Sustainability

25 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Problems with Implementation of Sustainable Urban Mobility in Selected Polish Cities

by Piotr Szagała, Andrzej Brzeziński, Tomasz Dybicz, Piotr Olszewski and Beata Osińska

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11003; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411003 - 15 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1972

The concepts of sustainable development and later sustainable mobility were used as principal ideas to formulate transport policies for Polish cities since the early 1990s. This paper aims to review the implementation of these policies over the past 30 years. It presents changes [...] Read more.

The concepts of sustainable development and later sustainable mobility were used as principal ideas to formulate transport policies for Polish cities since the early 1990s. This paper aims to review the implementation of these policies over the past 30 years. It presents changes and developments in urban transport systems in selected Polish cities, together with shifts in the travel behavior of their residents. A major factor contributing to the increase in car travel is the growing rate of motorization. The current state of urban transport subsystems—including public transport, road networks, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure—is examined. Additionally, related issues such as spatial planning, road safety, and air pollution are discussed. Although most city councils have adopted sustainable mobility policies, their implementation remains unsatisfactory. The paper concludes with insights from nearly three decades of experience, highlighting obstacles that hinder the achievement of intended goals, such as the lack of national legislation and guidance on sustainable urban mobility planning and limited political backing. However, two recently adopted national strategic documents offer hope for progress in addressing sustainable mobility challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Problems Arising in the Development of Sustainable Transport Systems)

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21 pages, 8899 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Thermal Energy Storage on the Emission of Particulate Pollutants into the Atmosphere

by Ryszard Zwierzchowski, Marlena Ziomacka and Olgierd Niemyjski

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410926 - 13 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1114

Abstract

To improve the energy, operational, and ecological efficiency of a district heating system (DHS) powered by a combined heat and power (CHP) plant or a heating plant, thermal energy storage (TES) should be used. The presented paper examines the impact of the use [...] Read more.

To improve the energy, operational, and ecological efficiency of a district heating system (DHS) powered by a combined heat and power (CHP) plant or a heating plant, thermal energy storage (TES) should be used. The presented paper examines the impact of the use and operation of TES built in a CHP plant supplying a large DHS, based on the amount of particulates emitted into the atmosphere. Detailed research was carried out for the Siekierki–Warsaw and Białystok CHP plants in Poland. The analysis helped to determine the factors affecting the reduction in pollutant emissions and the volume of the energy effect of using TES in the CHP plant. In order to objectify the results of the comparative analysis of the impact of TES in the CHP plant on the emission of particulates, the so-called comparative index (CI) was introduced. The CI takes into account the volume of electricity and heat production and climatic conditions in the analyzed time periods. The CI for the analyzed years should have a similar value so that the results of the comparative analysis are fully representative. This condition is met for the CHP plant and DHS of Białystok, so the detailed results of the analysis are presented for this facility. As a result of the application of TES in the Białystok CHP plant, significant environmental effects related to the reduction in particulate emissions have been achieved; for example, the total amount of annual particulate matter (PM) emission (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) has been reduced by 27% and the maximum emission by 29%. On the other hand, the average decrease in particulate emissions in the heating season varied in the range of 10–50%, while in the summer season, the values of particulate emissions were at a comparable level. A significant decrease in annual and one-hour average concentrations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and particulate fallout for these two analyzed years was also found. The use of TES to reduce the occurrence and nuisance of the smog phenomenon, the main components of which are PM, is proposed, and selected models of forecasting concentrations of pollutants in the air, including particulate emissions, are presented in order to implement this type of activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Use, Storage and Emission Analysis for Industrial Decarbonization)

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21 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Stakeholder Benefits from Participating in Community-Shared Solar Photovoltaics Through Monthly Renting and Load Management in South Korea

by Somi Jung and Dongwoo Kim

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10878; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410878 - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1278

Abstract

Various studies have explored community-shared solar (CSS) initiatives to help lower energy costs and increase the use of renewable energy sources. Various forms of CSS have been developed worldwide, specifically adapted to meet local economic and environmental conditions as well as technological readiness. [...] Read more.

Various studies have explored community-shared solar (CSS) initiatives to help lower energy costs and increase the use of renewable energy sources. Various forms of CSS have been developed worldwide, specifically adapted to meet local economic and environmental conditions as well as technological readiness. This study proposes a variant of CSS that incorporates monthly photovoltaic (PV) rental options and load management functions for households in South Korea, a country characterized by limited land availability, high population density, and extremely high land-use costs. This study evaluates the feasibility of the proposed CSS by assessing the economic benefits for all stakeholders involved, including households, the CSS business (or government), and the grid service provider. It utilizes a mathematical programming model for its formulation and employs an iterative algorithm based on Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions for solving it. Additionally, a numerical assessment is conducted with 400 customers classified into three different categories of energy usage. The findings indicate that participating households experienced a reduction in electricity costs ranging from 36.8% to 56.7%, depending on the season and specific scenarios. The CSS business also realized significant profits while the grid service provider benefited from reduced fluctuations in power supply, leading to improved efficiency in grid operations and maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sharing Economy and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Key Tensions in the Development of Regional Heat Infrastructure in The Netherlands: The Dilemmas of an Interorganizational Strategy Process

by Arnoud R. Toering, Toyah S. G. H. Rodhouse, Mark L. C. de Bruijne, Wijnand W. Veeneman, Aad F. Correljé and Udo Pesch

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410899 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1360

Abstract

The proposed solutions for sustainable development generally require new links and the involvement of multiple sectors. As a consequence, organizations can rely less on closed and rational analysis-based forms of strategizing; they increasingly see the need for joint strategy processes. However, a joint [...] Read more.

The proposed solutions for sustainable development generally require new links and the involvement of multiple sectors. As a consequence, organizations can rely less on closed and rational analysis-based forms of strategizing; they increasingly see the need for joint strategy processes. However, a joint strategy process challenges the boundaries of the organizations involved, which creates tensions. This paper takes stock of conflicts and uncertainties that organizations which become involved in joint strategizing encounter. Our focal point is the sustainable development of infrastructure. We focus on an explorative single case study on the coordination of heat infrastructure development in the Regional Energy Strategy Rotterdam-The Hague (RES R-TH). The primary data were collected via three sources of information: observations from roundtable meetings, interviews with representatives of the organizations involved in the RES-TH and reflections from participants of these actors in research-led ateliers. We illuminate a wide range of tensions between organizations and identify three categories of dilemmas: input, throughput and outcome. By explicating dilemmas and identifying categories, we discard the idea that a universal solution exists for organizations engaging in joint strategizing. Instead, we provide evidence of different types of decision-making challenges, which emerges from a more granular analysis of the open strategizing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation for Sustainability, Circular Economy, System Transitions and Societal Transformations)

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21 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Shaping the Rural Landscape: Institutions of Land Use Change in Non-Urbanized Areas in Poland

by Justyna Ślawska

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10902; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410902 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Although extensive research has examined land use dynamics in urban settings, non-urbanized areas remain understudied, particularly in post-socialist contexts. This study investigates the political, economic, and institutional drivers of land use changes in the non-urbanized areas of Poland through the Political Market Framework. [...] Read more.

Although extensive research has examined land use dynamics in urban settings, non-urbanized areas remain understudied, particularly in post-socialist contexts. This study investigates the political, economic, and institutional drivers of land use changes in the non-urbanized areas of Poland through the Political Market Framework. It focuses on how local government structures and interest group interactions shape land development decisions. The two-stage Heckman model was used to address sample selection bias. The results reveal three key findings: (1) municipal council composition significantly influences land use outcomes, with farmers and highly educated councilors generally opposing intensive development, while partisan councilors favor it; (2) interest groups, particularly production companies and the tourism sector, drive both the initiation and scale of land use changes; and (3) institutional factors, including agricultural land quality and farm size, moderate these relationships. This study advances our understanding of rural land use governance by demonstrating how political–economic forces interact with local institutional contexts to shape spatial development patterns. These findings have important implications for land use policy in transitional economies and contribute to broader discussions on rural governance. Full article

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16 pages, 3696 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Short Supply Chains and Smart Village Initiatives: Strategies for Sustainable Rural Development

by Wioleta Sobczak-Malitka and Nina Drejerska

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310529 - 30 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1509

Abstract

A profound transformation of the entire food system is necessary to achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector. This pertains to the production, distribution, and consumption of food. In the case of distribution, this transformation involves changes both at the beginning of the [...] Read more.

