Sustainability

28 pages, 4209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparing the Effects of Erosion and Accretion along the Eastern Coast of Río de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay in Brazil

by Silvia V. González Rodríguez, Vicente Negro Valdecantos, José María del Campo and Vanessa Torrodero Numpaque

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135728 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3055

Abstract

This paper presents a case study of a general research project investigating the coastal landscapes’ evolution in different port cities of the American continent with a common historical background: colonization. The general aim is to ascertain whether the evolution of coastal landscapes in [...] Read more.

This paper presents a case study of a general research project investigating the coastal landscapes’ evolution in different port cities of the American continent with a common historical background: colonization. The general aim is to ascertain whether the evolution of coastal landscapes in the selected port cities is influenced by the origins of their colonizers, who initiated changes that shaped these cities into repositories of artistic, cultural, and historical heritage. The paper presents a study of the coastal landscape transformation in Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay, Brazil. The study employs a comparative approach, utilizing cartographic maps from disparate historical periods, with the objective of identifying and quantifying changes in the coastline. The results indicate that accretion exceeded erosion over the study period. The erosion is associated with the loss of mangroves, underscoring the necessity for environmental protection and reconstruction efforts in affected regions. The research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive analysis of the coastal transformation in Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay and its impact on the environment. Furthermore, it allows for a comparison with the port cities of the other case studies in the overall research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Anthropogenic Impacts in Marine Coastal Waters: Assessment, Case Studies and Solutions)

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15 pages, 2383 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Green Space Irrigation Using Treated Wastewater: A Case Study

by Lenise Santos, Isabel Brás, Miguel Ferreira, Idalina Domingos and José Ferreira

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5696; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135696 - 3 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2964

Abstract

Water scarcity is a pressing issue that makes it essential to manage this resource efficiently and sustainably. One solution to combat this issue is the use of treated wastewater (TWW) to irrigate green spaces in cities. However, it is crucial to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a pressing issue that makes it essential to manage this resource efficiently and sustainably. One solution to combat this issue is the use of treated wastewater (TWW) to irrigate green spaces in cities. However, it is crucial to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with this practice. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) is the most advanced tool available. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental implications of using TWW for lawn irrigation in the city of Viseu. The ReCiPe 2016 method, supported by SimaPro software, was employed for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). An attributional approach was used, and the system boundaries were expanded to include the non-discharge of TWW into the receiving environment, the avoided consumption of domestic water, and the avoided consumption of chemical fertilizers. The results revealed that using TWW for lawn irrigation is preferable in terms of human health and ecosystem damage but unfavorable in terms of resource damage. When considering the impact of water consumption on human health and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to use treated wastewater for lawn irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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14 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Carbon Footprint of Spanish University Websites

by Sonia Sanchez-Cuadrado and Jorge Morato

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5670; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135670 - 3 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2641

Abstract

The consumption of digital content is essential for economic and scientific development, leading to a high dependence on information and communication technologies, which significantly impacts the environment. Quantifying this ecological impact is challenging due to its intangible nature and the diversity of factors. [...] Read more.

The consumption of digital content is essential for economic and scientific development, leading to a high dependence on information and communication technologies, which significantly impacts the environment. Quantifying this ecological impact is challenging due to its intangible nature and the diversity of factors. This research focuses on assessing the energy consumption and CO₂ production of Spanish university websites to evaluate their levels of digital pollution and environmental impact. The calculation of the carbon footprint considers factors related to energy consumption and the use of green or renewable energies. The findings indicate that only 17% of university websites can be considered environmentally friendly. There are significant differences in CO₂ consumption and emissions depending on whether the websites implement environmentally sound practices. This study highlights the lack of initiatives aimed at reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with web information management. The study shows that Spanish universities have the potential to contribute to the reduction in CO₂ emissions by implementing sustainable development practices on their websites. Furthermore, it fosters awareness about technology usage and its environmental impact, promoting the adoption of green and sustainable approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Education in the Digital Society: Applying Communication Technologies and Digital Tools to Education)

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14 pages, 2034 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Soil Contamination with Diclofenac, Ibuprofen and Ampicillin and Mixtures of These Drugs

by Robert Biczak, Julia Kierasińska, Wiktoria Jamrozik and Barbara Pawłowska

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5698; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135698 - 3 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1998

Abstract

Diclofenac (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU) are popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while ampicillin (AMP) is a relatively common antibiotic for treating bacterial infections. All of these drugs are only slightly retained in the human body, and therefore, their presence is found in the [...] Read more.

Diclofenac (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU) are popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while ampicillin (AMP) is a relatively common antibiotic for treating bacterial infections. All of these drugs are only slightly retained in the human body, and therefore, their presence is found in the environment. In the present study, an attempt was made to determine the effects of diclofenac, ibuprofen and ampicillin on the growth and development of early stages of maize. The drugs were used both separately and in binary mixtures and a ternary mixture. The study found that NSAIDs exhibited the greatest phytotoxicity. Both diclofenac and ibuprofen, applied at the highest doses, reduced the fresh weight yield of maize seedlings relative to the control. Ampicillin, on the other hand, showed no adverse effect on the growth and development of maize seedlings. Analyzing the effect of selected drugs on changes in the content of photosynthetic pigments, it should be noted that they led to a systematic decrease in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in maize seedlings. Small changes in the values of the basic parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence may indicate the possibility of stress in maize seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 3054 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a System Suitable for an Apartment Complex for the Collective Recovery of Solid Resources from Food Waste: A Study on South Korea

by Yong-Woo Jeon

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5665; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135665 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2220

Abstract

The installation of food waste disposers has been prohibited in South Korea, due to conflicts with governmental policies that are focused on resource recovery from food waste and concerns about potential damage to the city’s sewer system. However, there is a growing demand [...] Read more.

The installation of food waste disposers has been prohibited in South Korea, due to conflicts with governmental policies that are focused on resource recovery from food waste and concerns about potential damage to the city’s sewer system. However, there is a growing demand for such systems in the country. This study proposes a system for the collective recovery of solid resources from food waste tailored for apartment complexes in South Korea, using an innovative solid–liquid separation technology. In the pilot experiment, 49.60% of the solids fed into the system were recovered as solid matter, confirming its practical applicability. Ultimately, a solid resource collective recovery system suitable for the high-rise apartment residence style of South Korea was developed and applied to an actual apartment complex. The final-stage solids were discharged from the system and processed through bio-drying, subsequently exhibiting a combustible material content of 67.06%, higher heating value (HHV) of 4843 kcal/kg, and lower heating value (LHV) of 3759 kcal/kg; moreover, they have the potential to be repurposed as biomass–solid refuse fuel (bio-SFR), compost, feed, and substrate for biogas production. The proposed food waste disposal system not only aligns with governmental policies, but also facilitates the recovery of high-quality resources from food waste, while providing a sustainable waste management solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Management and Recovery)

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18 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Estimating the Temporal Impacts of Nearshore Fisheries on Coastal Ocean-Sourced Waste Accumulation in South Korea Using Stepwise Regression

by Seung-Hyun Lee, Seung-Kweon Hong, Jongsung Lee, Ji-Won Yu, Hong-Tae Kim and Tae-Hwan Joung

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5663; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135663 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

Fishing activities have been recognized as one of the primary contributors to marine environmental pollution. Studies have been conducted on the impact of fishing activities on the accumulation of marine debris, but most of these studies have been conducted at specific points in [...] Read more.

Fishing activities have been recognized as one of the primary contributors to marine environmental pollution. Studies have been conducted on the impact of fishing activities on the accumulation of marine debris, but most of these studies have been conducted at specific points in time. This study collected marine debris data over four years in the coastal area of Korea. Data on the magnitude of nearshore fishing activities during the same period were collected and analyzed. Regression models were constructed to explore the impact of nearshore fishing activities on coastal waste accumulation over time. This research aimed to understand the influence of nearshore fishing activities on the accumulation of ocean-sourced coastal waste, leading to the development of a time series regression model. The results indicated that time series models have substantially more explanatory power compared to conventional models, emphasizing the importance of temporal considerations in quantifying the relationship between fishing activities and coastal litter over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Fisheries Management and Ecological Sustainability)

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24 pages, 6330 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Algorithm for Evaluating the Difficulty of Land Consolidation Using Cadastral Data

by Michał Maciąg, Klaudia Maciąg and Przemysław Leń

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5648; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135648 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

Optimum planning and effective land consolidation, widely discussed by contemporary authors, is a response to the perceivable need to modernise global agriculture to ensure the community’s food security and create steady, sustainable development in rural areas. Adequate leveraging of agricultural policy instruments requires [...] Read more.

Optimum planning and effective land consolidation, widely discussed by contemporary authors, is a response to the perceivable need to modernise global agriculture to ensure the community’s food security and create steady, sustainable development in rural areas. Adequate leveraging of agricultural policy instruments requires setting a correct strategic direction, including allocating available funds and considering the technical feasibility of the adopted assumptions. The selection of relevant methods to ensure the efficient and complete accomplishment of the anticipated results should follow a rational analysis of the actual work complexity. This paper presents an innovative, proprietary method for evaluating the difficulty of potential land consolidation using a standardised cadastral data set. The designed tool, which relies on automated algorithms applied in a GIS environment, provides accurate data describing the expected land consolidation complexity at individual stages of the procedure. Detailed and current information on land ownership, use, and farm geometry processed using efficient spatial and statistical analysis methods provides transparent and unambiguous results. The proposed solution was used in developing the difficulty assessment of land consolidation in 58 villages of the Strzyżów district in southeastern Poland. Full article

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21 pages, 7414 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sea Level Variability Assessment along the African Coast

by Katarzyna Pajak, Magdalena Idzikowska and Kamil Kowalczyk

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5661; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135661 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2623

Abstract

Studying changes in the sea level is essential for the sustainable development of coastal areas. The aim of this study was to analyse time series and investigate the regional variability of the sea surface and the effect of individual factors on its behaviour. [...] Read more.

