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Fiber Grating Sensors: Design, Fabrication, and Application

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 10108

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Dr. Ping Lu

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National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
Interests: optics and photonics; optics and lasers; optoelectronics; applied optics; optical fibers; optical sensing; femtosecond lasers; fiber optic technology; fiber optic communication; diffraction
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the past forty years, fiber gratings have been intensively investigated and widely used in sensing, fiber laser, and optical communication. For the application of sensing, fiber gratings provide unique features, such as super miniature, EMI immunity, high sensitivity, fast response, and multiplexing capability. The present Special Issue addresses the innovative design, fabrication, and application of fiber gratings in the filed of sensing. Furthermore, the current Special Issue invites the submission of research that addresses and investigates the presentations of new grating structures, new fabrication methods, new optical fibers, new applications, and new interrogation methods.

The Guest Editors invite contributions to this Special Issue of Sensors in relation to the following topics, which include, but are not limited to:

Novel fiber grating designs and fabrication;
Mechanical and electromagnetic field fiber grating sensors ;
Chemical and biological fiber grating sensors;
Distributed fiber grating sensors;
Multi-parameter fiber grating sensors;
Structural health monitoring systems based on fiber grating sensors;
Microstructured optical fiber grating sensors;
Fiber laser sensors;
Novel fiber grating sensors for harsh environments;
Multiplexed and networked fiber grating sensors;
Fiber sensor interrogation and system integration.

Dr. Ping Lu
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 4281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extremely Efficient DFB Lasers with Flat-Top Intra-Cavity Power Distribution in Highly Erbium-Doped Fibers

by Amirhossein Tehranchi and Raman Kashyap

Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031398 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1467

Abstract

High-performance erbium-doped DFB fiber lasers are presently required for several sensing applications, whilst the current efficiency record is only a few percent. Additionally, a flat-top intra-cavity power distribution that is not provided in traditional DFB lasers is preferred. Moreover, cavity lengths of <20 cm are attractive for fabrication and packaging. These goals can be achieved using highly erbium-doped fiber (i.e., 110 dB/m absorption at 1530 nm), providing high gain with proper engineering of coupling coefficients. In this paper, for a given background fiber loss, first the optimum intra-cavity signal powers for various pump powers are numerically calculated. Then, for a fully unidirectional laser, optimum coupling profiles are determined. Design diagrams, including contour maps for optimum cavity lengths, maximum output powers, maximum intra-cavity signal powers, and quality factors considering various pump powers and background fiber losses, are presented. The laser pump and intra-cavity signal distribution are also calculated for a realistic, feasible modified coupling profile considering a strong unidirectionality. The DFB laser is finally simulated using generalized coupled-mode equations for such modified profiles. The efficiency of more than 22% can be realized, which is the highest reported for DFB lasers based only on erbium-doped fiber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Grating Sensors: Design, Fabrication, and Application)

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22 pages, 4043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Temperature Measurement with Low Cost, VCSEL-Based, Interrogation System Using Femtosecond Bragg Gratings

by Konrad Markowski, Juliusz Bojarczuk, Piotr Araszkiewicz, Jakub Ciftci, Adam Ignaciuk and Michał Gąska

Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9768; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249768 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2502

Abstract

In this article, a cost-effective and fast interrogating system for wide temperature measurement with Fiber Bragg Gratings is presented. The system consists of a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) with a High Contrast Grating (HCG)-based cavity that allows for the fast tuning of the output wavelength. The work focuses on methods of bypassing the limitations of the used VCSEL laser, especially its relatively narrow tuning range. Moreover, an error analysis is provided by means of the VCSEL temperature instability and its influence on the system performance. A simple proof of concept of the measurement system is shown, where two femtosecond Bragg gratings were used to measure temperature in the range of 25 to 800 °C. In addition, an exemplary simulation of a system with sapphire Bragg gratings is provided, where we propose multiplexation in the wavelength and reflectance domains. The presented concept can be further used to measure a wide range of temperatures with scanning frequencies up to hundreds of kHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Grating Sensors: Design, Fabrication, and Application)

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11 pages, 3435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid Pressure Sensor Based on Fiber Bragg Grating with an Adjustable Structure

by Junda Lao, Chao Wang, Yaqi Tang, Pengfei Zheng, Liuwei Wan, Chi Chiu Chan and Shuangchen Ruan

Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9188; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239188 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1250

Abstract

In this paper, a fiber-optic liquid pressure sensor is designed and developed by encapsulating the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inside the adjustable double-flange cylinder rigid structure with flexible polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Within the elastic deformation range of the PDMS, the proposed adjustable FBG-based liquid pressure sensor is proven to change its measuring range while maintaining high measurement sensitivity by simply adjusting the structure, that is, the sensor can achieve high measurement sensitivity in various liquid levels. In addition, the simulation and experimental results show that the sensor sensitivity can be enhanced by the proper changes of the structural parameters, such as the inner diameter, etc. The proposed sensor has shown that it has good linearity and stability, which provides a new opportunity for the monitoring of liquid pressure in oceans, dams and other environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Grating Sensors: Design, Fabrication, and Application)

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15 pages, 4732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Narrow Linewidth Half-Open-Cavity Random Laser Assisted by a Three-Grating Ring Resonator for Strain Detection

by Bing Lv, Wentao Zhang, Wenzhu Huang, Fang Li and Yongqian Li

Sensors 2022, 22(20), 7882; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207882 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1511

Abstract

A stabilized narrow-linewidth random fiber laser for strain detection, based on a three-grating ring (TGR) resonator and half-open-cavity structure, is proposed and investigated experimentally. The half-open-cavity structure proved to provide double optical gain of erbium-doped fiber, which was beneficial to increase the photon lifetime as well as further narrow the linewidth. Meanwhile, the stability and frequency noise of narrow lasing output was improved by suppressing the competition-induced undesired residual random lasing modes with the TGR resonator. The TGR resonator is composed of a double-cavity fiber Bragg grating Fabry–Perot (FBG-FP) interferometer, a section of single-mode fiber, and a circulator. The specially designed double-cavity FBG-FP interferometer embedded in the TGR resonator acted as the strain-sensing element and improved the resolution of the dynamic strain. A stable ultra-narrow linewidth of about 205 Hz was obtained. The frequency noise was reduced to about 2 Hz/√Hz. A high dynamic strain measuring resolution of 35 femto-strain (fε)/√Hz was achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Grating Sensors: Design, Fabrication, and Application)

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12 pages, 5563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hot Spot Detection of Photovoltaic Module Based on Distributed Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor

by Guoli Li, Fang Wang, Fei Feng and Bo Wei

Sensors 2022, 22(13), 4951; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134951 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2361

Abstract

The hot spot effect is an important factor that affects the power generation performance and service life in the power generation process. To solve the problems of low detection efficiency, low accuracy, and difficulty of distributed hot spot detection, a hot spot detection method using a photovoltaic module based on the distributed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is proposed. The FBG sensor array was pasted on the surface of the photovoltaic panel, and the drift of the FBG reflected wavelength was demodulated by the tunable laser method, wavelength division multiplexing technology, and peak seeking algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method can detect the temperature of the photovoltaic panel in real time and can identify and locate the hot spot effect of the photovoltaic cell. Under the condition of no wind or light wind, the wave number and variation rule of photovoltaic module temperature value, environmental temperature value, and solar radiation power value were basically consistent. When the solar radiation power fluctuated, the fluctuation of hot spot cell temperature was greater than that of the normal photovoltaic cell. As the solar radiation power decreased to a certain value, the temperatures of all photovoltaic cells tended to be similar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Grating Sensors: Design, Fabrication, and Application)

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