A profound transformation of the entire food system is necessary to achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector. This pertains to the production, distribution, and consumption of food. In the case of distribution, this transformation involves changes both at the beginning of the chain, namely, in the agricultural structure, and at the final stage, in consumer behaviour. By analysing the existing literature, we identify key areas where the principles of short supply chains can be harmonised with smart village initiatives. The concept of smart villages itself is based on using modern technologies and innovative practices to improve the quality of life in rural areas and support sustainable development. Consequently, as mentioned, one of the critical elements of this concept is the cooperation of farmers for sustainable short supply chain management. This study analysed statistical data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and unpublished data from the General Veterinary Inspectorate, complemented by desk research on relevant reports, scientific literature, and legal documents concerning local food systems. The study investigates local food systems in the Mazowieckie region, where 9% of Polish entities operating within local food systems are registered. Activity within this framework is characterised by significant spatial diversity across the region. The spatial distribution is mainly related to the location of the raw material base, e.g., the concentration of specialised agricultural production, distance to the sales market (proximity to consumers), and other broadly understood conditions for conducting business activity. The paper highlights the need to transform food systems to support sustainable agricultural development, focusing on short supply chains and smart village initiatives. By examining local food systems in Poland’s Mazowieckie region, it identifies how spatial and resource factors impact local food distribution and rural sustainability. Full article

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22 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Air Cargo Handling System Assessment Model: A Hybrid Approach Based on Reliability Theory and Fuzzy Logic

by Jacek Ryczyński, Artur Kierzkowski and Anna Jodejko-Pietruczuk

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10469; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310469 - 29 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

(1) Background: This paper presents the results of a study on developing a hybrid evaluation model for air cargo handling systems, combining fuzzy logic and reliability theory. (2) Methods: The research methodology consisted of two stages: the first used reliability analysis to calculate [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This paper presents the results of a study on developing a hybrid evaluation model for air cargo handling systems, combining fuzzy logic and reliability theory. (2) Methods: The research methodology consisted of two stages: the first used reliability analysis to calculate the performance of individual processes in the cargo handling system. In contrast, the second used fuzzy logic to integrate these metrics and generate an overall system evaluation. Statistical metrics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to construct adaptable membership functions for the fuzzy logic model. (3) Results: 27 test scenarios were built, in which the impact of individual compositions of operator teams (depending on their experience) implementing individual air cargo handling processes on the final assessment of the entire system was examined. Configurations with experienced operators consistently achieved the highest performance evaluations, although the strategic integration of less experienced personnel in noncritical roles was shown to maintain system functionality. (4) Conclusions: The results confirm that the proposed model is a practical decision-support tool for air cargo terminal management. It enables precise process evaluation, supports resource optimization and increases air cargo operations’ overall reliability and efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contribution of Intelligent Transport Systems to Sustainable Development Goals)

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37 pages, 14968 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable Solutions Through Innovative Plastic Waste Recycling Technologies

by Mohammad Alaghemandi

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10401; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310401 - 27 Nov 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 27156

Abstract

Innovation in plastic waste recycling technologies is essential for tackling the environmental challenges of plastic pollution. Traditional plastic waste management strategies, such as landfill disposal and mechanical recycling, are increasingly recognized as insufficient for addressing the problem’s complexity and scale. This review highlights [...] Read more.

Innovation in plastic waste recycling technologies is essential for tackling the environmental challenges of plastic pollution. Traditional plastic waste management strategies, such as landfill disposal and mechanical recycling, are increasingly recognized as insufficient for addressing the problem’s complexity and scale. This review highlights advanced methods that transform plastic waste into valuable resources, aligning with circular economy principles. I focus on cutting-edge technologies such as chemical recycling that convert mixed and contaminated plastics back into monomers for new production. Biological approaches utilizing enzymes and microorganisms are studied for their potential to biodegrade resistant plastics like PET. Additionally, mechanical innovations like advanced sorting techniques leveraging AI and compatibilization strategies that enhance the quality of recycled materials are discussed. By analyzing recent developments and practical applications, effective and economically viable solutions are identified. These findings emphasize that ongoing technological advancements, supported by robust policies and stakeholder collaboration, are crucial for reducing plastic waste and advancing toward a sustainable circular economy. Full article

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15 pages, 2035 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Analysis and Possibilities of Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Embedded Materials on the Example of Innovative Systemic Railway Stations (ISS)

by Marta Thomas, Maria Ratajczak and Agnieszka Ślosarczyk

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10345; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310345 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1041

Abstract

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact of building materials used in the construction of railway stations. It analyses two examples of innovative railway stations built in Poland in recent years and examines the impact of the choice of building [...] Read more.

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact of building materials used in the construction of railway stations. It analyses two examples of innovative railway stations built in Poland in recent years and examines the impact of the choice of building materials on the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the stations. The analysis found significant differences in GWP between the two stations, with structural steel being the largest contributor for one station, accounting for 48% of the total GWP. Replacing traditional materials with low-emission alternatives was shown to reduce the total GWP for both stations by around 60%. The research highlights the importance of analysing the GWP of all building materials, even in small quantities, as some materials, such as high-pressure laminates, can have a disproportionate impact on carbon emissions. The study also shows that the correct use of low-carbon building materials in the construction of the station can lead to a significant reduction in the carbon footprint of the building. Collaboration between designers, investors and contractors is essential to achieve sustainable building designs that minimise the environmental impact of construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Evaluation Challenges of By-Product and Waste Valorization)

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17 pages, 5541 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of CO₂ Emissions for Light-Duty Vehicles Using Dynamic Perturbation Additive Regression Trees

by Hang Thi Thanh Vu and Jeonghan Ko

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10335; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310335 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1079

Abstract

Effective predictive modeling is crucial for assessing and mitigating energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in light-duty vehicles (LDVs) throughout the whole value chain of an organization. This study enhances the modeling of LDV CO₂ emissions by developing novel approaches to analyzing [...] Read more.

Effective predictive modeling is crucial for assessing and mitigating energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in light-duty vehicles (LDVs) throughout the whole value chain of an organization. This study enhances the modeling of LDV CO₂ emissions by developing novel approaches to analyzing vehicle feature datasets. New tree-based machine learning models are developed to increase the accuracy and interpretability in modeling the CO₂ emissions in LDVs. In particular, this study develops a new algorithm called dynamic perturbation additive regression trees (DPART). This new algorithm integrates dynamic perturbation within an iterative boosting framework. DPART progressively adjusts prediction values and explores various tree structures to improve predictive performance with reduced computation time. The effectiveness of the new ensemble-tree-based models is compared to that of other models for the vehicle emission data. The results demonstrate the new models’ capability to significantly improve predicting accuracy and reliability compared to other models. The new models also enable identifying key vehicle features affecting emissions, and thus provide valuable insights into the complex relationships among vehicle features in the dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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23 pages, 1916 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Zero Plastic Drive: A Comprehensive Review on Unveiling Innovative Sustainable Solutions for a Circular Plastics Economy

by Mohammad Shamsuddoha and Mohammad Abul Kashem

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310329 - 26 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3668

Abstract

Living in a society where plastic has become a necessity, the over-reliance on these materials is quite disturbing as they have social and economic effects, especially in waste disposal and resource management. Such issues have introduced the circular plastics economy (CPE), which aims [...] Read more.

Living in a society where plastic has become a necessity, the over-reliance on these materials is quite disturbing as they have social and economic effects, especially in waste disposal and resource management. Such issues have introduced the circular plastics economy (CPE), which aims to eliminate plastic waste by focusing on reducing, recycling, and reusing (3R) and designing biodegradable plastic products. Owing to these facts, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to analyze the existing literature on circular economy principles and plastic waste management systems in terms of 3R initiatives. Also, this study showcases the CPE by investigating how it is possible to manage plastic within a circular economy instead of a linear system. Additionally, system dynamics modeling (SDM) was applied to examine the inter-relationships between key elements such as plastic production, waste generation, recycling rates, and regulatory actions, along with the cognizance phase of waste diversion and advanced sorting technology to minimize landfill dependency and environmental pollution initiatives, including producer responsibility programs and zero-landfill targets. This study accumulated that zero waste strategies, such as plastic circularity, national waste management, and high-quality recycling, have achieved recycling rates ranging from 30% to 81% across various countries, significantly reducing plastic waste and enhancing resource efficiency. However, the added strategies in countries that are related to policy-driven initiatives can prospectively be useful for increasing recycling capacity to eliminate plastic waste in landfills, promoting a circular economy and sustainable waste management practices. This study also involved the critical stakeholders of the CPE who will make the utilization of plastic waste a reality. Ultimately, this research contributes to the fast-growing knowledge base on plastic waste management by presenting an interdisciplinary framework based on model synthesis and mathematical modeling, which is crucial for decision-makers, industries, and researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization and Management to Increase the Resources Sustainability)

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13 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Atmospheric Pollution Depicted in Impressionists’ Paintings

by Eirini N. Avgeri and Dimitris K. Papanastasiou

Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10147; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210147 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 2188

Abstract

Art is perhaps the most important means of expressing creativity and imagination. It can serve as a form of communication, allowing artists to convey messages and comment on various topics. Environmental art is a dynamic and multifaceted form of artistic expression that highlights [...] Read more.

Art is perhaps the most important means of expressing creativity and imagination. It can serve as a form of communication, allowing artists to convey messages and comment on various topics. Environmental art is a dynamic and multifaceted form of artistic expression that highlights the causes and consequences of environmental problems, such as atmospheric pollution, and facilitate the environmental awareness of societies along with the need to find sustainable solutions to address environmental degradation. The aim of this study was to present paintings created by impressionists that depict atmospheric pollution. A total of 43 paintings were listed after searching the websites of 26 museums worldwide and 10 of them were indicatively selected by applying specific criteria and commented on in this paper. Four of the selected paintings were created by Claude Monet, two by Jean-Baptiste Armand Guillaumin, and the rest of them by James McNeill Whistler, Charles-François Daubigny, Camille Pissarro, and Vincent Van Gogh. These 10 paintings depict, among other things, the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, due to fossil fuel combustion, mainly coal, which contributes to smog development. This study could be exploited by authorities, associations, educational centres, and other interested parties when planning educational activities for the causes, consequences, and solutions of atmospheric pollution over time, while promoting the use of art in environmental and sustainability education. Full article

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21 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Urban Heat Risk Resilience: Lessons on Opportunities and Barriers to Action from Colombo, Sri Lanka

by Shifana Simath, Rohinton Emmanuel and Eeva Aarrevaara

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219488 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

Cities face increasing heat risk due to global and local warming, and the risk is greater in the developing world. South Asia, in particular, faces increasing urban climate risk, but the translation of urban climate knowledge into sustainable climate-sensitive planning is weak. In [...] Read more.