Studying changes in the sea level is essential for the sustainable development of coastal areas. The aim of this study was to analyse time series and investigate the regional variability of the sea surface and the effect of individual factors on its behaviour. In this study, we utilised the most recent satellite altimetry data (over a period of 29 years, i.e., from 1993 to 2022) and tide gauge observations (long-term time series) in order to estimate changes in the sea level. Unlike in previous studies, the rates of the sea level changes around the entire African coast were determined. In addition, time series of the changes in the sea surface temperature and salinity were used to determine the rate of changes arising from the thermal expansion of the ocean. The regional rate of the sea level rise between 1993 and 2022 deviated significantly from the global average, with values ranging from 2.48 to 5.44 mm/year (based on satellite altimetry data, depending on the location of the point). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)

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23 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Novel Copper Alginate Microspheres as Ecological Fungicides

by Marko Vinceković, Slaven Jurić, Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina, Adrijana Novak, Dario Ivić, Laura Hazler, Tanja Jurkin, Arijeta Bafti and Nataša Šijaković Vujičić

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5637; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135637 - 1 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4666

Abstract

Phytopathogenic fungi are living organisms that cause plant diseases and great damage to agricultural products. Despite the wide range of commercial fungicide products in use, there is a clear need for new and environmentally friendly fungicides. Here we propose a new ecological fungicide, [...] Read more.

Phytopathogenic fungi are living organisms that cause plant diseases and great damage to agricultural products. Despite the wide range of commercial fungicide products in use, there is a clear need for new and environmentally friendly fungicides. Here we propose a new ecological fungicide, copper alginate microspheres prepared by ionic gelation. The microspheres were characterized (morphology and topography, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, swelling behavior, rheology, kinetics and mechanism of copper ions release) and their in vitro antifungal potential against selected genera of phytopathogenic fungi was evaluated. Copper alginate microspheres inhibited spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Compared to the control, the inhibition of B. cinerea spore germination (48%) was greater than that of the commercial fungicide Neoram^® (22%). The mycelial growth of Cercospora beticola and Phytophthora ramorum was also significantly inhibited by the addition of copper alginate microspheres. Novel fungicide offer effective disease control while minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable agriculture practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal and Recovery of Europium with a New Functionalized Mesoporous Silica-Based Adsorbent

by Charith Fonseka, Seongchul Ryu, Jaya Kandasamy, Harsha Ratnaweera and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5636; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135636 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1784

Abstract

The discharge of acid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by a high concentration of rare earth elements (REEs), poses a significant threat to the health of ecosystems surrounding water sources. The global market demand for REEs has experienced a notable surge in the past [...] Read more.

The discharge of acid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by a high concentration of rare earth elements (REEs), poses a significant threat to the health of ecosystems surrounding water sources. The global market demand for REEs has experienced a notable surge in the past decade. Consequently, recovering REEs from waste streams like AMD not only benefits the environment but also offers financial advantages. Europium (Eu), the rarest among REEs, constitutes only 0.1% w/w in monazite and bastnaesite ores. Eu is extensively used in the production of phosphors, alloys, and additives, and is a critical raw material for developing smart devices, ranging from high-resolution color screens to circuitry. Traditional adsorbents typically exhibit limited selectivity towards REE recovery. Mesoporous silica materials, such as SBA15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous-15), provide excellent tunability and modification capabilities, making them an attractive and cost-effective alternative. This research focused on two key aspects: (i) evaluating the dynamic adsorption column performance of granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA to preferentially recover Eu, and (ii) employing mathematical modeling to optimize the dynamic adsorption column’s operating conditions for real-world applications with a minimal number of experimental runs. Granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA was chosen as the adsorbent due to its high adsorptive capacity and selectivity in capturing Eu. The study revealed that granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA exhibited 57.47 mg/g adsorption capacity and an 81% selectivity towards Eu. Furthermore, SBA15–NH–PMIDA demonstrated preferential adsorption toward Eu in complex multi-component solutions, such as AMD. The linear driven force approximation model (LDFAM) provided an acceptable simulation (R² > 0.91) under varying operational conditions. This validates the use of the model as a tool to effectively simulate and optimize column experiments that used granulated SBA15–NH–PMIDA to recover Eu. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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28 pages, 11570 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Geo- and Mining Heritage-Based Tourist Destinations in the Sudetes (SW Poland)—Towards More Effective Resilience of Local Communities

by Edyta Pijet-Migoń and Piotr Migoń

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5626; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135626 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2351

Abstract

This paper explores several geotourist destinations in the mountainous area of SW Poland, either recently created or being developed right now, where the unifying theme is the emergence of a new site of interest in a place formerly inaccessible due to mining operations. [...] Read more.

This paper explores several geotourist destinations in the mountainous area of SW Poland, either recently created or being developed right now, where the unifying theme is the emergence of a new site of interest in a place formerly inaccessible due to mining operations. We focus on five sites, including three in the territory of Land of the Extinct Volcanoes UNESCO Global Geopark, connected with the legacy of mining (coal, ores) and quarrying (solid rock, aggregates). For each locality, the history of mining is briefly outlined, followed by the presentation of its conversion into a tourist object and current use. The localities illustrate, at the same time, (a) various aspects of geoheritage and its connection with human activities, thus in line with the ABC concept promoted for geoparks and similar initiatives; (b) attempts to alleviate problems of abandoned mining grounds and their management; (c) different ways towards conversion of formerly inaccessible localities into tourist destinations; (d) ideas to increase the portfolio of (geo)tourist products at the regional scale, striving to achieve greater balance in the geographical distribution of sites of potential interest; and (e) a variety of current management challenges. Overall, it is argued that in each case, the emergence of a new site of interest is beneficial for the local community, as the visibility of the place is increasing, tourist visits grow, local identity is strengthened, and new employment opportunities arise, both directly and indirectly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preserving Earth's Legacy: Exploring Geoheritage and Sustainable Practices for a Resilient Future)

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20 pages, 2340 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Drivers of Environmental Sustainability in the Wine Industry: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach

by Mariana Guerra, Fátima Ferreira, Ana Alexandra Oliveira, Teresa Pinto and Carlos A. Teixeira

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5613; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135613 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4257

Abstract

The primary aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature to identify the most relevant environmental variables and other factors influencing the life cycle assessment of the wine industry. This research seeks to determine whether the type [...] Read more.

The primary aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature to identify the most relevant environmental variables and other factors influencing the life cycle assessment of the wine industry. This research seeks to determine whether the type of wine significantly impacts the carbon footprint and to highlight the importance of production strategies over wine typology or grape variety in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This review encompasses an extensive analysis of previous studies on the environmental impact of wine production. This method involves synthesizing findings from life cycle inventory assessments to identify key variables contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. This analysis also considers regional variations and the effectiveness of different production strategies in mitigating environmental impacts. This review indicates that wine typology (red or white) and grape variety are less significant in determining the carbon footprint than the production strategies employed. It identifies specific variables that contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions in wine production. The analysis highlights the need for standardized assessment methods to ensure accurate determination of influential factors in reducing emissions. This study concludes that achieving environmental sustainability in the wine industry requires a balanced approach that integrates environmental, economic, and social aspects. It emphasizes the necessity of developing standardized and universal strategies for assessing wine sustainability. The application of artificial intelligence is proposed as a crucial tool for improving data gathering, trend analysis, and formulating customized sustainability strategies for different wine regions. Addressing the challenges of sustainability in the wine industry is imperative for environmental preservation and the wellbeing of future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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26 pages, 10341 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fostering Resilient and Sustainable Rural Development through Nature-Based Tourism, Digital Technologies, and Built Heritage Preservation: The Experience of San Giovanni Lipioni, Italy

by Carlo Costantino, Alberto Calleo, Anna Chiara Benedetti, Cristiana Bartolomei and Giorgia Predari

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5588; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135588 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

Situated in the province of Chieti, Italy, San Giovanni Lipioni is a representative case of depopulation, mirroring the challenges numerous rural areas across Europe face. In this regard, the present paper describes the activities of a four-year research project in collaboration with a [...] Read more.

Situated in the province of Chieti, Italy, San Giovanni Lipioni is a representative case of depopulation, mirroring the challenges numerous rural areas across Europe face. In this regard, the present paper describes the activities of a four-year research project in collaboration with a territorial promotion association and a local action group (LAG) aimed at fostering the sustainable development of the territory, focusing on nature-based tourism, digital-based communication and activation strategies, and the preservation of built heritage. A multidisciplinary approach is employed, delving into three distinct levels, as follows: (i) a comprehensive analysis of the built heritage and the tangible and intangible culture; (ii) the activation of the nature hiking trails between surrounding municipalities; and (iii) an exploration of digital communication strategies for tourism promotion and territorial reactivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Tourism and Use of Natural Resources—Contemporary Practices and Management Challenges)

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33 pages, 1938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Handheld In Situ Methods for Soil Organic Carbon Assessment

by Nancy Loria, Rattan Lal and Ranveer Chandra

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5592; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135592 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5329

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) assessment is crucial for evaluating soil health and supporting carbon sequestration efforts. Traditional methods like wet digestion and dry combustion are time-consuming and labor-intensive, necessitating the development of non-destructive, cost-efficient, and real-time in situ measurements. This review focuses on [...] Read more.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) assessment is crucial for evaluating soil health and supporting carbon sequestration efforts. Traditional methods like wet digestion and dry combustion are time-consuming and labor-intensive, necessitating the development of non-destructive, cost-efficient, and real-time in situ measurements. This review focuses on handheld in situ methodologies for SOC estimation, underscoring their practicality and reasonable accuracy. Spectroscopic techniques, like visible and near-infrared, mid-infrared, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and inelastic neutron scattering each offer unique advantages. Preprocessing techniques, such as external parameter orthogonalization and standard normal variate, are employed to eliminate soil moisture content and particle size effects on SOC estimation. Calibration methods, like partial least squares regression and support vector machine, establish relationships between spectral reflectance, soil properties, and SOC. Among the 32 studies selected in this review, 14 exhibited a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.80 or higher, indicating the potential for accurate SOC content estimation using in situ approaches. Each study meticulously adjusted factors such as spectral range, pretreatment method, and calibration model to improve the accuracy of SOC content, highlighting both the methodological diversity and a continuous pursuit of precision in direct field measurements. Continued research and validation are imperative to ensure accurate in situ SOC assessment across diverse environments. Thus, this review underscores the potential of handheld devices for in situ SOC estimation with good accuracy and leveraging factors that influence its precision. Crucial for optimizing carbon farming, these devices offer real-time soil measurements, empowering land managers to enhance carbon sequestration and promote sustainable land management across diverse agricultural landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)

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21 pages, 3519 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mapping the Nexus: A County-Level Analysis and Visualization of Iowa’s Food–Energy–Water Systems

by Júlia Brittes Tuthill and Amy Kaleita

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5591; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135591 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1674

Abstract

This study presents a county-level analysis and visual assessment of Iowa’s Food–Energy–Water systems (IFEWs), focusing on the interdependencies of agricultural practices, nitrogen management, and energy production. We use data from the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and other sources to assess cropland-nitrogen sources, [...] Read more.

