for PPN pest management that are effective while safeguarding non-target organisms. Volatile phytochemicals belong to a structurally diverse group of bioactive metabolites that are believed to hold safer environmental characteristics than synthetic pesticides. Nonetheless, not many studies have analysed the potential environmental benefits of shifting to these novel bionematicides. In the present study, 20 phytochemical volatiles with reported nematicidal activity were compared to traditional pesticides using specific parameters of environmental and human health safety available on applied online databases and predicted in silico through specialised software. Overall, the reviewed nematicidal phytochemicals were reportedly less toxic than synthetic nematicides. They were predicted to disperse to the air and soil environmental compartments and were reported to have a lower toxicity on aquatic organisms. On the contrary, the synthetic nematicides were reportedly toxic to aquatic organisms while showing a predicted high affinity to the water environmental compartment. As alternatives, β-keto or fatty acid derivatives, e.g., aliphatic alcohols or ketones, showed more adequate properties. This study highlights the importance of complementing studies on nematicidal activity with a risk assessment-based analysis to allow for a faster selection of nematicidal phytochemical volatiles and to leverage the development and implementation of bionematicides. Full article
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22 pages, 1644 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Gradients of PAH Concentrations in Greek Cities and Associated Exposure Impacts
by Irini Tsiodra, Kalliopi Tavernaraki, Georgios Grivas, Constantine Parinos, Kyriaki Papoutsidaki, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Eleni Liakakou, Alexandra Gogou, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Evangelos Gerasopoulos, Maria Kanakidou and Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
Toxics 2024, 12(4), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040293 - 16 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1523
Abstract
To study the spatiotemporal variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and assess their carcinogenic potential in six contrasting urban environments in Greece, a total of 305 filter samples were collected and analyzed. Sampling sites included a variety of urban background, traffic (Athens, [...] Read more.
To study the spatiotemporal variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and assess their carcinogenic potential in six contrasting urban environments in Greece, a total of 305 filter samples were collected and analyzed. Sampling sites included a variety of urban background, traffic (Athens, Ioannina and Heraklion), rural (Xanthi) and near-port locations (Piraeus and Volos). When considering the sum of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs, as well as that of the six EU-proposed members, average concentrations observed across locations during summer varied moderately (0.4–2.2 ng m−3) and independently of the population of each site, with the highest values observed in the areas of Piraeus and Volos that are affected by port and industrial activities. Winter levels were significantly higher and more spatially variable compared to summer, with the seasonal enhancement ranging from 7 times in Piraeus to 98 times in Ioannina, indicating the large impact of PAH emissions from residential wood burning. Regarding benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and the only EU-regulated PAH, the winter/summer ratios were 24–33 in Athens, Volos, Heraklion and Xanthi; 60 in Piraeus; and 480 in Ioannina, which is afflicted by severe wood-burning pollution events. An excellent correlation was observed between organic carbon (OC) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) during the cold period at all urban sites (r2 > 0.8) with stable BaP/OC slopes (0.09–0.14 × 10−3), highlighting the potential use of OC as a proxy for the estimation of BaP in winter conditions. The identified spatiotemporal contrasts, which were explored for the first time for PAHs at such a scale in the Eastern Mediterranean, provide important insights into sources and controlling atmospheric conditions and reveal large deviations in exposure risks among cities that raise the issue of environmental injustice on a national level. Full article
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