Cities face increasing heat risk due to global and local warming, and the risk is greater in the developing world. South Asia, in particular, faces increasing urban climate risk, but the translation of urban climate knowledge into sustainable climate-sensitive planning is weak. In this paper, we report on our conversations with experts from the Sri Lankan urban planning community on the barriers to and opportunities for urban climate mitigation action. We uncover six themes (insights, integrate, specify, exhort, commitment, and continuity) that best exemplify both the barriers to and opportunities for enhancing heat risk resilience in this primate city. We then map a set of agencies and actors that need to be involved in any holistic risk resilience plan and draw wider lessons to sustainably manage the urgent practical gaps in heat health planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning Models and Effective Management Tools in Resilient Low-Carbon Cities: Issues, Methods and Innovations)

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24 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Promoting Urban Net Zero Transitions Through Multi-Level Governance: The Intermediary Role of Systemic Collaborative Platforms

by Jaime Moreno-Serna, Teresa Sánchez-Chaparro, Wendy M. Purcell, Olga Kordas, Julio Lumbreras, Carlos Mataix, Leda Stott, Miguel Soberón and John D. Spengler

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219470 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

In the fields of partnership research and social innovation, there has been an increasing number of calls for evidence regarding the kind of collaborative multi-level governance structures that might support large-scale transformation processes, especially in regard to climate-neutral cities. This paper conceptualizes a [...] Read more.

In the fields of partnership research and social innovation, there has been an increasing number of calls for evidence regarding the kind of collaborative multi-level governance structures that might support large-scale transformation processes, especially in regard to climate-neutral cities. This paper conceptualizes a new type of intermediary actor, the Systemic Collaborative Platform (SCP). Using the example of a multi-stakeholder arrangement set up to design and implement Madrid’s Climate Neutrality Roadmap, the key features of an SCP include a focus on multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral collaboration for public policy development, in this case operating at both a systemic level and a city scale, and a strong link to a key actor within this regime (a city council). Our study reveals how an SCP can contribute to articulation of a shared mandate among city actors and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of a targeted transition by attracting, aligning and managing a wide and diverse organizational ecosystem through distributed facilitation, collaborative leadership, and continuous learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Co-design and Social Innovation for Climate Neutrality)

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17 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Economic Impacts of Sustainable Energy: An Analysis of Ohio’s Community Solar Program

by Tuyen Pham, Clara Bone and G. Jason Jolley

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9436; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219436 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2065

Abstract

“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all” is one of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. A key target for achieving this goal is increasing the share of renewable energy. In the United States, many states are evaluating [...] Read more.

“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all” is one of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. A key target for achieving this goal is increasing the share of renewable energy. In the United States, many states are evaluating the environmental and economic impacts of the renewable energy transition. This study provides an in-depth evaluation of the economic impact of Ohio’s proposed Community Solar Pilot Program, which plans to install 1750 MW of new solar capacity, including 250 MW on distressed Appalachian sites. We combine two input–output models to estimate the economic impact of community solar projects: the Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) model from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for the construction phase, and IMPLAN for the projects’ 25-year lifespan. Data for this study were gathered through surveys of local solar developers, who are familiar with the regional costs of installing and operating solar projects. Our findings indicate that the community solar program could support 32,430 full-time job years and contribute USD 4.37 billion to Ohio’s Gross State Product (GSP). Additionally, the program could generate USD 409.5 million in local tax revenue over its lifetime. The study highlights the potential of renewable energy initiatives to foster economic growth, particularly in economically distressed regions like Appalachian Ohio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional and Local Economic Development and Policies in Sustainable Economy)

16 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Arsenate Competition on Tungstate Sorption by Soil

by Francesca Pedron and Gianniantonio Petruzzelli

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9363; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219363 - 28 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1072

Abstract

The green and digital transitions toward sustainable development will drive an increased demand for critical raw materials, among which tungsten plays a crucial role in emerging sustainable technologies. Understanding the sorption processes of tungsten in soils is essential for assessing its bioavailability and [...] Read more.

The green and digital transitions toward sustainable development will drive an increased demand for critical raw materials, among which tungsten plays a crucial role in emerging sustainable technologies. Understanding the sorption processes of tungsten in soils is essential for assessing its bioavailability and potential toxicity to living organisms. In many soils, tungsten may co-exist with other contaminants, such as arsenic. Investigating the competitive sorption between these two anions helps clarify how they interact within the soil matrix. Batch experiments were conducted on three Mediterranean soils to evaluate the sorption behavior of tungstate and arsenate, both individually and in combination, using a “Langmuir-type” model. Both anions exhibited the highest sorption in acidic soils and the lowest in alkaline soils. While the shapes of the isotherms were similar in both single and binary systems, the maximum sorption values decreased when a co-occurring anion was present. These reductions can be attributed to competition for soil sorption sites, which have a high affinity for both anions. In all tested soils, the percentage decrease in arsenate sorption in the presence of tungstate was greater than the decrease observed for tungstate in the presence of arsenate. Gaining a deeper understanding of tungsten’s sorption mechanisms is critical, not only for advancing environmental research but also for informing regulations that currently give limited attention to the presence of tungsten in soils. Full article

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24 pages, 4128 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Biofertilizers with Organic Fertilizers Enhances Photosynthetic Efficiency and Upregulates Chlorophyll-Related Gene Expression in Rice

by Pretty Mthiyane, Murat Aycan and Toshiaki Mitsui

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9297; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219297 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4213

Abstract

Biofertilizers offer a sustainable method for improving rice growth and productivity, yet their effects on the interaction between plant growth, photosynthetic activity, and gene expression remain under-researched. This study examines how biofertilizer influences rice physiology, focusing on photosynthetic regulation and expression of chlorophyll-related [...] Read more.

Biofertilizers offer a sustainable method for improving rice growth and productivity, yet their effects on the interaction between plant growth, photosynthetic activity, and gene expression remain under-researched. This study examines how biofertilizer influences rice physiology, focusing on photosynthetic regulation and expression of chlorophyll-related genes. Eight fertilizer treatments were applied: control (CNT), biofertilizer (BF), deactivated biofertilizer (DABF), rice straw (RS), rice straw with biofertilizer (RS+BF), organic fertilizer (OF), organic fertilizer with biofertilizer (OF+BF), and inorganic fertilizer (IOF). Plant height, tiller number, SPAD, NDVI, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis rates were measured, while gene expression analysis was conducted using RT-qPCR. The OF+BF treatment produced the most significant results, leading to a 31% increase in plant height, a 135% increase in tiller number, and a 42% increase in chlorophyll content (SPAD values) compared to the control. Additionally, OF+BF enhanced photosynthetic efficiency by 74%, with the highest net photosynthetic rate of 48.23 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹. Gene expression analysis revealed that OF+BF upregulated key photosynthesis-related genes, such as OsChlD and OsCHLM, showing a 70% and 90% increase in expression. These findings highlight the potential of integrating biofertilizers with organic fertilizers to sustainably boost rice growth and productivity, contributing to global food security and climate change mitigation. Full article

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16 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Digital Twins for Reducing Energy Consumption in Buildings: A Review

by Buddhika Arsecularatne, Navodana Rodrigo and Ruidong Chang

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9275; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219275 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5716

Abstract

This research investigates the use of digital twin (DT) technology to improve building energy management and analyse occupant behaviour. DTs perform the function of acting as virtual replicas of physical assets, which facilitates real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making. Consequently, energy performance [...] Read more.

This research investigates the use of digital twin (DT) technology to improve building energy management and analyse occupant behaviour. DTs perform the function of acting as virtual replicas of physical assets, which facilitates real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making. Consequently, energy performance and occupant comfort can be enhanced. This study evaluates the efficiency of DTs in optimising energy usage by a mix of a systematic literature review and scientometric analysis of 466 articles from the Scopus database. Among the main obstacles noted are interoperability issues, privacy and data quality difficulties, and the requirement for a more thorough integration of digital and physical interactions. The results highlight the necessity of standardised frameworks to direct DT implementations and suggest areas for further study, especially in the areas of improving cybersecurity and incorporating occupant behaviour into DT models. This research makes practical recommendations for using DT technology to increase energy efficiency and sustainability in the built environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent and Innovative Solutions for Sustainable and Healthy Built Environment)

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28 pages, 8087 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment During Simultaneous Operations in Industrial Plant Maintenance Based on Job Safety Analysis

by Sung-Jin Kwon, So-Won Choi and Eul-Bum Lee

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9277; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219277 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4886

Abstract

The risk of accidents during simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) in plant maintenance has been increasing. However, research on methods to prevent such accidents has been limited. This study aims to develop a novel framework, hazard identification and risk assessment of simultaneous operations (HIRAS), for [...] Read more.