This study presents a county-level analysis and visual assessment of Iowa’s Food–Energy–Water systems (IFEWs), focusing on the interdependencies of agricultural practices, nitrogen management, and energy production. We use data from the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and other sources to assess cropland-nitrogen sources, animal-based-nitrogen contributions, and ethanol production capacity across Iowa’s counties. Our methodology leverages geoprocessing and interpolation tools to address data availability challenges and refine nitrogen surplus (Ns) estimates. The results reveal spatial–temporal dynamics of cropland-nitrogen, quantify non-point nitrogen sources at the county level, and evaluate the impact of energy systems on the IFEWs balance. We discuss the implications of our findings for sustainable agriculture, environmental management, and energy production in Iowa. The study highlights the need for integrated approaches to address the complex interactions within the IFEWs and informs policy development for sustainable resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Land and Farm Management)

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14 pages, 2549 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Substantial and Rapid Increase in Soil Health across Crops with Conversion from Conventional to Regenerative Practices

by Ylva Lekberg, Morgan McLeod, Lorinda S. Bullington, Mary Ellyn DuPre, Gabriela De La Roca, Shawn Greenbaum, Johannes Rousk and Philip W. Ramsey

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5509; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135509 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3210

Abstract

Interest in soil health is growing, though the speed and effectiveness of management practices in improving it are uncertain. We measured biological, chemical, and physical indicators of soil health within a working farm zero, five, and nine years after transitioning from regular applications [...] Read more.

Interest in soil health is growing, though the speed and effectiveness of management practices in improving it are uncertain. We measured biological, chemical, and physical indicators of soil health within a working farm zero, five, and nine years after transitioning from regular applications of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to cover cropping, compost additions, organic amendments, and rotational grazing. We quantified microbial biomass and composition, soil organic matter (SOM), nutrient availabilities, and water stable aggregates in an avocado orchard, a citrus orchard, a pasture, and a vegetable garden. We found substantial and consistent increases in SOM, water stable aggregates, and microbial biomass, especially during the first five years, whereas nutrient availabilities showed no consistent change. Fungal and bacterial communities shifted but not fungal–bacterial biomass ratios or richness. However, fungal guilds responded differently to shifts in management. The biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased in most crops, and fungal saprotroph relative abundance and richness generally increased, whereas putative fungal pathogens showed the opposite response. Overall, we found substantial and rapid increases in indicators associated with improved soil health following the transition from conventional to regenerative management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fertility Maintenance and Restoration in Sustainable Agriculture)

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18 pages, 5777 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Artificial Aggregates for Use in Green Roof Design

by Agata Stempkowska and Tomasz Gawenda

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5512; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135512 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1713

Abstract

The development of surfaces in cities, as a result of progressive urbanization, not only reduces the natural retention capacity of the environment but also causes changes in the water balance. In urbanized areas, the amount and intensity of rainwater discharged to receivers increase, [...] Read more.

The development of surfaces in cities, as a result of progressive urbanization, not only reduces the natural retention capacity of the environment but also causes changes in the water balance. In urbanized areas, the amount and intensity of rainwater discharged to receivers increase, and the time of water outflow from the catchment area shortens. Low retention does not provide effective responses to the local water deficit and does not limit the effects of excess water during flood periods. Furthermore, aging drainage systems do not always have the required hydraulic efficiency in absorbing runoff after intense and heavy rainfall or snowmelt. The aim of the work was to determine the possibility of obtaining flat aggregates with a grain size of 2–16 mm from clay-silt fractions from sedimentation tanks using selected mechanical processing methods (crushing and screening in a crusher-screener system with recycling). An important issue was the examination of the physical and mechanical properties of the produced aggregates after firing, where the work required a detailed material analysis using various research techniques, such as XRD, XRF, SEM and digital microscopy. The obtained results will allow for further research on developing the concept of technology for the production of lightweight aggregates used, for example, on building roofs. Particular attention was paid to the flat shape of the aggregate, which affects a number of its properties. To obtain a flat-shaped aggregate, the authors used a patented sieving method. The obtained materials had high cavernosity of 69% on average, water absorption of 40.7% and low bulk density of 0.82 g/cm³. Full article

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22 pages, 7461 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Geotourism Product as an Indicator for Sustainable Development in Poland

by Krzysztof Miśkiewicz

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135516 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2761

Abstract

Geotourism products are goods and services of the tourism industry that support sustainable development based on geological heritage, as exemplified by the success of UNESCO Global Geoparks. Geological and geomorphological objects are promoted and become available for sightseeing thanks to geoproducts: geotourism infrastructure [...] Read more.

Geotourism products are goods and services of the tourism industry that support sustainable development based on geological heritage, as exemplified by the success of UNESCO Global Geoparks. Geological and geomorphological objects are promoted and become available for sightseeing thanks to geoproducts: geotourism infrastructure and services, as well as handicrafts and merchandising inspired by geodiversity, or foods and cosmetics produced based on abiotic nature resources. This contributes to both nature conservation and the socio-economic growth of regions. This article presents an analysis of the development of the geotourism product concept concerning regional development in Poland. The types, locations, and characteristics of Polish geotourism products are presented, which allows for identifying geotourism areas. Due to the significant contribution of geotourism products to regional development, they are proposed as an indicator of sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Striving towards Sustainable Development in Central and Eastern Europe: From the Environmental, Ecological and Technological Perspectives)

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19 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Food, Energy, and Water Nexus through the Lens of Electric Vehicle Adoption and Ethanol Consumption in the United States

by Jacqueline Amaya, Emily Bednarski, Allison Guccione, Zachary Raniszeski, Megan Tierney, Samantha Trajcevski, Isabella Waite and Robert J. Brecha

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135488 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1759

Abstract

The US produces a large share of global biofuels but is unique in using a relatively inefficient biofuel pathway involving corn (maize) for ethanol production. The Renewable Fuel Standards that enshrine this feedstock were intended as a greenhouse gas emissions reduction measure but [...] Read more.

The US produces a large share of global biofuels but is unique in using a relatively inefficient biofuel pathway involving corn (maize) for ethanol production. The Renewable Fuel Standards that enshrine this feedstock were intended as a greenhouse gas emissions reduction measure but have had the effect of coupling the food, energy, and, to a lesser extent, water systems. This paper looks at the food–energy–water (FEW) nexus as exemplified by the growth in corn agriculture for internal combustion engine vehicle fuel and how that will likely change as vehicle electrification proceeds and accelerates. Starting with scenarios in which there is a rapid uptake in electric vehicles by 2030 and beyond, we examine the implications for the switch from liquid fuels for transportation in the United States toward electric vehicles (EVs). We find that scenarios in which EV penetration grows rapidly will clearly decrease demand for corn ethanol. Our analysis shows that, with judicious planning, the decrease in corn ethanol demand can have potential positive co-benefits. These co-benefits include reducing stressors on depleting aquifers and nutrient runoff to waterways. Substituting a small fraction of displaced industrial corn–ethanol cropland with large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity can supply a large fraction of the additional electricity needed for EVs. Finally, solar PV generation can ameliorate or even increase income and create more jobs than those lost to the decreased ethanol demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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18 pages, 6181 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Drone Remote Sensing to Identify Increased Marine Macro-Litter Contamination following the Reopening of Salgar Beach (Colombian Caribbean) during Pandemic Restrictions

by Rogério Portantiolo Manzolli and Luana Portz

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5399; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135399 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2110

Abstract

This study involves an integrated and innovative approach employing high-frequency monitoring, which is rare in studies focusing on solid waste on beaches. Eight drone flights were performed over a tourist beach in the Colombian Caribbean to achieve two main objectives: (i) to quantify [...] Read more.

This study involves an integrated and innovative approach employing high-frequency monitoring, which is rare in studies focusing on solid waste on beaches. Eight drone flights were performed over a tourist beach in the Colombian Caribbean to achieve two main objectives: (i) to quantify the changes in marine macro-litter (>2.5 cm) density, focusing on the differences between the period when the beach was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent reopening period; and (ii) to map changes in the abundance of marine macro-litter on the coast, with an emphasis on single-use waste. The number of items of litter on the beach increased 9-fold between the closed and reopening periods, and the main items found were crisp/sweet packets (n = 304, 13% of the total waste), plastic cups (n = 248, 11%), and expanded polystyrene (food containers) (n = 227, 10%). The factors contributing to the presence and distribution of the marine macro-litter were tourists, the use of the beach, and offshore wind direction. The results revealed that Salgar Beach can be considered a marine macro-litter exporter since waste is incorporated into the longshore current and redistributed either to nearby beaches or the ocean. This study emphasizes the potential for using drone images in an integrated approach to monitoring the presence of marine macro-litter as well as the efficiency of programs for combatting litter at sea. Full article

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16 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmental Considerations and Sustainable Solutions for Outdoor Advertising Banners

by Sunhilde Cuc and Cristina Secan

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5366; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135366 - 24 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4268

Abstract

Despite advancements in digital technology, outdoor advertising remains a robust communication tool with broad audience appeal. However, heightened environmental awareness necessitates proactive measures within the industry. This study examines the environmental impact of banners and proposes sustainable strategies. Market analysis underscores the widespread [...] Read more.

