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Clean Air: Gas Sensing for Combustion-Based Energy Technology and Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Intelligent Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 August 2024 | Viewed by 4999

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Gunter Hagen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
Interests: gas sensors; exhaust gas aftertreatment systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

All aspects of energy technology dominate discussions all over the world due to the recent situation of war and climate change. Even most private end users now ask about sustainable energy sources for heat or transportation. Combustion-based processes will play its role in kind of biomass use but also with climate neutral synthetic fuels. Effectiveness (including power generation but also minimized emissions) of combustion in all these sectors mostly depends on reliable and long-term stable sensors for harsh environments. Furthermore, novel concepts in energy technology will demand sensors for facility safety.

This special issue should follow the idea of “Clean Air” and highlight all aspects of sensors in that field. It could comprise the whole spectra from findings concerning robustness of established gas sensors in future applications to novel ideas and sensors concepts for future energy technology. Contributions should also take into account the feasibility and costs.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  • Gas sensors for energetic biomass use
  • Gas sensors for future combustion engines
  • Sensors for exhaust gas aftertreatment
  • Particle / Soot Sensors
  • Functional materials
  • Gas sensor mechanism
  • Modelling of Gas sensors

Dr. Gunter Hagen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • harsh environments
  • wood combustion
  • e-fuels combustion
  • CNG, LPG, hydrogen combustion engines
  • transducer technology

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2932 KiB  
Article
Resistive Multi-Gas Sensor for Simultaneously Measuring the Oxygen Stoichiometry (λ) and the NOx Concentration in Exhausts: Engine Tests under Dynamic Conditions
by Carsten Steiner, Thomas Wöhrl, Monika Steiner, Jaroslaw Kita, Andreas Müller, Hessam Eisazadeh, Ralf Moos and Gunter Hagen
Sensors 2023, 23(12), 5612; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125612 - 15 Jun 2023
Viewed by 992
Abstract
Due to increasingly stringent limits for NOx emissions, there is now more interest than ever in cost-effective, precise, and durable exhaust gas sensor technology for combustion processes. This study presents a novel multi-gas sensor with resistive sensing principles for the determination of [...] Read more.
Due to increasingly stringent limits for NOx emissions, there is now more interest than ever in cost-effective, precise, and durable exhaust gas sensor technology for combustion processes. This study presents a novel multi-gas sensor with resistive sensing principles for the determination of oxygen stoichiometry and NOx concentration in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine (OM 651). A screen-printed porous KMnO4/La-Al2O3 film is used as the NOx sensitive film, while a dense ceramic BFAT (BaFe0.74Ta0.25Al0.01O3–δ) film prepared by the PAD method is used for λ-measurement in real exhaust gas. The latter is also used to correct the O2 cross-sensitivity of the NOx sensitive film. This study presents results under dynamic conditions during an NEDC (new European driving cycle) based on a prior characterization of the sensor films in an isolated sensor chamber with static engine operation. The low-cost sensor is analyzed in a wide operation field and its potential for real exhaust gas applications is evaluated. The results are promising and, all in all, comparable with established, but usually more expensive, exhaust gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Air: Gas Sensing for Combustion-Based Energy Technology and Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment)
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24 pages, 4090 KiB  
Article
Extensive Gaseous Emissions Reduction of Firewood-Fueled Low Power Fireplaces by a Gas Sensor Based Advanced Combustion Airflow Control System and Catalytic Post-Oxidation
by Xin Zhang, Binayak Ojha, Hermann Bichlmaier, Ingo Hartmann and Heinz Kohler
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4679; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104679 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1806
Abstract
In view of the tremendous emissions of toxic gases and particulate matter (PM) by low-power firewood-fueled fireplaces, there is an urgent need for effective measures to lower emissions to keep this renewable and economical source for private home heating available in the future. [...] Read more.
In view of the tremendous emissions of toxic gases and particulate matter (PM) by low-power firewood-fueled fireplaces, there is an urgent need for effective measures to lower emissions to keep this renewable and economical source for private home heating available in the future. For this purpose, an advanced combustion air control system was developed and tested on a commercial fireplace (HKD7, Bunner GmbH, Eggenfelden, Germany), complemented with a commercial oxidation catalyst (EmTechEngineering GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) placed in the post-combustion zone. Combustion air stream control of the wood-log charge combustion was realized by five different control algorithms to describe all situations of combustion properly. These control algorithms are based on the signals of commercial sensors representing catalyst temperature (thermocouple), residual oxygen concentration (LSU 4.9, Bosch GmbH, Gerlingen, Germany) and CO/HC-content in the exhaust (LH-sensor, Lamtec Mess- und Regeltechnik für Feuerungen GmbH & Co. KG, Walldorf (Germany)). The actual flows of the combustion air streams, as calculated for the primary and secondary combustion zone, are adjusted by motor-driven shutters and commercial air mass flow sensors (HFM7, Bosch GmbH, Gerlingen, Germany) in separate feedback control loops. For the first time, the residual CO/HC-content (CO, methane, formaldehyde, etc.) in the flue gas is in-situ monitored with a long-term stable AuPt/YSZ/Pt mixed potential high-temperature gas sensor, which allows continuous estimation of the flue gas quality with an accuracy of about ±10%. This parameter is not only an essential input for advanced combustion air stream control but also provides monitoring of the actual combustion quality and logging of this value over a whole heating period. By many firing experiments in the laboratory and by field tests over four months, it could be demonstrated that with this long-term stable and advanced automated firing system, depression of the gaseous emissions by about 90% related to manually operated fireplaces without catalyst could be achieved. In addition, preliminary investigations at a firing appliance complemented by an electrostatic precipitator yielded PM emission depression between 70% and 90%, depending on the firewood load. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Air: Gas Sensing for Combustion-Based Energy Technology and Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment)
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15 pages, 4033 KiB  
Article
Application of a Robust Thermoelectric Gas Sensor in Firewood Combustion Exhausts
by Gunter Hagen, Julia Herrmann, Xin Zhang, Heinz Kohler, Ingo Hartmann and Ralf Moos
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 2930; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062930 - 08 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
The quality of wood combustion processes can be effectively improved by achieving the automated control of the combustion air feed. For this purpose, continuous flue gas analysis using in situ sensors is essential. Besides the successfully introduced monitoring of the combustion temperature and [...] Read more.
The quality of wood combustion processes can be effectively improved by achieving the automated control of the combustion air feed. For this purpose, continuous flue gas analysis using in situ sensors is essential. Besides the successfully introduced monitoring of the combustion temperature and the residual oxygen concentration, in this study, in addition, a planar gas sensor is suggested that utilizes the thermoelectric principle to measure the exothermic heat generated by the oxidation of unburnt reducing exhaust gas components such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (CxHy). The robust design made of high-temperature stable materials is tailored to the needs of flue gas analysis and offers numerous optimization options. Sensor signals are compared to flue gas analysis data from FTIR measurements during wood log batch firing. In general, impressive correlations between both data were found. Discrepancies occur during the cold start combustion phase. They can be attributed to changes in the ambient conditions around the sensor housing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Air: Gas Sensing for Combustion-Based Energy Technology and Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment)
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