The risk of accidents during simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) in plant maintenance has been increasing. However, research on methods to prevent such accidents has been limited. This study aims to develop a novel framework, hazard identification and risk assessment of simultaneous operations (HIRAS), for identifying and evaluating potential hazards during concurrent tasks. The framework developed herein is expected to be an effective safety management tool that can help prevent accidents during these operations. To this end, the job location and hazard information in job safety analysis (JSA) were standardized into four attributes. The standardized information was then synchronized spatially and temporally to develop a HIRAS model that identifies and assesses the impact of hazards between operations. The model was tested using 40 JSA documents corresponding to maintenance operations at Company P, a South Korean steel-making company. The model was tested in two scenarios: one with planned operations and the other with unplanned operations in addition to planned operations. The performance evaluation results of the first scenario showed an F1-score of 98.33%. In this case, a recall of 97.52% means that the model identified 97.52% of the hazard-inducing factors. The second scenario was compared with the results of a review by six subject matter experts (SMEs). The comparison of the results identified by the SMEs and the model showed an accuracy of 89.3%. This study demonstrates the potential of JSA, which incorporates the domain knowledge of workers and can be used not only for individual tasks but also as a safety management tool for surrounding operations. Furthermore, by improving the plant maintenance work environment, it is expected to prevent accidents, protect workers’ lives and health, and contribute to the long-term sustainable management of companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Transformation (DT) to Sustainable Engineering Project Management)

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16 pages, 2938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Bottom Sediment Characteristics of a Shallow Lake under Backwater Separation and Application of Effective Microorganisms

by Renata Dondajewska-Pielka

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8650; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198650 - 6 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1407

Abstract

Lake Konin is a small and shallow lake under the influence of highly eutrophic riverine waters. Feeding the lake as a backwater during high water level periods, the River Obra had exerted a decisive impact on lake water quality, and thus a new [...] Read more.

Lake Konin is a small and shallow lake under the influence of highly eutrophic riverine waters. Feeding the lake as a backwater during high water level periods, the River Obra had exerted a decisive impact on lake water quality, and thus a new dike with a closing device was created. Protective measures were followed by the application of Effective Microorganisms (EM), aiming at a reduction in nutrient concentrations and CyanoHABs. Positive changes in the ecosystem were initiated (increased phytoplankton diversity), but cyanobacteria blooms were still present due to high nutrient content. Some changes were observed in the lake sediments (phosphorus (P) and its fractions, P in pore waters, organic matter and experimental assessment of internal P loading) studied before and during treatment. A slight increase in P content in sediments was noted, as a result of an increase in the Res-P fraction. Simultaneously, a decrease in the most mobile fractions was observed. Summer internal P load was reduced from 5.4 kgP d⁻¹ before the treatment to less than 1 kgP d⁻¹ in the first year, but increased again in the second year to 4.5 kgP d⁻¹. Similarly to lake water quality, positive changes were induced in the lake sediments; nevertheless, they still acted as an important source of nutrients for primary producers. Additional restoration methods shall be considered, as combined treatments used simultaneously are reported to be the most effective for water quality improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Aquatic Ecosystems)

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25 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Artificial Intelligence for Social Innovation: Beyond the Noise of Algorithms and Datafication

by Igor Calzada

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8638; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198638 - 6 Oct 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7983

Abstract

In an era of rapid technological advancement, decisions about the ownership and governance of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence will shape the future of both urban and rural environments in the Global North and South. This article explores how AI can move beyond [...] Read more.

In an era of rapid technological advancement, decisions about the ownership and governance of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence will shape the future of both urban and rural environments in the Global North and South. This article explores how AI can move beyond the noise of algorithms by adopting a technological humanistic approach to enable Social Innovation, focusing on global inequalities and digital justice. Using a fieldwork Action Research methodology, based on the Smart Rural Communities project in Colombia and Mozambique, the study develops a framework for integrating AI with SI. Drawing on insights from the AI4SI International Summer School held in Donostia-San Sebastián in 2024, the article examines the role of decentralized Web3 technologies—such as Blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, and Data Cooperatives—in enhancing data sovereignty and fostering inclusive and participatory governance. The results demonstrate how decentralization can empower marginalized communities in the Global South by promoting digital justice and addressing the imbalance of power in digital ecosystems. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for AI and decentralized technologies to bridge the digital divide, offering practical recommendations for scaling these innovations to support equitable, community-driven governance and address systemic inequalities across the Global North and South. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities and Smart Villages and the Global Digital Transformation: Strategy and Community Engagement—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 3429 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Influence of Pulsed Electric Field and Temperature on Key Physical Attributes in Sustainable Hot-Air-Dried Apple Tissue

by Agnieszka Ciurzyńska, Katarzyna Rybak, Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert and Małgorzata Nowacka

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177699 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1563

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the optimal parameters of the pulsed electric field as pre-treatment, and air temperature, in order to determine the sustainable production of dried apples with beneficial selected physical properties. A combination of PEF with energies of 1, 3.5, and [...] Read more.

The study aimed to determine the optimal parameters of the pulsed electric field as pre-treatment, and air temperature, in order to determine the sustainable production of dried apples with beneficial selected physical properties. A combination of PEF with energies of 1, 3.5, and 6 kJ/kg with hot-air drying at 60, 70, and 80 °C was used. The highest dry matter content was observed in tissue treated with PEF with an energy of 6 kJ/kg, and dried at a temperature of 80 °C. Both the drying and pre-treatment parameters influenced the change in the color of the dried material and the loss of dry matter during rehydration, but did not cause significant changes in the rehydration capacity and thermogravimetric properties (TGA). The novelty of investigations indicates that PEF treatment is capable of altering the quality of dried products. Nevertheless, the selection of particular drying temperatures has a more significant influence on the ultimate product quality. Therefore, choosing specific parameters for the treatment and drying process should be guided by the desired properties of the final product. PEF treatment is one of the most promising pre-treatments used before drying, and examining the possibility of its application to apples, which are one of the most frequently preserved fruits, will make an important contribution to the study of this field of science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management)

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13 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green Web Meter: Structuring and Implementing a Real-Time Digital Sustainability Monitoring System

by Antonello Sala, Lorenzo Barbetti and Andrea Rosini

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7627; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177627 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

The central aim of this paper is to present the Green Web Meter software, which is designed to support the measurement of the digital ESG performance of websites and web apps, as well as providing sound-based analytic tools for improving their overall quality. [...] Read more.

The central aim of this paper is to present the Green Web Meter software, which is designed to support the measurement of the digital ESG performance of websites and web apps, as well as providing sound-based analytic tools for improving their overall quality. In this work, we will discuss the process our research team adhered to in order to provide a basic structure to the general framework of our tool, select a consistent set of KPIs that are suitable for automated real-time tracking, and determine the proper calculation methods to compute the final scores on which the ESG assessment is based. Specifically, we began from the analysis of the UNI PdR 147 guidelines on digital sustainability, highlighting the relevance of the quality construct, and subsequently selected three quality assessment models (E-S Qual, Sitequal, and Webqual 4.0) to define the core references to structure the basic framework. Starting from this general perspective, we proceeded to define the eight related KPIs and the individual scores based on the automatic calculations. Full article

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24 pages, 3947 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Insights from 20 Years (2004–2023) of Supply Chain Disruption Research: Trends and Future Directions Based on a Bibliometric Analysis

by Federico Solari, Natalya Lysova, Giovanni Romagnoli, Roberto Montanari and Eleonora Bottani

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177530 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7909

Abstract

This paper explores the research trends in the literature about supply chain disruptions published over the last 20 years through a comprehensive review and keyword-based analysis. A sample of 4239 papers retrieved from Scopus was analyzed to identify the key themes covered and [...] Read more.

This paper explores the research trends in the literature about supply chain disruptions published over the last 20 years through a comprehensive review and keyword-based analysis. A sample of 4239 papers retrieved from Scopus was analyzed to identify the key themes covered and the shifts in time of those themes. The results highlight a significant rise in the number of publications on supply chain disruptions since 2021, reflecting the dynamic nature of supply chains and the need to adapt them to increasingly complex scenarios. The findings point out the importance of resilience and risk management but also the progressive shift toward technological innovations and digital tools, as a means to enhance supply chain robustness and sustainability in response to recent global disruptions (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia–Ukraine conflict, and the climate change). From the analyses carried out, interesting opportunities for future research directions are delineated. This study represents a unicum in the scientific literature in terms of the number of articles analyzed, the timespan, as well as the scientometric approach adopted. Finally, the paper highlights the main trends in the field of supply chain disruptions, providing valuable insights for future research activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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24 pages, 6036 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Digitalization on Industrial Engineering Students’ Training from the Perspective of Their Insertion in the Labor Market in a Sustainable Economy: A Students’ Opinions Survey

by Ionel Crinel Raveica, Ionel Olaru, Eugen Herghelegiu, Nicolae Catalin Tampu, Maria-Crina Radu, Bogdan Alexandru Chirita, Carol Schnakovszky and Vlad Andrei Ciubotariu

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7499; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177499 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2440

Abstract

The paper presents the results of a survey conducted among a total of 155 industrial engineering students from a Romanian public university to assess their awareness and concern about the facts and challenges imposed by the ongoing digital transformation. The study is based [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results of a survey conducted among a total of 155 industrial engineering students from a Romanian public university to assess their awareness and concern about the facts and challenges imposed by the ongoing digital transformation. The study is based on a statistical analysis of the answers obtained from a questionnaire that contained closed-ended questions with predefined answers and open-ended questions where the respondents could express a personal point of view. Understanding the students’ needs and expectations, as well as the impact of the digital transition on their professional training and integration in a sustainable economy, will serve as a background upon which the quality of study programs can be improved by implementing appropriate measures. The results highlighted the necessity to supplement the curriculum with specialized courses in emerging technologies, to intensify students’ counseling on the digital transition, to upgrade the university’s infrastructure with equipment and software in the field of emerging technologies, to assist students with insufficient resources, and to stimulate women to participate in skilling, upskilling, and reskilling programs in STEM fields. These changes will expand the sustainable development principles in formal university education, ensure competency-centered learning, and increase access to inclusive and quality education. Full article

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19 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of a Greenhouse Ecosystem to Treat Craft Beverage Wastewater

by Carley E. Allison and Steven I. Safferman

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7395; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177395 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1359

Abstract

An aerated greenhouse ecosystem, often referred to as a Living Machine^®, is a technology for biological wastewater treatment within a greenhouse structure that uses plants with their roots submerged in the wastewater. This system has a small footprint relative to traditional [...] Read more.