Despite advancements in digital technology, outdoor advertising remains a robust communication tool with broad audience appeal. However, heightened environmental awareness necessitates proactive measures within the industry. This study examines the environmental impact of banners and proposes sustainable strategies. Market analysis underscores the widespread use of banners despite alternative advertising methods, prompting an investigation into their environmental implications and mitigation solutions. The research specifically focuses on prolonging banner lifespan and campaign duration through innovative recycling approaches aligned with circular economy principles. A comprehensive literature review informs these models and strategies, identifying opportunities for sustainable banner management. A case study approach is employed to present the transformation of banners into functional raincoats using Gemini X20 Pattern Designer software. The study emphasizes the optimization of resources and adherence to copyright regulations. This practical example demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of recycling in outdoor advertising. Collaborations with tailoring workshops facilitate community engagement and contribute to economic benefits. The implementation of these practices by companies serves to enhance their sustainability credentials and leadership in environmental responsibility within the outdoor advertising sector. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into sustainable practices that mitigate environmental impacts while fostering economic and social benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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22 pages, 1929 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Understanding Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions of Shared Electric Micro-Mobility: A Systematic Review

by Carlos Calan, Natalia Sobrino and Jose Manuel Vassallo

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5277; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135277 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4434

Abstract

In recent years, the implementation of shared electric micro-mobility services (SEMMS) enables short rentals of light electric vehicles for short-distance travel. The fast expansion of SEMMS worldwide, promoted as a green mobility service, has raised a debate about its role in urban mobility, [...] Read more.

In recent years, the implementation of shared electric micro-mobility services (SEMMS) enables short rentals of light electric vehicles for short-distance travel. The fast expansion of SEMMS worldwide, promoted as a green mobility service, has raised a debate about its role in urban mobility, especially in terms of environmental impacts such as climate change. This article presents a systematic review of the current knowledge on the environmental impacts of SEMMS, with a special focus on the use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) methods. The study offers a detailed analysis of the global warming potential of SEMMS and its critical phases. It is found that shared e-scooters have the greatest greenhouse-gas emissions during their life cycle, while emissions from shared e-mopeds and shared e-bikes tend to be lower. The literature reveals that the materials and manufacturing phase is the most important one for the environmental impact of shared e-scooters, followed by the daily collection of vehicles for charging. The article also identifies influential factors in the sensitivity analysis and the potential for net-impact reduction accounted for mode substitution. Finally, the article identifies further research areas aimed at contributing to the adoption of environmentally responsible practices in the rapidly expanding field of shared services in cities. Full article

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20 pages, 5880 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sinkhole Risk-Based Sensor Placement for Leakage Localization in Water Distribution Networks with a Data-Driven Approach

by Gabriele Medio, Giada Varra, Çağrı Alperen İnan, Luca Cozzolino and Renata Della Morte

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5246; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125246 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2176

Abstract

Leakages from damaged or deteriorated buried pipes in urban water distribution networks may cause significant socio-economic and environmental impacts, such as depletion of water resources and sinkhole events. Sinkholes are often caused by internal erosion and fluidization of the soil surrounding leaking pipes, [...] Read more.

Leakages from damaged or deteriorated buried pipes in urban water distribution networks may cause significant socio-economic and environmental impacts, such as depletion of water resources and sinkhole events. Sinkholes are often caused by internal erosion and fluidization of the soil surrounding leaking pipes, with the formation of soil cavities that may eventually collapse. This in turn causes road disruption and building foundation damage, with possible victims. While the loss of precious water resources is a well-known problem, less attention has been paid to anthropogenic sinkhole events generated by leakages in water distribution systems. With a view to improving urban smart resilience and sustainability of urban areas, this study introduces an innovative framework to localize leakages based on a Machine learning model (for the training and evaluation of candidate sets of pressure sensors) and a Genetic algorithm (for the optimal sensor set positioning) with the goal of detecting and mitigating potential hydrogeological urban disruption due to water leakage in the most sensitive/critical locations. The application of the methodology on a synthetic case study from literature and a real-world case scenario shows that the methodology also contributes to reducing the depletion of water resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Flood Resilience Integrating AI and Hydraulic and Horologic Modeling)

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18 pages, 2549 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Use of a Composition of Bacterial Consortia and Living Mulch to Reduce Weeds in Organic Spring Barley Cultivation as an Element of Sustainable Plant Production

by Rafał Górski, Robert Rosa, Alicja Niewiadomska, Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka, Katarzyna Głuchowska and Anna Płaza

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5268; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125268 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1591

Abstract

Weed infestation of cereal crops in organic farming is becoming a serious problem in agriculture. Sustainable agriculture requires the search for and implementation of crop management techniques that will reduce weeds without negatively impacting the environment. This research refers to the principles of [...] Read more.

Weed infestation of cereal crops in organic farming is becoming a serious problem in agriculture. Sustainable agriculture requires the search for and implementation of crop management techniques that will reduce weeds without negatively impacting the environment. This research refers to the principles of integrated plant protection in sustainable agriculture, allowing the use of chemical plant protection products to be limited to the absolute minimum. Technology for growing spring barley based on the use of bacterial consortia in combination with living mulch (LM) can be an interesting approach to this problem. The aim of this three-year field research was to determine the effects of bacterial consortia and LM on the level of weed infestation in the organic spring barley crop. Two factors were tested in the experiment: bacterial consortia factors: control (without bacterial consortia); 1—Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum and Arthrobacter agilis; 2—Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens; and LM: control (without LM); red clover; red clover + Italian ryegrass; and Italian ryegrass. This research demonstrated that the bacterial consortia tested significantly reduced both the biomass and number of weeds, including the following dominant weeds: Chenopodium album, Sinapis arvensis, Elymus repens, and Tripleurospermum inodorum. The use of LM also significantly reduced the weed infestation of spring barley stands. The lowest biomass and number of weeds, with the exception of Elymus repens, were recorded on objects with LM Italian ryegrass in spring barley in combination with bacterial consortium 2. The introduction of cultivation with LM Italian ryegrass or its mixture with red clover and the use of bacteria should be recommended for the practice of sustainable agriculture, which will reduce weeds through an ecological method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weeds Management in Sustainable Agriculture System)

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14 pages, 4549 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Climate Anxiety and Pro-Environment Behaviours

by Zac Coates, Michelle Kelly and Scott Brown

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125211 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4287

Abstract

Previous studies examining psychological distress associated with climate change have found cognitive, affective and behavioural influences. This distress, termed climate anxiety, is thought to be chronic in nature, and may result in long-lasting and significant negative impacts on mental health. The present study [...] Read more.

Previous studies examining psychological distress associated with climate change have found cognitive, affective and behavioural influences. This distress, termed climate anxiety, is thought to be chronic in nature, and may result in long-lasting and significant negative impacts on mental health. The present study examined how climate anxiety may be impacting people’s frequency of pro-environment behaviours. To effectively measure participants’ behavioural frequency and preferences, we used a discrete choice experiment, which simulated a transport scenario where participants would have to make trade-offs between cost, time and eco-friendliness. A total of 256 participants (95 male, 161 female) completed the study. It was found that participants with moderate levels of climate anxiety had a higher frequency of pro-environment behaviours than participants with low or high levels of climate anxiety. Furthermore, participants with low or high levels of climate anxiety gave a higher preference for options that cost less or take less time. This evidence supports the hypothesis that moderate levels of climate anxiety may be optimal for pro-environmental behavioural response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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26 pages, 11702 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Principles and Sustainable Perspectives in the Preservation of Earthen Architecture from the Past Societies of the Iberian Peninsula

by Sergio Manzano-Fernández, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Camilla Mileto and Valentina Cristini

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5172; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125172 - 18 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1943

Abstract

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the lessons in sustainability offered by traditional and vernacular architecture, especially with regards to the promotion of both material and technical production in earthen construction. However, these systems were already widely found in past [...] Read more.

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the lessons in sustainability offered by traditional and vernacular architecture, especially with regards to the promotion of both material and technical production in earthen construction. However, these systems were already widely found in past societies, whose legacy in terms of construction is presented through the complex cultural framework of archaeological sites, which require highly variable work that lacks professional consensus, usually transcending the adaptive and sustainable nature originally observed. This dual nature aids the social operation of these scenarios and can prematurely hinder earthen construction’s life cycle and didactic quality, cementing its status as a necessary reflection for the identification and prevention of future problems. In terms of sustainability, the aim of this study is to analyze the spectrum of architectural interventions used for the preservation of earthen structures in archaeological sites in the Iberian Peninsula, in natural, social, and economic terms, while examining their capacity to adapt in the face of adverse phenomena. For this reason, following bibliographical review and fieldwork collection, a database was established combining a series of architectural characteristics and a history of interventions in 85 selected archaeological sites conserved in situ. Following reflection on these sites, maps were drawn up to show the geographical scope of these principles and offer a general overview of perspectives, highlighting the aspects deserving of varying levels of attention, as well as proposing strategies for sustainable preservation which will allow its transmission over time for the scientific and cultural enjoyment of coming generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivating Diverse Perspectives on Cultural and Heritage in Sustainable Tourism)

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23 pages, 1623 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Waste to Renewables: Challenges and Opportunities in Recycling Glass Fibre Composite Products from Wind Turbine Blades for Sustainable Cement Production

by Sandra Bulińska, Agnieszka Sujak and Michał Pyzalski

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5150; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125150 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4604

Abstract

The progress of civilization, driven significantly by the widespread adoption of electricity, has impacted various aspects of life, from household operations to industrial activities. Consequently, there has been a notable increase in waste production across different sectors of the economy. Among used materials, [...] Read more.

The progress of civilization, driven significantly by the widespread adoption of electricity, has impacted various aspects of life, from household operations to industrial activities. Consequently, there has been a notable increase in waste production across different sectors of the economy. Among used materials, composite products reinforced with glass fibres stand out due to their prevalent use in numerous industries. While offering strength and durability, they pose disposal challenges due to their complex composition, making recycling difficult and contributing to waste accumulation in landfills or to environmental contamination. Industrialised nations wrestle with balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability, aiming to reduce the ecological footprint of industrial activities. Efforts to promote recycling, develop alternative materials, and improve waste management practices are crucial for mitigating the environmental impact of civilisation’s progress. This article presents methods of disposing of post-operation wind turbine blades, focusing on recycling glass and glass fibre as secondary raw materials. We discuss technological, normative, and economic challenges and emphasise the need for ongoing research and innovation in waste management practices. We examine the use of glass and glass fibres in cement production and advocate for sustainable principles in the renewable energy industry, aligning industrial endeavours with ecological sustainability for a greener future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction and Demolition Waste Management for a Sustainable Future)

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20 pages, 8445 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Advancements in Soil Organic Carbon Mapping and Interpolation Techniques: A Case Study from Lithuania’s Moraine Plains

by Jonas Volungevicius, Renaldas Žydelis and Kristina Amaleviciute-Volunge

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5157; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125157 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1638

Abstract

Monitoring soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for assessing the sustainability of soil usage. This study explores the spatial variability and mapping of SOC in Lithuania’s Nevėžis Plain using various interpolation methods, with an emphasis on understanding the impacts of soil typological units, [...] Read more.

Monitoring soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for assessing the sustainability of soil usage. This study explores the spatial variability and mapping of SOC in Lithuania’s Nevėžis Plain using various interpolation methods, with an emphasis on understanding the impacts of soil typological units, moisture regimes, and erosion on SOC distribution. A total of 275 soil samples were collected from agricultural croplands at depths of 0–10 cm, supplemented by 38 samples from previous studies. The SOC map was created based on the contours of the Lithuanian soil geodatabase. Statistical analysis revealed that the distribution of SOC in the studied area was significantly influenced by soil moisture and the degree of erosion. Based on these findings, SOC mapping was conducted according to the contours of Lithuanian soils. Comparing the interpolation methods that were analyzed, it was found that the kriging, RBF, and EBK methods fail to adequately capture the minimum and maximum values of SOC, while the IDW fails to adequately capture only the minimum values. In summary, the integrated geographical approach is complex but applicable to SOC mapping. This method facilitates the creation of adaptable SOC maps that are both geographically and pedologically informed. Key principles to apply this approach for future research and practical application should include establishing a statistically reliable data foundation, categorizing samples based on contrasting soil moisture regime, degrees of erosion, and land use patterns, and developing contouring principles along with a criteria algorithm that enables accurate spatial interpolation of average SOC values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Research on Soil Sustainable Management in Different Agroecosystems: Management of Agriculture–Ecology–Land-Management-Planning Interactions)

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18 pages, 6583 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Landscape Restoration Using Individual Tree Harvest Strategies

by Robert Schriver, John Sessions and Bogdan M. Strimbu

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5124; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125124 - 16 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1441

Abstract

Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a native species west of the Rocky Mountains that has become noxious as its area increased ten times in the last 140 years. Restoration of the landscapes affected by the spread of juniper through harvesting poses [...] Read more.

Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a native species west of the Rocky Mountains that has become noxious as its area increased ten times in the last 140 years. Restoration of the landscapes affected by the spread of juniper through harvesting poses several challenges related to the sparse spatial distribution (trees per hectare) of the resource. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to develop a harvest scheduling strategy that converts the western juniper from a noxious species to a timber resource. We propose a procedure that aggregates individual trees into elementary harvest units by considering the location of each tree. Using the coordinates of each harvest unit and its corresponding landing, we developed a spatially explicit algorithm that aims at the maximization of net revenue from juniper harvest. We applied the proposed landscape restoration approach to two areas of similar size and geomorphology. We implemented the restoration algorithm using two heuristics: simulated annealing and record-to-record travel. To account for the closeness to the mill, we considered two prices at the landing for the juniper: 45 USD/ton and 65 USD/ton. Our results suggest that restoration is possible at higher prices, but it is economically infeasible when prices are low. Simulated annealing outperformed record-to-record travel in both study areas and for both prices. Our approach and formulation to the restoration of landscapes invaded by western juniper could be applied to similar instances where complex stand structures preclude the use of traditional forest stand-level harvest scheduling and require a more granular approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Forestry Management and Technologies)

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15 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Efficiency in Public Lighting Systems Friendly to the Environment and Protected Areas

by Carlos Velásquez, Francisco Espín, María Ángeles Castro and Francisco Rodríguez

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5113; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125113 - 16 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3592

Abstract

Solid-state lighting technology, such as LED devices, is critical to improving energy efficiency in street lighting systems. In Ecuador, government policies have established the obligation to exclusively use LED systems starting in 2023, except in special projects. Ecuador, known for its vast biodiversity, [...] Read more.

Solid-state lighting technology, such as LED devices, is critical to improving energy efficiency in street lighting systems. In Ecuador, government policies have established the obligation to exclusively use LED systems starting in 2023, except in special projects. Ecuador, known for its vast biodiversity, protects its national parks, which are rich in flora, fauna and natural resources, through international institutions and agreements such as UNESCO, CBD and CITES. Although reducing electrical consumption usually measures energy efficiency, this article goes further. It considers aspects such as the correlated color temperature in the lighting design of protected areas, light pollution and the decrease in energy quality due to harmonic distortion. Measurements of the electromagnetic spectrum of the light sources were made in an area in the Galápagos National Park of Ecuador, revealing highly correlated color temperatures that can affect ecosystem cycles. In addition, the investigation detected levels of light pollution increasing the night sky brightness and a notable presence of harmonic distortion in the electrical grid. Using simulations to predict the behavior of these variables offers an efficient option to help preserve protected environments and the quality of energy supply while promoting energy savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue LED Measurement and Application to Enhance Sustainability and Energy Savings)

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19 pages, 3121 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Fuel Quality on Cavitation Phenomena in Common-Rail Diesel Injector—A Numerical Study

by Luka Kevorkijan, Ignacijo Biluš, Eloisa Torres-Jiménez and Luka Lešnik

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5074; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125074 - 14 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1482

Abstract

Plastic is one of the most widely used materials worldwide. The problem with plastic arises when it becomes waste, which needs to be treated. One option is to transform plastic waste into synthetic fuels, which can be used as replacements or additives for [...] Read more.

Plastic is one of the most widely used materials worldwide. The problem with plastic arises when it becomes waste, which needs to be treated. One option is to transform plastic waste into synthetic fuels, which can be used as replacements or additives for conventional fossil fuels and can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste treatment compared with landfilling and other traditional waste management processes. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis are common processes in which synthetic fuels can be produced from plastic waste. The properties of pyrolytic oil are similar to those of fossil fuels, but different additives and plastic stabilizers can affect the quality of these synthetic fuels. The quality of fuels and the permissible particle sizes and number density are regulated by fuel standards. Particle size in fuels is also regulated by fuel filters in vehicles, which are usually designed to capture particles larger than 4 μm. Problems can arise with the number density (quantity) of particles in synthetic fuels compared to that in fossil fuels. The present work is a numerical study of how particle size and number density (quantity) influence cavitation phenomena and cavitation erosion (abrasion) in common-rail diesel injectors. The results provide more information on whether pyrolysis oil (synthetic fuel) from plastic waste can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and whether their use can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste treatments. The results indicate that the particle size and number density slightly influence cavitation phenomena in diesel injectors and significantly influence abrasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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24 pages, 4070 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Economic Performance, Environmental Protection and Social Progress: A Cluster Analysis Comparison towards Sustainable Development

by Idiano D’Adamo, Cristina Di Carlo, Massimo Gastaldi, Edouard Nicolas Rossi and Antonio Felice Uricchio

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5049; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125049 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 3500

Abstract

Sustainable development monitoring reveals the extent to which local and national territories are progressing towards sustainability goals. This study considered 105 indicators associated with the Equitable and Sustainable Wellbeing (BES) framework and 139 indicators associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), using multicriteria [...] Read more.

Sustainable development monitoring reveals the extent to which local and national territories are progressing towards sustainability goals. This study considered 105 indicators associated with the Equitable and Sustainable Wellbeing (BES) framework and 139 indicators associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and cluster analysis to compare regional performance across the Italian territory in 2022. At the SDG level, Lombardia exhibited the highest performance, while the provinces of Trento and Bolzano led at the BES level. The results were further analyzed with respect to geographic macro-areas and the three dimensions of sustainability, via separate cluster analyses comparing the BES and SDG results. Northeast regions emerged as the top performers, and comparable performance was shown by regions in the center and northwest. The development of a sustainable innovation model, alongside territorial cooperation and synergy between regional specificities, may generate competitive advantages, especially when combined with resources and skills with an international profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development Goals: A Pragmatic Approach)

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9 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using the Amount of Plastic Packaging Placed on the Market to Determine the Annual Amount of Plastic Packaging Waste Generated in Poland to Enable Sustainable Waste Management

by Beata Waszczyłko-Miłkowska and Katarzyna Bernat

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5048; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125048 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

A new category of own resources based on national contributions, which are calculated on the basis of the amount of non-recycled plastic packaging waste (PPW) (EUR 0.80 per kilogram), was introduced in 2021 by the decision of the EU Council (EU, Euratom, 2020/2053). [...] Read more.