An aerated greenhouse ecosystem, often referred to as a Living Machine^®, is a technology for biological wastewater treatment within a greenhouse structure that uses plants with their roots submerged in the wastewater. This system has a small footprint relative to traditional onsite wastewater treatment systems and constructed wetland, can treat high-strength wastewater, and can provide a high level of treatment to allow for reuse for purposes such as irrigation, toilet flushing, and landscape irrigation. Synthetic and actual craft beverage wastewaters (wastewater from wineries, breweries, and cideries) were examined for their treatability in bench-scale greenhouse ecosystems. The tested wastewater was high strength with chemical oxygen demands (COD) concentrations of 1120 to 15,000 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) concentrations of 3 to 45 mg/L, and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of 2.3 to 90 mg/L. The COD, TN, and TP concentrations after treatment ranged from below 125 to 560 mg/L, 1.5 to 15 mg/L, and below 0.25 to 7.8 mg/L, respectively. The results confirm the ability of the aerated greenhouse ecosystem to be a viable treatment system for craft beverage wastewater and it is estimated to require 54 and 26% lower hydraulic retention time than an aerobic lagoon and a low temperature, constructed wetland, respectively, the types of systems that would likely be used for this type of wastewater for onsite locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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26 pages, 49693 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Material Flow Analysis-Based Sustainability Assessment for Circular Economy Scenarios of Urban Building Stock of Vienna

by Jakob Lederer and Dominik Blasenbauer

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7319; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177319 - 26 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2502

Abstract

Urban buildings consume raw material and energy, and they produce waste and greenhouse gasses. Sustainable urban development strategies aim to reduce these. Using the case study of buildings in Vienna, this article evaluates the impact of a defined urban development pathway on the [...] Read more.

Urban buildings consume raw material and energy, and they produce waste and greenhouse gasses. Sustainable urban development strategies aim to reduce these. Using the case study of buildings in Vienna, this article evaluates the impact of a defined urban development pathway on the heating energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, and total material requirement of buildings in Vienna for 2021–2050. Furthermore, the impact of recycling to reduce the total material requirement and to increase the circular material use rate is evaluated. The results show that the heating energy demand can be reduced to meet the targets of Vienna’s sustainable development strategy. The same does not count for greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the targets for the latter, the renovation of old buildings by thermal insulation should be expanded and heating systems substituted. With respect to the total material requirement, the recycling of demolition waste from buildings in Vienna to produce secondary raw materials for buildings in Vienna can help to achieve the reduction targets of Vienna’s sustainable development strategy so that in the year 2050, the material footprint is only 44% of the value of the year 2019. Since there is a contradiction between the total material requirement and the circular material use rate, the latter has to be discussed for its use as a circular economy indicator, since the aim of circular economy is not to produce as much recycling materials as possible, but to reduce resource consumption to a sustainable level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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21 pages, 5140 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Role of Air Nanobubble-Saturated Water in Enhancing Soil Moisture, Nutrient Retention, and Plant Growth

by Yeganeh Arablousabet and Arvydas Povilaitis

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135727 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2744

Abstract

Nanobubble-saturated water (NBSW) has received significant attention in water management in recent years. Therefore, three parallel experiments (E1, E2, and E3) were conducted on two silty loam soils (one with 12.11% higher clay) and sandy loam soil, with additional biochar amendments in each [...] Read more.

Nanobubble-saturated water (NBSW) has received significant attention in water management in recent years. Therefore, three parallel experiments (E1, E2, and E3) were conducted on two silty loam soils (one with 12.11% higher clay) and sandy loam soil, with additional biochar amendments in each soil type, to assess air NBSW’s impact on soil moisture, nutrient retention, and plant growth. The results revealed increased soil moisture retention in the sandy loam and silty loam soils with a lower clay content. It reduced the K⁺ input compared to conventional watering without highly affecting the amount of leached-out substances. Biochar amendment significantly reduced the TDS losses from silty loam with a higher clay content and reduced the leaching of NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ from sandy loam soil. Air NBSW enhanced the stomatal conductance in California pepper plants in silty loam and sandy loam soils but had no effect on silty loam with a higher clay content. A decrease in chlorophyll concentrations and stomatal conductance was observed when air NBSW was combined with biochar in sandy loam soil. The study highlighted that air NBSW alone does not significantly affect water and nutrient retention or key plant parameters. However, its combination with biochar can enhance agricultural water management and sustainability by increasing soil moisture retention and reducing nutrient leaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antibiotic Residues in Struvite Fertilizers Precipitated by Different Processes in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

by Elke Bloem, Sophia Albert, Maria Thiel, Paul Keßeler, Joachim Clemens, Andreas Kolb and Thomas Dockhorn

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135726 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1863

Abstract

Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O) is a precipitation product that can be obtained in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and represents a promising fertilizer and technical solution for phosphorus recovery. Struvite can be recovered from the wastewater stream, during sludge [...] Read more.

Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O) is a precipitation product that can be obtained in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and represents a promising fertilizer and technical solution for phosphorus recovery. Struvite can be recovered from the wastewater stream, during sludge digestion or by accelerated acid leaching from sludge followed by solid–liquid separation and struvite precipitation from the liquid phase. Moreover, struvite can be precipitated from industrial effluents or agricultural wastes. The resulting products are of different purity. Antibiotic residues are a relevant class of contaminants as already traces can induce or promote the development of antibiotic resistance in the environment. The aim of the current study was a screening of struvite raw materials precipitated by different processes in German WWTPs for their contamination by selected antibiotics out of the classes of sulfonamides (SAs), fluoroquinolones (FQs) and tetracyclines (TCs). Slightly higher antibiotic residues were detected when struvite was precipitated from the solid phase with a maximum of 133 µg TCs, 484 µg FQs and 8 µg SAs compared to 8 µg TCs, 86 µg FQs and 9 µg SAs per kg dry weight (DW) when struvite was obtained from the liquid phase. FQs were most frequently found in low but quantifiable concentrations in almost all struvite raw materials. Yet, the contamination level of struvite from WWTPs can generally be regarded as low compared to sewage sludge. Products received from effluents from the food industry were found to be almost free of antibiotic residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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22 pages, 5450 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transforming Healthcare Delivery with Advanced Air Mobility: A Rural Study with GIS-Based Optimization

by Raj Bridgelall and Denver Tolliver

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135709 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2366

Abstract

The efficient and timely delivery of pharmaceuticals is critical, particularly in regions with dispersed populations and challenging logistics. Inclement weather often disrupts ground transport, complicating the consistent supply of essential medications. Advanced air mobility (AAM), particularly through the use of drones, presents a [...] Read more.

The efficient and timely delivery of pharmaceuticals is critical, particularly in regions with dispersed populations and challenging logistics. Inclement weather often disrupts ground transport, complicating the consistent supply of essential medications. Advanced air mobility (AAM), particularly through the use of drones, presents a promising solution to these logistical challenges by enabling smaller, more frequent deliveries to low density populated places and bypassing traditional transport constraints. This study evaluates the potential benefits of AAM for pharmaceutical transport in North Dakota (ND). The authors developed a comprehensive GIS and optimization framework to identify optimal locations for logistical centers and routes for drone and truck transport. The study introduces a person-years-saved (PYS) metric to rank the potential for AAM deployments to foster healthcare improvements in underserved communities. Moreover, the study found that drone trips were significantly more cost-effective and efficient than truck trips, with trucks being 2.3 times more expensive and having a 2.8 times higher underutilization rate. The study concludes with recommendations for regulatory support and future research to validate and expand the application of AAM in pharmaceutical logistics, contributing to improved healthcare delivery and operational efficiency in often overlooked rural populations. These insights provide a foundation for the practical implementation of AAM technologies, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize pharmaceutical logistics in challenging environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Sustainable Supply Chain and Transportation Service Mode)

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28 pages, 4209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparing the Effects of Erosion and Accretion along the Eastern Coast of Río de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay in Brazil

by Silvia V. González Rodríguez, Vicente Negro Valdecantos, José María del Campo and Vanessa Torrodero Numpaque

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135728 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3115

Abstract

This paper presents a case study of a general research project investigating the coastal landscapes’ evolution in different port cities of the American continent with a common historical background: colonization. The general aim is to ascertain whether the evolution of coastal landscapes in [...] Read more.