A new category of own resources based on national contributions, which are calculated on the basis of the amount of non-recycled plastic packaging waste (PPW) (EUR 0.80 per kilogram), was introduced in 2021 by the decision of the EU Council (EU, Euratom, 2020/2053). In accordance with the European strategy for plastics, the Union budget can contribute to reducing pollution from PPW, which is consistent with sustainable waste management. To calculate the own resource of plastics, it is necessary to determine the amount of non-recycled PPW by taking the difference between the amounts of generated and recycled PPW. Data on the amount of recycled PPW can be obtained from recycling facilities. The challenge, however, is to determine the actual amount of PPW generated in a given year. For this reason, the present study was undertaken to determine the amount of PPW generated annually, based on the amount of plastic packaging placed on the market (PPM) (i.e., with the use of the placed-on-the-market approach). To perform the calculations, the Polish entities that place products in plastic packaging on the market were identified. It was assumed that the amount of PPM was the sum of the amounts of packaging stated by producer responsibility organizations (PRO), as well as self-compliers (SC), private imports (I), and free-riders (FR), minus the amount of packaging privately exported (E). To obtain the relevant data from the records linked to the amounts of plastic packaging imported to and exported from Poland, a detailed methodology was developed. A complementary analysis was concurrently conducted to estimate the amount of plastic PPM by free-riders. The results of these analyses indicate that the amount of packaging transparently reported by the PRO accounted for almost 97% of the total amount of PPM. The analysis found 19,728 SC who placed 2.22% of the total plastic packaging on the market. The total amount of privately imported plastic packaging was 17,304,666 kg (1.37%). Plastic packaging placed on the market by FR is 24,788,196 kg (1.97%). However, the amount of plastic packaging privately exported was 30,571,691 kg (2.43%). Thus, in 2021, the amount of plastic packaging placed on the Polish market was 1,259,345,296 kg; this figure constitutes the basis for determining the own resources based on non-recycled PPW. It also indicates the potential of PPW to serve as a resource for the production of new products, which is in accordance with the principles of a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Recovery and Recycling from Waste Streams)

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13 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Urban Greening Plans: A Potential Device towards a Sustainable and Co-Produced Future

by Beatrice Maria Bellè and Alessandro Deserti

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5033; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125033 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3672

Abstract

Within the last few years, there has been increasing attention towards climate change and strategies enabling climate neutrality and biodiversity development. Green spaces are one of the main elements in achieving these ambitious goals. Their role has become increasingly relevant in facing climate [...] Read more.

Within the last few years, there has been increasing attention towards climate change and strategies enabling climate neutrality and biodiversity development. Green spaces are one of the main elements in achieving these ambitious goals. Their role has become increasingly relevant in facing climate change, especially considering that Europe aims to be the first continent to be climate-neutral by 2050. In doing so, recently, the European Commission adopted different regulations with a specific focus on the role of green spaces, introducing strategies and activities for sustainable development. The article investigates the role of green spaces in urban planning, considering three main perspectives in dealing with them: (i) the nature of their property, (ii) their ecological nature, and (iii) their social and public nature. After describing green spaces as crucial for contemporary urban development, this article will introduce a potential planning tool enabling the combination of the three different ‘natures’: the Urban Greening Plan. The article presents the two case studies of Barcelona and Paris, which have already adopted this instrument. The article highlights the potential of Urban Greening Plans to restore nature and biodiversity while engaging different stakeholders in co-creation processes for more sustainable development. It also critically introduces a variety of open questions that require further investigations and analyses. Full article

19 pages, 1270 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Dominika Siwiec, Wiesław Frącz, Andrzej Pacana, Grzegorz Janowski and Łukasz Bąk

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5005; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125005 - 12 Jun 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3214

Abstract

The development of batteries used in electric vehicles towards sustainable development poses challenges to designers and manufacturers. Although there has been research on the analysis of the environmental impact of batteries during their life cycle (LCA), there is still a lack of comparative [...] Read more.

The development of batteries used in electric vehicles towards sustainable development poses challenges to designers and manufacturers. Although there has been research on the analysis of the environmental impact of batteries during their life cycle (LCA), there is still a lack of comparative analyses focusing on the first phase, i.e., the extraction and processing of materials. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to perform a detailed comparative analysis of popular electric vehicle batteries. The research method was based on the analysis of environmental burdens regarding the ecological footprint of the extraction and processing of materials in the life cycle of batteries for electric vehicles. Popular batteries were analyzed: lithium-ion (Li-Ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), and three-component lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM). The ecological footprint criteria were carbon dioxide emissions, land use (including modernization and land development) and nuclear energy emissions. This research was based on data from the GREET model and data from the Ecoinvent database in the OpenLCA programme. The results of the analysis showed that considering the environmental loads for the ecological footprint, the most advantageous from the environmental point of view in the extraction and processing of materials turned out to be a lithium iron phosphate battery. At the same time, key environmental loads occurring in the first phase of the LCA of these batteries were identified, e.g., the production of electricity using hard coal, the production of quicklime, the enrichment of phosphate rocks (wet), the production of phosphoric acid, and the uranium mine operation process. To reduce these environmental burdens, improvement actions are proposed, resulting from a synthesized review of the literature. The results of the analysis may be useful in the design stages of new batteries for electric vehicles and may constitute the basis for undertaking pro-environmental improvement actions toward the sustainable development of batteries already present on the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Systems for Environmental and Human Sustainability)

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21 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainability Assessment Tools for Dairy Supply Chains: A Typology

by Rita Paçarada, Stefan Hörtenhuber, Torsten Hemme, Maria Wurzinger and Werner Zollitsch

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4999; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124999 - 12 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2689

Abstract

The dairy sector faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. Various tools have been developed to evaluate sustainability of the dairy supply chain. This paper provides an overview of these tools, highlighting their strengths and limitations regarding sustainability dimensions, indicators, and system boundaries. [...] Read more.

The dairy sector faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. Various tools have been developed to evaluate sustainability of the dairy supply chain. This paper provides an overview of these tools, highlighting their strengths and limitations regarding sustainability dimensions, indicators, and system boundaries. A systematic literature search identified 27 tools that were then categorized into a typology based on dimensions of sustainability, geographical applicability, and accessibility. In-depth analysis was conducted on six tools: Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture (SAFA), Sustainability Monitoring and Assessment RouTine (SMART), Response-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation (RISE) 3.0 version, Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment (SALCAsustain), MOnitoring Tool for Integrated Farm Sustainability (MOTIFS), and Technology Impact and Policy Impact CALculations (TIPICAL). Assessment focused on the relevance of covered sustainability dimensions to the dairy sector, level of supply chain coverage, type of indicators, accessibility, and practicability. The review identified tools which integrate multiple sustainability aspects in a comprehensive way (SAFA and SMART) and tools offering accurate quantification of the impact on sustainability dimensions of the production system (SALCAsustain, RISE, MOTIFS, TIPICAL). Only two tools extend assessment past the farm gate (SAFA, SMART). Future users should select tools based on the specific objectives of measuring sustainability in dairy systems. This review contributes to the literature by addressing various aspects of sustainability assessment tools, by addressing the need for an integrated and comprehensive view, and by considering the entire dairy supply chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Global Dairy Sector: Challenges and Opportunities)

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12 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physical and Economic Water Productivity in Agriculture between Traditional and Water-Saving Irrigation Systems: A Case Study in Southern Italy

by Chiara Perelli, Giacomo Branca, Chiara Corbari and Marco Mancini

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4971; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124971 - 11 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2427

Abstract

Water scarcity is a growing social, economic, and political issue, especially in Southern European countries that are becoming even more arid and where different crops can be cultivated only if irrigation is possible. In this context, strategies to enhance water use efficiency are [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a growing social, economic, and political issue, especially in Southern European countries that are becoming even more arid and where different crops can be cultivated only if irrigation is possible. In this context, strategies to enhance water use efficiency are regarded as critical from both an economic and an environmental standpoint. The present work aims to analyse water use efficiency and productivity of processing tomato in Apulia region of Southern Italy. Specifically, the study examines the potential enhancements in economic and physical water productivity through the simulation of the fully coupled FEST-EWB-SAFY model, a hydrological crop model that estimates the optimal water requirements for irrigation using satellite and ground data. The model’s estimates suggest that plants require significantly less water than that provided by conventional irrigation systems. The simulations also suggest that information technology, when combined with irrigation water-saving techniques, can lead to a reduction in water waste, an increase in water productivity, and lower incidence of water costs. Policy interventions should integrate water efficiency into existing regulatory measures and promote better water usage planning through the adoption of smart delivery systems aimed at supplying water only when necessary and at optimal volumes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation Technology and Water Management in Agriculture: Toward a Sustainable Future)

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22 pages, 5022 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparisons of Driving Characteristics between Electric and Diesel-Powered Bus Operations along Identical Bus Routes

by Ka-Wai Ng and Hing-Yan Tong

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4950; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124950 - 9 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3374

Abstract

The energy consumption profiles of conventional fuelled and electric vehicles are different due to the fundamental differences in the driving characteristics of these vehicles, which have been actively researched elsewhere but mostly on the basis of uncommon geographical contexts. This study, therefore, collected [...] Read more.

The energy consumption profiles of conventional fuelled and electric vehicles are different due to the fundamental differences in the driving characteristics of these vehicles, which have been actively researched elsewhere but mostly on the basis of uncommon geographical contexts. This study, therefore, collected driving data on electric and conventional diesel buses running along exactly the same set of bus routes in Hong Kong during normal daily revenue operations. This enabled a fair comparison of driving characteristics for both types of bus under identical real-life, on-road driving conditions, which highlighted the originality and contributions of this study. A three-step approach was adopted to carry out detailed driving pattern analyses, which included key driving parameters, speed–acceleration probability distributions (SAPDs), and vehicle-specific power (VSP) distributions. Results found that route-based comparisons did highlight important differences in driving patterns between electric and diesel buses that might have been smoothed out by analyses with mixed-route datasets. In particular, the spread, intensity, and directions of these differences were found to be exaggerated at the route-based level. The differences in driving patterns varied across different routes, which has significant implications on vehicle energy consumption. Government agencies and/or bus operators should make references to these results in formulating electric bus deployment plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Transport Planning)

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35 pages, 2429 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Alternative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System Considerations for Reducing Energy Use and Emissions in Egg Industries in Temperate and Continental Climates: A Systematic Review of Current Systems, Insights, and Future Directions

by Leandra Vanbaelinghem, Andrea Costantino, Florian Grassauer and Nathan Pelletier

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4895; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124895 - 7 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2932

Abstract

Egg production is amongst the most rapidly expanding livestock sectors worldwide. A large share of non-renewable energy use in egg production is due to the operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Reducing energy use, therefore, is essential to decreasing the [...] Read more.

Egg production is amongst the most rapidly expanding livestock sectors worldwide. A large share of non-renewable energy use in egg production is due to the operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Reducing energy use, therefore, is essential to decreasing the environmental impacts of intensive egg production. This review identifies market-ready alternatives (such as heat pumps and earth–air heat exchangers) to traditional HVAC systems that could be applied in the industrial egg sector, specifically focusing on their use in temperate and continental climates. For this analysis, energy simulations were run to estimate the typical thermal loads of caged and free-run poultry housing systems in various Canadian locations, which were used as examples of temperate and continental climates. These estimations were then used to evaluate alternative HVAC systems for (1) their capability to meet the energy demands of egg production facilities, (2) their environmental impact mitigation potential, and (3) their relative affordability by considering the insights from a systematic review of 225 relevant papers. The results highlighted that future research should prioritize earth–air heat exchangers as a complementary system and ground source heat pumps as a stand-alone system to reduce the impacts associated with conventional HVAC system operation in egg production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock for Sustainable Agriculture)

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18 pages, 6011 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioinspired Coastal Barriers: A Preliminary Laboratory Study on the Hydraulic Performances of Shapes Inspired by Marine Organisms

by Valentina Perricone, Pasquale Contestabile, Antonio Mele, Nasrin Hassanpour, Diego Vicinanza and Mario Buono

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4839; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114839 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Coastal erosion, extreme climate events, and the loss of biodiversity are important consequences of climate change that directly impact our society. The needs to develop effective engineering practices using nature as model and mentor are now emerging aimed to develop high-performance coastal infrastructures [...] Read more.

Coastal erosion, extreme climate events, and the loss of biodiversity are important consequences of climate change that directly impact our society. The needs to develop effective engineering practices using nature as model and mentor are now emerging aimed to develop high-performance coastal infrastructures integrating and sustaining local marine ecosystems. In this scenario, the present article describes the concept development and preliminary experimentation of simplified bioinspired models to evaluate their hydraulic performances. This study is part of a future vision to develop submerged barriers, printed with eco-friendly materials, characterized by high hydraulic performances and cable of supporting local biodiversity. Following a top-down approach, the functional features of key organisms were abstracted and transferred to create three bioinspired models. The hydraulic performance of these models is analyzed in terms of wave transmission, reflection, and dissipation under various wave conditions. Under certain circumstances, the bioinspired barriers demonstrate wave attenuation comparable to traditional submerged breakwaters. A method based on skin friction and drag-related processes provides a simple heuristic explanation of how the shape of the models affect the transmission coefficient. The results achieved offer valuable insights for the design of future coastal defense systems that are inspired by, and integrated with, natural ecosystems. Full article

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24 pages, 7846 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Mineral Matter Dynamics within the Peatland as Reflected in Water Composition

by Valentina Pezdir, Luka Serianz and Mateja Gosar

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4857; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114857 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

Peatland hydrology plays an important role in preserving or changing the record in any consideration of past atmospheric deposition records in peat bogs. The Šijec bog, located on the Pokljuka plateau in Slovenia, is one of the largest ombrotrophic peatlands. We sampled the [...] Read more.

Peatland hydrology plays an important role in preserving or changing the record in any consideration of past atmospheric deposition records in peat bogs. The Šijec bog, located on the Pokljuka plateau in Slovenia, is one of the largest ombrotrophic peatlands. We sampled the surface pools, pore water, drainage from the peatland, and karst streams not connected to the peatland. Additionally, we sampled the precipitation, as ombrotrophic peatlands receive mineral matter solely from the atmosphere. The results of the evaluation of the chemical and isotopic composition indicated different origins of dissolved mineral matter in different water types. The components originating from the bedrock and surrounding soils (Ca, Mg, Al, Si, Sr) predominated in the streams. The chemical composition of the peatland drainage water revealed the significant removal of major components from the peatland, particularly elements like Al, Fe, and REE, and metals that are readily dissolved in an acidic environment or mobile in their reduced state. Despite their solubility, concentrations of metals (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti) and REE in surface pools remained higher than in the drainage due to incomplete elimination from the peatland. The composition of pore water reflects variations among the W and E parts of the peatland, indicating a heterogenous hydrological structure with different dynamics, such as an additional source of water at approximately 90 cm depth in the NW part. The chemical composition and isotope signature (¹⁸O and ²H) of pore water additionally indicated a heterogeneous recharge with residence times of less than a year. The overall analysis indicated a predominantly ombrotrophic type and a small part in the NW area of the peatland as a minerotrophic type of peat. Full article

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24 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decarbonization Drivers and Their Impact on Business Models in the Energy-Intensive Manufacturing Industry (EIMI)

by Franziska Mais and Thomas Bauernhansl

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4836; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114836 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2341

Abstract

EIMIs face the challenge of adapting to the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal to achieve carbon neutrality. Driven by consumer interest in low-carbon products, regulatory requirements, and investor priorities, companies are pressured to integrate sustainability beyond short-term financial gains. The growing [...] Read more.

EIMIs face the challenge of adapting to the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal to achieve carbon neutrality. Driven by consumer interest in low-carbon products, regulatory requirements, and investor priorities, companies are pressured to integrate sustainability beyond short-term financial gains. The growing awareness of the environmental impact of business models (BM) has fueled the development of Sustainable Business Models (SBMs). Although the importance of decarbonization of EIMIs has increased, there is a lack of industry-specific research examining the combination of decarbonization and business models, as well as their interrelationships and correlations. This study addresses the discussion on the role of SBMs in decarbonization, improving the understanding of how these drivers can be integrated to enable new BMs for EIMIs. Based on a structured literature review and semi-structured interviews within the EIMIs, the study identifies BM components influenced by these drivers requiring sustainable business model innovation (SBMI). Results show that decarbonization drivers significantly impact all BM components. Experts emphasize the importance of collaborative approaches and cooperation throughout the value chain. This research highlights the need for systematic analysis to understand how companies can manage decarbonization drivers effectively and suggests exploring potential SBM design options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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25 pages, 4911 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Link between Wildfires, Vulnerability, and Climate Change: Insights from the Regions of Greece

by Petros Xepapadeas, Kostas Douvis, Ioannis Kapsomenakis, Anastasios Xepapadeas and Christos Zerefos

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4822; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114822 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2791

Abstract

Forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services which are important for achieving sustainable development. Anthropogenic climate change has led to the increased frequency and severity of forest fires, which imply losses of valuable ecosystem services. This paper provides a methodological framework based [...] Read more.

Forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services which are important for achieving sustainable development. Anthropogenic climate change has led to the increased frequency and severity of forest fires, which imply losses of valuable ecosystem services. This paper provides a methodological framework based on Multiple Criteria Decision Aid methods for determining relative regional vulnerabilities associated with forest fires. Different notions of ex-post vulnerability are defined based on the forest area burned and the frequency of forest fires, and their relation to the regions’ area and certain socioeconomic characteristics. The climatic drivers of forest fire occurrence are explored by linking forest fires with summer and spring temperatures and precipitation, using econometric count data analysis. The methodology is applied to Greece and its administrative regions for the period 2000–2022. Ex-post vulnerability of regions to forest fires based on physical and socioeconomic characteristics is calculated, and expected changes in the frequency of fires of specific size classes conditional on the evolution of mean seasonal regional temperature and precipitation according to IPCC scenarios are predicted. Relative vulnerability estimates and the impact of specific climatic drivers on forest fires will be useful in designing policies for preserving forests as natural capital and promoting sustainability. Full article

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17 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Towards Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Cement Manufacturing: A Systematic Review of AI Applications in Electrical Energy Consumption Optimization

by Olurotimi Oguntola, Kwaku Boakye and Steve Simske

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4798; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114798 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5577

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is known for its significant energy consumption and environmental footprint. As the world strives for sustainability, optimizing electrical energy consumption (EEC) in cement manufacturing is essential for reducing operational costs and minimizing the industry’s environmental impact. This systematic review aims to [...] Read more.