This paper presents a case study of a general research project investigating the coastal landscapes’ evolution in different port cities of the American continent with a common historical background: colonization. The general aim is to ascertain whether the evolution of coastal landscapes in the selected port cities is influenced by the origins of their colonizers, who initiated changes that shaped these cities into repositories of artistic, cultural, and historical heritage. The paper presents a study of the coastal landscape transformation in Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay, Brazil. The study employs a comparative approach, utilizing cartographic maps from disparate historical periods, with the objective of identifying and quantifying changes in the coastline. The results indicate that accretion exceeded erosion over the study period. The erosion is associated with the loss of mangroves, underscoring the necessity for environmental protection and reconstruction efforts in affected regions. The research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive analysis of the coastal transformation in Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay and its impact on the environment. Furthermore, it allows for a comparison with the port cities of the other case studies in the overall research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Anthropogenic Impacts in Marine Coastal Waters: Assessment, Case Studies and Solutions)

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15 pages, 2383 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Green Space Irrigation Using Treated Wastewater: A Case Study

by Lenise Santos, Isabel Brás, Miguel Ferreira, Idalina Domingos and José Ferreira

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5696; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135696 - 3 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2980

Abstract

Water scarcity is a pressing issue that makes it essential to manage this resource efficiently and sustainably. One solution to combat this issue is the use of treated wastewater (TWW) to irrigate green spaces in cities. However, it is crucial to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a pressing issue that makes it essential to manage this resource efficiently and sustainably. One solution to combat this issue is the use of treated wastewater (TWW) to irrigate green spaces in cities. However, it is crucial to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with this practice. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) is the most advanced tool available. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental implications of using TWW for lawn irrigation in the city of Viseu. The ReCiPe 2016 method, supported by SimaPro software, was employed for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). An attributional approach was used, and the system boundaries were expanded to include the non-discharge of TWW into the receiving environment, the avoided consumption of domestic water, and the avoided consumption of chemical fertilizers. The results revealed that using TWW for lawn irrigation is preferable in terms of human health and ecosystem damage but unfavorable in terms of resource damage. When considering the impact of water consumption on human health and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to use treated wastewater for lawn irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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14 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Carbon Footprint of Spanish University Websites

by Sonia Sanchez-Cuadrado and Jorge Morato

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5670; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135670 - 3 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

The consumption of digital content is essential for economic and scientific development, leading to a high dependence on information and communication technologies, which significantly impacts the environment. Quantifying this ecological impact is challenging due to its intangible nature and the diversity of factors. [...] Read more.

The consumption of digital content is essential for economic and scientific development, leading to a high dependence on information and communication technologies, which significantly impacts the environment. Quantifying this ecological impact is challenging due to its intangible nature and the diversity of factors. This research focuses on assessing the energy consumption and CO₂ production of Spanish university websites to evaluate their levels of digital pollution and environmental impact. The calculation of the carbon footprint considers factors related to energy consumption and the use of green or renewable energies. The findings indicate that only 17% of university websites can be considered environmentally friendly. There are significant differences in CO₂ consumption and emissions depending on whether the websites implement environmentally sound practices. This study highlights the lack of initiatives aimed at reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with web information management. The study shows that Spanish universities have the potential to contribute to the reduction in CO₂ emissions by implementing sustainable development practices on their websites. Furthermore, it fosters awareness about technology usage and its environmental impact, promoting the adoption of green and sustainable approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Education in the Digital Society: Applying Communication Technologies and Digital Tools to Education)

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14 pages, 2034 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Soil Contamination with Diclofenac, Ibuprofen and Ampicillin and Mixtures of These Drugs

by Robert Biczak, Julia Kierasińska, Wiktoria Jamrozik and Barbara Pawłowska

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5698; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135698 - 3 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2006

Abstract

Diclofenac (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU) are popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while ampicillin (AMP) is a relatively common antibiotic for treating bacterial infections. All of these drugs are only slightly retained in the human body, and therefore, their presence is found in the [...] Read more.

Diclofenac (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU) are popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while ampicillin (AMP) is a relatively common antibiotic for treating bacterial infections. All of these drugs are only slightly retained in the human body, and therefore, their presence is found in the environment. In the present study, an attempt was made to determine the effects of diclofenac, ibuprofen and ampicillin on the growth and development of early stages of maize. The drugs were used both separately and in binary mixtures and a ternary mixture. The study found that NSAIDs exhibited the greatest phytotoxicity. Both diclofenac and ibuprofen, applied at the highest doses, reduced the fresh weight yield of maize seedlings relative to the control. Ampicillin, on the other hand, showed no adverse effect on the growth and development of maize seedlings. Analyzing the effect of selected drugs on changes in the content of photosynthetic pigments, it should be noted that they led to a systematic decrease in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in maize seedlings. Small changes in the values of the basic parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence may indicate the possibility of stress in maize seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 3054 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a System Suitable for an Apartment Complex for the Collective Recovery of Solid Resources from Food Waste: A Study on South Korea

by Yong-Woo Jeon

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5665; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135665 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2259

Abstract

The installation of food waste disposers has been prohibited in South Korea, due to conflicts with governmental policies that are focused on resource recovery from food waste and concerns about potential damage to the city’s sewer system. However, there is a growing demand [...] Read more.

The installation of food waste disposers has been prohibited in South Korea, due to conflicts with governmental policies that are focused on resource recovery from food waste and concerns about potential damage to the city’s sewer system. However, there is a growing demand for such systems in the country. This study proposes a system for the collective recovery of solid resources from food waste tailored for apartment complexes in South Korea, using an innovative solid–liquid separation technology. In the pilot experiment, 49.60% of the solids fed into the system were recovered as solid matter, confirming its practical applicability. Ultimately, a solid resource collective recovery system suitable for the high-rise apartment residence style of South Korea was developed and applied to an actual apartment complex. The final-stage solids were discharged from the system and processed through bio-drying, subsequently exhibiting a combustible material content of 67.06%, higher heating value (HHV) of 4843 kcal/kg, and lower heating value (LHV) of 3759 kcal/kg; moreover, they have the potential to be repurposed as biomass–solid refuse fuel (bio-SFR), compost, feed, and substrate for biogas production. The proposed food waste disposal system not only aligns with governmental policies, but also facilitates the recovery of high-quality resources from food waste, while providing a sustainable waste management solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Management and Recovery)

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18 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Estimating the Temporal Impacts of Nearshore Fisheries on Coastal Ocean-Sourced Waste Accumulation in South Korea Using Stepwise Regression

by Seung-Hyun Lee, Seung-Kweon Hong, Jongsung Lee, Ji-Won Yu, Hong-Tae Kim and Tae-Hwan Joung

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5663; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135663 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1870

Abstract

Fishing activities have been recognized as one of the primary contributors to marine environmental pollution. Studies have been conducted on the impact of fishing activities on the accumulation of marine debris, but most of these studies have been conducted at specific points in [...] Read more.

Fishing activities have been recognized as one of the primary contributors to marine environmental pollution. Studies have been conducted on the impact of fishing activities on the accumulation of marine debris, but most of these studies have been conducted at specific points in time. This study collected marine debris data over four years in the coastal area of Korea. Data on the magnitude of nearshore fishing activities during the same period were collected and analyzed. Regression models were constructed to explore the impact of nearshore fishing activities on coastal waste accumulation over time. This research aimed to understand the influence of nearshore fishing activities on the accumulation of ocean-sourced coastal waste, leading to the development of a time series regression model. The results indicated that time series models have substantially more explanatory power compared to conventional models, emphasizing the importance of temporal considerations in quantifying the relationship between fishing activities and coastal litter over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Fisheries Management and Ecological Sustainability)

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24 pages, 6330 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Algorithm for Evaluating the Difficulty of Land Consolidation Using Cadastral Data

by Michał Maciąg, Klaudia Maciąg and Przemysław Leń

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5648; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135648 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

Optimum planning and effective land consolidation, widely discussed by contemporary authors, is a response to the perceivable need to modernise global agriculture to ensure the community’s food security and create steady, sustainable development in rural areas. Adequate leveraging of agricultural policy instruments requires [...] Read more.

Optimum planning and effective land consolidation, widely discussed by contemporary authors, is a response to the perceivable need to modernise global agriculture to ensure the community’s food security and create steady, sustainable development in rural areas. Adequate leveraging of agricultural policy instruments requires setting a correct strategic direction, including allocating available funds and considering the technical feasibility of the adopted assumptions. The selection of relevant methods to ensure the efficient and complete accomplishment of the anticipated results should follow a rational analysis of the actual work complexity. This paper presents an innovative, proprietary method for evaluating the difficulty of potential land consolidation using a standardised cadastral data set. The designed tool, which relies on automated algorithms applied in a GIS environment, provides accurate data describing the expected land consolidation complexity at individual stages of the procedure. Detailed and current information on land ownership, use, and farm geometry processed using efficient spatial and statistical analysis methods provides transparent and unambiguous results. The proposed solution was used in developing the difficulty assessment of land consolidation in 58 villages of the Strzyżów district in southeastern Poland. Full article

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21 pages, 7414 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sea Level Variability Assessment along the African Coast

by Katarzyna Pajak, Magdalena Idzikowska and Kamil Kowalczyk

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5661; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135661 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2635

Abstract

Studying changes in the sea level is essential for the sustainable development of coastal areas. The aim of this study was to analyse time series and investigate the regional variability of the sea surface and the effect of individual factors on its behaviour. [...] Read more.

Studying changes in the sea level is essential for the sustainable development of coastal areas. The aim of this study was to analyse time series and investigate the regional variability of the sea surface and the effect of individual factors on its behaviour. In this study, we utilised the most recent satellite altimetry data (over a period of 29 years, i.e., from 1993 to 2022) and tide gauge observations (long-term time series) in order to estimate changes in the sea level. Unlike in previous studies, the rates of the sea level changes around the entire African coast were determined. In addition, time series of the changes in the sea surface temperature and salinity were used to determine the rate of changes arising from the thermal expansion of the ocean. The regional rate of the sea level rise between 1993 and 2022 deviated significantly from the global average, with values ranging from 2.48 to 5.44 mm/year (based on satellite altimetry data, depending on the location of the point). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)

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23 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Novel Copper Alginate Microspheres as Ecological Fungicides

by Marko Vinceković, Slaven Jurić, Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina, Adrijana Novak, Dario Ivić, Laura Hazler, Tanja Jurkin, Arijeta Bafti and Nataša Šijaković Vujičić

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5637; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135637 - 1 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4675

Abstract

Phytopathogenic fungi are living organisms that cause plant diseases and great damage to agricultural products. Despite the wide range of commercial fungicide products in use, there is a clear need for new and environmentally friendly fungicides. Here we propose a new ecological fungicide, [...] Read more.