Cement manufacturing is known for its significant energy consumption and environmental footprint. As the world strives for sustainability, optimizing electrical energy consumption (EEC) in cement manufacturing is essential for reducing operational costs and minimizing the industry’s environmental impact. This systematic review aims to synthesize and analyze existing scholarly works and industry reports on methods and approaches for EEC optimization in cement production. It examines papers published between 1993 and 2023 in academic databases, scholarly journals, and industry publications to identify open questions and areas where future research may be needed. While challenges remain, continued research and innovation are key to further advancements in energy efficiency in cement production. With the advent of Industry 4.0 digitalization and advancements in data analytics and industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), artificial intelligence (AI) can be leveraged to optimize EEC. This study is a review of the applications of artificial intelligence to EEC optimization in industries that have heavy demand for electric power to highlight the value of directing research to its applications in cement manufacturing. The study posits that with digitalization, applying artificial intelligence to extract operational insights from the data collected from embedded sensors and meters at the plant presents the most cost-effective, high-return, and low-risk opportunity to optimize EEC in cement manufacturing. Full article

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40 pages, 18938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow and Baseflow in the Karnali River Basin, Nepal: A CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble Approach Using SWAT and Web-Based Hydrograph Analysis Tool

by Manoj Lamichhane, Sajal Phuyal, Rajnish Mahato, Anuska Shrestha, Usam Pudasaini, Sudeshma Dikshen Lama, Abin Raj Chapagain, Sushant Mehan and Dhurba Neupane

Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3262; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083262 - 13 Apr 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6117

Abstract

Our study aims to understand how the hydrological cycle is affected by climate change in river basins. This study focused on the Karnali River Basin (KRB) to examine the impact of extreme weather events like floods and heat waves on water security and [...] Read more.

Our study aims to understand how the hydrological cycle is affected by climate change in river basins. This study focused on the Karnali River Basin (KRB) to examine the impact of extreme weather events like floods and heat waves on water security and sustainable environmental management. Our research incorporates precipitation and temperature projections from ten Global Circulation Models (GCMs) under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We applied thirteen statistical bias correction methods for precipitation and nine for temperatures to make future precipitation and temperature trend projections. The research study also utilized the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model at multi-sites to estimate future streamflow under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios of SSP245 and SSP585. Additionally, the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT) was used to distinguish between baseflow and streamflow. Our findings, based on the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME), indicate that precipitation will increase by 7.79–16.25% under SSP245 (9.43–27.47% under SSP585) and maximum temperatures will rise at rates of 0.018, 0.048, and 0.064 °C/yr under SSP245 (0.022, 0.066, and 0.119 °C/yr under SSP585). We also anticipate that minimum temperatures will increase at rates of 0.049, 0.08, and 0.97 °C/yr under SSP245 (0.057, 0.115, and 0.187 °C/yr under SSP585) for near, mid, and far future periods, respectively. Our research predicts an increase in river discharge in the KRB by 27.12% to 54.88% under SSP245 and 45.4% to 93.3% under SSP585 in different future periods. Our finding also showed that the expected minimum monthly baseflow in future periods will occur earlier than in the historical period. Our study emphasizes the need for sustainable and adaptive management strategies to address the effects of climate change on water security in the KRB. By providing detailed insights into future hydrological conditions, this research serves as a critical resource for policymakers and stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making for the sustainable management of water resources in the face of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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25 pages, 2543 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Coconut Waste: Discovering Sustainable Approaches to Advance a Circular Economy

by Fabrícia Vieira, Hortência E. P. Santana, Meirielly Jesus, Joana Santos, Preciosa Pires, Manuela Vaz-Velho, Daniel Pereira Silva and Denise Santos Ruzene

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3066; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073066 - 7 Apr 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 23938

Abstract

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) stands as a pivotal resource in tropical regions, playing a crucial role in both subsistence and economic activities across Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South America. While the harvesting of coconut fruit is essential for producing globally [...] Read more.

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) stands as a pivotal resource in tropical regions, playing a crucial role in both subsistence and economic activities across Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South America. While the harvesting of coconut fruit is essential for producing globally utilized edible products, such as coconut oil, by small owners and large producers around the world in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, concerns have arisen due to the substantial amount of agro-industrial residue generated in this process, posing environmental risks if they are not properly managed. Recognizing the environmental challenges, this paper emphasizes the transformative potential inherent in coconut waste, characterized by its lignocellulosic composition rich in lignin and multifunctional groups. By delving into the historical context of coconut economic exploration and its chemical composition, this review explores the diverse applications of coconut products, focusing on the utilization and processing of residues to generate sustainable products and byproducts. Ultimately, this comprehensive review underscores the significance of repurposing coconut waste, not only to mitigate the environmental impact but also as a valuable contributor to a circular economy, promoting the use of the lignocellulosic biomass in research and bolstering its role as a raw material in the chemical and energy sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biomass Transformation: Sustainable Development)

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18 pages, 5640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Dialectics of Nature–Human Conflicts for Sustainable Water Security

by Jacques Ganoulis

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073055 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3639

Abstract

How humans use and manage water resources under climate change conditions threatens water security, which means risking the availability of enough good-quality water for everybody and for nature’s flora and fauna. Integrated Water Resources Management is a state-of-the-art water management model. After 20 [...] Read more.

How humans use and manage water resources under climate change conditions threatens water security, which means risking the availability of enough good-quality water for everybody and for nature’s flora and fauna. Integrated Water Resources Management is a state-of-the-art water management model. After 20 years in use, the application of this model failed to achieve its primary goal in many countries, i.e., ensuring the good ecological status of rivers, lakes, and aquifers. This paper shows that because the model is more human-centered than nature-oriented or anthropocentric, it generates severe environmental damages called “externalities.” From a historical analysis of the human–nature interplay, three main results were obtained: (1) the nature–human interaction is always in a state of contradictory confrontation, being composed of two opposite human behaviors of conflict and cooperation with nature; (2) this contradiction is assumed as a general ontological principle and epistemic hypothesis, called “dialectical”; and (3) historically, in the balance of power between nature and humans, three clusters are identified: (i) naturalistic, (ii) dualistic, and (iii) anthropocentric. A theory of a novel behaviorist conflict resolution model is suggested to dialectically resolve conflicts between stakeholders and natural laws. This model provides a harmonic symbiosis of humans and nature, removes environmental externalities, and can lead to sustainable water security. Three case studies illustrate the merits of the new dialectical model in real applications. Full article

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12 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Eretmocerus Species, Parasitoid of Aleurocanthus spiniferus, Was Found in Europe: The Secret Savior of Threatened Plants

by Gianluca Melone, Roberta Ascolese, Francesco Nugnes, Francesco Porcelli, Carmelo Rapisarda, Alessia Farina, Ugo Picciotti, Francesca Garganese and Stefania Laudonia

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072970 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3319

Abstract

This study focuses on the first detection in Europe of a parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Through extensive field surveys, this study investigates the occurrence of the aphelinid in several regions [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the first detection in Europe of a parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Through extensive field surveys, this study investigates the occurrence of the aphelinid in several regions across central and southern Italy. Different sites were monitored to investigate the Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius parasitization rate on A. spiniferus, shedding light on its potential as a biological control agent against the invasive whitefly pest. The research results offer a hopeful prospect for progressing sustainable and eco-friendly methods in handling A. spiniferus infestations in citrus crops, highlighting the importance of natural enemies in integrated pest management programs. The research emphasizes the importance of the recently discovered parasitoid for European agriculture, paving the way for inventive approaches in pest control and cultivation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toward Sustainable Agriculture: Crop Protection and Pest Control)

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16 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nexus between Life Expectancy, CO₂ Emissions, Economic Development, Water, and Agriculture in Aral Sea Basin: Empirical Assessment

by Olimjon Saidmamatov, Orifjon Saidmamatov, Yuldoshboy Sobirov, Peter Marty, Davron Ruzmetov, Temur Berdiyorov, Javlon Karimov, Ergash Ibadullaev, Umidjon Matyakubov and Jonathon Day

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072647 - 23 Mar 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3249

Abstract

This study investigates how life expectancy is influenced by CO₂ emissions, health spending, GDP, water usage, agricultural output, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption within the Aral Sea basin, which is an environmentally catastrophic zone in the world. This research utilized data [...] Read more.

This study investigates how life expectancy is influenced by CO₂ emissions, health spending, GDP, water usage, agricultural output, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption within the Aral Sea basin, which is an environmentally catastrophic zone in the world. This research utilized data from the years 2002 to 2020 and employed various econometric approaches, including FMOLS, DOLS, and Driscoll–Kraay. The outcomes of the study reveal that health spending, GDP, water productivity, agriculture output, energy consumption, and human capital have a positive impact on life expectancy, but CO₂ emissions have a negative impact on life expectancy. The most important policy takeaway from this study is the need to develop and implement comprehensive policies that take into account health spending, GDP, water, agricultural output, energy consumption, and education level in order to ensure life longevity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Climate Change and Their Socioeconomic Impact)

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17 pages, 2607 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Environmental Sustainability of Phytoremediation to Remove Copper from Contaminated Soils

by Juan J. Espada, Rosalía Rodríguez, Andrea Delgado, Gemma Vicente and Luis Fernando Bautista

Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062441 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3274

Abstract

Phytoremediation stands out as a promising technology for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils. This work focuses on studying the environmental performance of phytoremediation in removing copper from contaminated soil located in an old Spanish mine using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. [...] Read more.

Phytoremediation stands out as a promising technology for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils. This work focuses on studying the environmental performance of phytoremediation in removing copper from contaminated soil located in an old Spanish mine using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. For this purpose, Brassica juncea (brown mustard), Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and their rotary cultivation were assessed along with different options for managing biomass (landfill disposal and biomass cogeneration). In addition, soil excavation and soil washing treatments were also compared to phytoremediation. M. sativa proved superior to B. juncea and their rotary cultivation, regardless of the biomass disposal option, achieving impact reductions of 30–100%. This is due to the ability of M. sativa to fix nitrogen, which reduces fertiliser requirements. Among the biomass management alternatives, cogeneration was superior to landfill disposal in all cases by allowing for energy recovery, thereby reducing environmental impacts by 60–100%. M. sativa + cogeneration is the option that presents the best environmental performance of all the studied treatments, achieving reductions up to negligible values in four of eight impact categories due to the impacts avoided by energy production. On the contrary, soil excavation is the less desirable option, followed by soil washing treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Quality and Innovation in Agriculture: Dynamics, Indicators, and Sustainability)

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