Phytopathogenic fungi are living organisms that cause plant diseases and great damage to agricultural products. Despite the wide range of commercial fungicide products in use, there is a clear need for new and environmentally friendly fungicides. Here we propose a new ecological fungicide, copper alginate microspheres prepared by ionic gelation. The microspheres were characterized (morphology and topography, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, swelling behavior, rheology, kinetics and mechanism of copper ions release) and their in vitro antifungal potential against selected genera of phytopathogenic fungi was evaluated. Copper alginate microspheres inhibited spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Compared to the control, the inhibition of B. cinerea spore germination (48%) was greater than that of the commercial fungicide Neoram^® (22%). The mycelial growth of Cercospora beticola and Phytophthora ramorum was also significantly inhibited by the addition of copper alginate microspheres. Novel fungicide offer effective disease control while minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable agriculture practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal and Recovery of Europium with a New Functionalized Mesoporous Silica-Based Adsorbent

by Charith Fonseka, Seongchul Ryu, Jaya Kandasamy, Harsha Ratnaweera and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5636; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135636 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

The discharge of acid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by a high concentration of rare earth elements (REEs), poses a significant threat to the health of ecosystems surrounding water sources. The global market demand for REEs has experienced a notable surge in the past [...] Read more.

The discharge of acid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by a high concentration of rare earth elements (REEs), poses a significant threat to the health of ecosystems surrounding water sources. The global market demand for REEs has experienced a notable surge in the past decade. Consequently, recovering REEs from waste streams like AMD not only benefits the environment but also offers financial advantages. Europium (Eu), the rarest among REEs, constitutes only 0.1% w/w in monazite and bastnaesite ores. Eu is extensively used in the production of phosphors, alloys, and additives, and is a critical raw material for developing smart devices, ranging from high-resolution color screens to circuitry. Traditional adsorbents typically exhibit limited selectivity towards REE recovery. Mesoporous silica materials, such as SBA15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous-15), provide excellent tunability and modification capabilities, making them an attractive and cost-effective alternative. This research focused on two key aspects: (i) evaluating the dynamic adsorption column performance of granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA to preferentially recover Eu, and (ii) employing mathematical modeling to optimize the dynamic adsorption column’s operating conditions for real-world applications with a minimal number of experimental runs. Granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA was chosen as the adsorbent due to its high adsorptive capacity and selectivity in capturing Eu. The study revealed that granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA exhibited 57.47 mg/g adsorption capacity and an 81% selectivity towards Eu. Furthermore, SBA15–NH–PMIDA demonstrated preferential adsorption toward Eu in complex multi-component solutions, such as AMD. The linear driven force approximation model (LDFAM) provided an acceptable simulation (R² > 0.91) under varying operational conditions. This validates the use of the model as a tool to effectively simulate and optimize column experiments that used granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA to recover Eu. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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28 pages, 11570 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Geo- and Mining Heritage-Based Tourist Destinations in the Sudetes (SW Poland)—Towards More Effective Resilience of Local Communities

by Edyta Pijet-Migoń and Piotr Migoń

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5626; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135626 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

This paper explores several geotourist destinations in the mountainous area of SW Poland, either recently created or being developed right now, where the unifying theme is the emergence of a new site of interest in a place formerly inaccessible due to mining operations. [...] Read more.

This paper explores several geotourist destinations in the mountainous area of SW Poland, either recently created or being developed right now, where the unifying theme is the emergence of a new site of interest in a place formerly inaccessible due to mining operations. We focus on five sites, including three in the territory of Land of the Extinct Volcanoes UNESCO Global Geopark, connected with the legacy of mining (coal, ores) and quarrying (solid rock, aggregates). For each locality, the history of mining is briefly outlined, followed by the presentation of its conversion into a tourist object and current use. The localities illustrate, at the same time, (a) various aspects of geoheritage and its connection with human activities, thus in line with the ABC concept promoted for geoparks and similar initiatives; (b) attempts to alleviate problems of abandoned mining grounds and their management; (c) different ways towards conversion of formerly inaccessible localities into tourist destinations; (d) ideas to increase the portfolio of (geo)tourist products at the regional scale, striving to achieve greater balance in the geographical distribution of sites of potential interest; and (e) a variety of current management challenges. Overall, it is argued that in each case, the emergence of a new site of interest is beneficial for the local community, as the visibility of the place is increasing, tourist visits grow, local identity is strengthened, and new employment opportunities arise, both directly and indirectly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preserving Earth's Legacy: Exploring Geoheritage and Sustainable Practices for a Resilient Future)

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20 pages, 2340 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Drivers of Environmental Sustainability in the Wine Industry: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach

by Mariana Guerra, Fátima Ferreira, Ana Alexandra Oliveira, Teresa Pinto and Carlos A. Teixeira

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5613; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135613 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4283

Abstract

The primary aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature to identify the most relevant environmental variables and other factors influencing the life cycle assessment of the wine industry. This research seeks to determine whether the type [...] Read more.

The primary aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature to identify the most relevant environmental variables and other factors influencing the life cycle assessment of the wine industry. This research seeks to determine whether the type of wine significantly impacts the carbon footprint and to highlight the importance of production strategies over wine typology or grape variety in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This review encompasses an extensive analysis of previous studies on the environmental impact of wine production. This method involves synthesizing findings from life cycle inventory assessments to identify key variables contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. This analysis also considers regional variations and the effectiveness of different production strategies in mitigating environmental impacts. This review indicates that wine typology (red or white) and grape variety are less significant in determining the carbon footprint than the production strategies employed. It identifies specific variables that contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions in wine production. The analysis highlights the need for standardized assessment methods to ensure accurate determination of influential factors in reducing emissions. This study concludes that achieving environmental sustainability in the wine industry requires a balanced approach that integrates environmental, economic, and social aspects. It emphasizes the necessity of developing standardized and universal strategies for assessing wine sustainability. The application of artificial intelligence is proposed as a crucial tool for improving data gathering, trend analysis, and formulating customized sustainability strategies for different wine regions. Addressing the challenges of sustainability in the wine industry is imperative for environmental preservation and the wellbeing of future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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26 pages, 10341 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fostering Resilient and Sustainable Rural Development through Nature-Based Tourism, Digital Technologies, and Built Heritage Preservation: The Experience of San Giovanni Lipioni, Italy

by Carlo Costantino, Alberto Calleo, Anna Chiara Benedetti, Cristiana Bartolomei and Giorgia Predari

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5588; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135588 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2574

Abstract

Situated in the province of Chieti, Italy, San Giovanni Lipioni is a representative case of depopulation, mirroring the challenges numerous rural areas across Europe face. In this regard, the present paper describes the activities of a four-year research project in collaboration with a [...] Read more.

Situated in the province of Chieti, Italy, San Giovanni Lipioni is a representative case of depopulation, mirroring the challenges numerous rural areas across Europe face. In this regard, the present paper describes the activities of a four-year research project in collaboration with a territorial promotion association and a local action group (LAG) aimed at fostering the sustainable development of the territory, focusing on nature-based tourism, digital-based communication and activation strategies, and the preservation of built heritage. A multidisciplinary approach is employed, delving into three distinct levels, as follows: (i) a comprehensive analysis of the built heritage and the tangible and intangible culture; (ii) the activation of the nature hiking trails between surrounding municipalities; and (iii) an exploration of digital communication strategies for tourism promotion and territorial reactivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Tourism and Use of Natural Resources—Contemporary Practices and Management Challenges)

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33 pages, 1938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Handheld In Situ Methods for Soil Organic Carbon Assessment

by Nancy Loria, Rattan Lal and Ranveer Chandra

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5592; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135592 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5399

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) assessment is crucial for evaluating soil health and supporting carbon sequestration efforts. Traditional methods like wet digestion and dry combustion are time-consuming and labor-intensive, necessitating the development of non-destructive, cost-efficient, and real-time in situ measurements. This review focuses on [...] Read more.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) assessment is crucial for evaluating soil health and supporting carbon sequestration efforts. Traditional methods like wet digestion and dry combustion are time-consuming and labor-intensive, necessitating the development of non-destructive, cost-efficient, and real-time in situ measurements. This review focuses on handheld in situ methodologies for SOC estimation, underscoring their practicality and reasonable accuracy. Spectroscopic techniques, like visible and near-infrared, mid-infrared, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and inelastic neutron scattering each offer unique advantages. Preprocessing techniques, such as external parameter orthogonalization and standard normal variate, are employed to eliminate soil moisture content and particle size effects on SOC estimation. Calibration methods, like partial least squares regression and support vector machine, establish relationships between spectral reflectance, soil properties, and SOC. Among the 32 studies selected in this review, 14 exhibited a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.80 or higher, indicating the potential for accurate SOC content estimation using in situ approaches. Each study meticulously adjusted factors such as spectral range, pretreatment method, and calibration model to improve the accuracy of SOC content, highlighting both the methodological diversity and a continuous pursuit of precision in direct field measurements. Continued research and validation are imperative to ensure accurate in situ SOC assessment across diverse environments. Thus, this review underscores the potential of handheld devices for in situ SOC estimation with good accuracy and leveraging factors that influence its precision. Crucial for optimizing carbon farming, these devices offer real-time soil measurements, empowering land managers to enhance carbon sequestration and promote sustainable land management across diverse agricultural landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)

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21 pages, 3519 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mapping the Nexus: A County-Level Analysis and Visualization of Iowa’s Food–Energy–Water Systems

by Júlia Brittes Tuthill and Amy Kaleita

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5591; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135591 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1684

Abstract

This study presents a county-level analysis and visual assessment of Iowa’s Food–Energy–Water systems (IFEWs), focusing on the interdependencies of agricultural practices, nitrogen management, and energy production. We use data from the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and other sources to assess cropland-nitrogen sources, [...] Read more.

This study presents a county-level analysis and visual assessment of Iowa’s Food–Energy–Water systems (IFEWs), focusing on the interdependencies of agricultural practices, nitrogen management, and energy production. We use data from the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and other sources to assess cropland-nitrogen sources, animal-based-nitrogen contributions, and ethanol production capacity across Iowa’s counties. Our methodology leverages geoprocessing and interpolation tools to address data availability challenges and refine nitrogen surplus (Ns) estimates. The results reveal spatial–temporal dynamics of cropland-nitrogen, quantify non-point nitrogen sources at the county level, and evaluate the impact of energy systems on the IFEWs balance. We discuss the implications of our findings for sustainable agriculture, environmental management, and energy production in Iowa. The study highlights the need for integrated approaches to address the complex interactions within the IFEWs and informs policy development for sustainable resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Land and Farm Management)

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14 pages, 2549 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Substantial and Rapid Increase in Soil Health across Crops with Conversion from Conventional to Regenerative Practices

by Ylva Lekberg, Morgan McLeod, Lorinda S. Bullington, Mary Ellyn DuPre, Gabriela De La Roca, Shawn Greenbaum, Johannes Rousk and Philip W. Ramsey

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5509; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135509 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3224

Abstract

Interest in soil health is growing, though the speed and effectiveness of management practices in improving it are uncertain. We measured biological, chemical, and physical indicators of soil health within a working farm zero, five, and nine years after transitioning from regular applications [...] Read more.

Interest in soil health is growing, though the speed and effectiveness of management practices in improving it are uncertain. We measured biological, chemical, and physical indicators of soil health within a working farm zero, five, and nine years after transitioning from regular applications of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to cover cropping, compost additions, organic amendments, and rotational grazing. We quantified microbial biomass and composition, soil organic matter (SOM), nutrient availabilities, and water stable aggregates in an avocado orchard, a citrus orchard, a pasture, and a vegetable garden. We found substantial and consistent increases in SOM, water stable aggregates, and microbial biomass, especially during the first five years, whereas nutrient availabilities showed no consistent change. Fungal and bacterial communities shifted but not fungal–bacterial biomass ratios or richness. However, fungal guilds responded differently to shifts in management. The biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased in most crops, and fungal saprotroph relative abundance and richness generally increased, whereas putative fungal pathogens showed the opposite response. Overall, we found substantial and rapid increases in indicators associated with improved soil health following the transition from conventional to regenerative management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fertility Maintenance and Restoration in Sustainable Agriculture)

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18 pages, 5777 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Artificial Aggregates for Use in Green Roof Design

by Agata Stempkowska and Tomasz Gawenda

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5512; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135512 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

The development of surfaces in cities, as a result of progressive urbanization, not only reduces the natural retention capacity of the environment but also causes changes in the water balance. In urbanized areas, the amount and intensity of rainwater discharged to receivers increase, [...] Read more.

The development of surfaces in cities, as a result of progressive urbanization, not only reduces the natural retention capacity of the environment but also causes changes in the water balance. In urbanized areas, the amount and intensity of rainwater discharged to receivers increase, and the time of water outflow from the catchment area shortens. Low retention does not provide effective responses to the local water deficit and does not limit the effects of excess water during flood periods. Furthermore, aging drainage systems do not always have the required hydraulic efficiency in absorbing runoff after intense and heavy rainfall or snowmelt. The aim of the work was to determine the possibility of obtaining flat aggregates with a grain size of 2–16 mm from clay-silt fractions from sedimentation tanks using selected mechanical processing methods (crushing and screening in a crusher-screener system with recycling). An important issue was the examination of the physical and mechanical properties of the produced aggregates after firing, where the work required a detailed material analysis using various research techniques, such as XRD, XRF, SEM and digital microscopy. The obtained results will allow for further research on developing the concept of technology for the production of lightweight aggregates used, for example, on building roofs. Particular attention was paid to the flat shape of the aggregate, which affects a number of its properties. To obtain a flat-shaped aggregate, the authors used a patented sieving method. The obtained materials had high cavernosity of 69% on average, water absorption of 40.7% and low bulk density of 0.82 g/cm³. Full article

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22 pages, 7461 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Geotourism Product as an Indicator for Sustainable Development in Poland

by Krzysztof Miśkiewicz

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135516 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2784

Abstract

Geotourism products are goods and services of the tourism industry that support sustainable development based on geological heritage, as exemplified by the success of UNESCO Global Geoparks. Geological and geomorphological objects are promoted and become available for sightseeing thanks to geoproducts: geotourism infrastructure [...] Read more.

Geotourism products are goods and services of the tourism industry that support sustainable development based on geological heritage, as exemplified by the success of UNESCO Global Geoparks. Geological and geomorphological objects are promoted and become available for sightseeing thanks to geoproducts: geotourism infrastructure and services, as well as handicrafts and merchandising inspired by geodiversity, or foods and cosmetics produced based on abiotic nature resources. This contributes to both nature conservation and the socio-economic growth of regions. This article presents an analysis of the development of the geotourism product concept concerning regional development in Poland. The types, locations, and characteristics of Polish geotourism products are presented, which allows for identifying geotourism areas. Due to the significant contribution of geotourism products to regional development, they are proposed as an indicator of sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Striving towards Sustainable Development in Central and Eastern Europe: From the Environmental, Ecological and Technological Perspectives)

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19 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Food, Energy, and Water Nexus through the Lens of Electric Vehicle Adoption and Ethanol Consumption in the United States

by Jacqueline Amaya, Emily Bednarski, Allison Guccione, Zachary Raniszeski, Megan Tierney, Samantha Trajcevski, Isabella Waite and Robert J. Brecha

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135488 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1770

Abstract

The US produces a large share of global biofuels but is unique in using a relatively inefficient biofuel pathway involving corn (maize) for ethanol production. The Renewable Fuel Standards that enshrine this feedstock were intended as a greenhouse gas emissions reduction measure but [...] Read more.

The US produces a large share of global biofuels but is unique in using a relatively inefficient biofuel pathway involving corn (maize) for ethanol production. The Renewable Fuel Standards that enshrine this feedstock were intended as a greenhouse gas emissions reduction measure but have had the effect of coupling the food, energy, and, to a lesser extent, water systems. This paper looks at the food–energy–water (FEW) nexus as exemplified by the growth in corn agriculture for internal combustion engine vehicle fuel and how that will likely change as vehicle electrification proceeds and accelerates. Starting with scenarios in which there is a rapid uptake in electric vehicles by 2030 and beyond, we examine the implications for the switch from liquid fuels for transportation in the United States toward electric vehicles (EVs). We find that scenarios in which EV penetration grows rapidly will clearly decrease demand for corn ethanol. Our analysis shows that, with judicious planning, the decrease in corn ethanol demand can have potential positive co-benefits. These co-benefits include reducing stressors on depleting aquifers and nutrient runoff to waterways. Substituting a small fraction of displaced industrial corn–ethanol cropland with large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity can supply a large fraction of the additional electricity needed for EVs. Finally, solar PV generation can ameliorate or even increase income and create more jobs than those lost to the decreased ethanol demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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18 pages, 6181 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Drone Remote Sensing to Identify Increased Marine Macro-Litter Contamination following the Reopening of Salgar Beach (Colombian Caribbean) during Pandemic Restrictions

by Rogério Portantiolo Manzolli and Luana Portz

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5399; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135399 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2129

Abstract

This study involves an integrated and innovative approach employing high-frequency monitoring, which is rare in studies focusing on solid waste on beaches. Eight drone flights were performed over a tourist beach in the Colombian Caribbean to achieve two main objectives: (i) to quantify [...] Read more.

This study involves an integrated and innovative approach employing high-frequency monitoring, which is rare in studies focusing on solid waste on beaches. Eight drone flights were performed over a tourist beach in the Colombian Caribbean to achieve two main objectives: (i) to quantify the changes in marine macro-litter (>2.5 cm) density, focusing on the differences between the period when the beach was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent reopening period; and (ii) to map changes in the abundance of marine macro-litter on the coast, with an emphasis on single-use waste. The number of items of litter on the beach increased 9-fold between the closed and reopening periods, and the main items found were crisp/sweet packets (n = 304, 13% of the total waste), plastic cups (n = 248, 11%), and expanded polystyrene (food containers) (n = 227, 10%). The factors contributing to the presence and distribution of the marine macro-litter were tourists, the use of the beach, and offshore wind direction. The results revealed that Salgar Beach can be considered a marine macro-litter exporter since waste is incorporated into the longshore current and redistributed either to nearby beaches or the ocean. This study emphasizes the potential for using drone images in an integrated approach to monitoring the presence of marine macro-litter as well as the efficiency of programs for combatting litter at sea. Full article

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