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Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Materials, Methods and Applications
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Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Materials, Methods and Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 1983

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zejun Deng

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: electrochemical (bio)sensors; electroanalysis; diamond electrochemistry; carbonaceous materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Tianhan Kai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: electrochemical (bio)sensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are analytical devices that convert chemical information into electrical signals, which can be easily measured and quantified. Widely used in various fields, including environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, food safety, and clinical chemistry, these sensors offer high sensitivity, specificity, and relatively low cost. The performance of electrochemical sensors and biosensors depends on the choice of sensing materials. Commonly used materials include conductive polymers, metal nanoparticles, and carbon-based substances such as graphene and glassy carbon. Electrochemical sensors can be categorized into amperometric, potentiometric, voltammetric, conductometric, and impedimetric, depending on the measured electrical parameters. Ongoing research aims to improve electrochemical sensors and biosensors' sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Additionally, a growing interest is in developing wearable and implantable devices for continuous health monitoring. This Special Issue focuses on the exciting field of electrochemical sensors and biosensors and aims to highlight their importance in modern analytical chemistry and their potential for future technological advancements.

Dr. Zejun Deng
Prof. Dr. Tianhan Kai
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemistry
  • electrochemical sensors
  • electrochemical biosensors
  • electroanalysis
  • wearable sensors
  • portable sensors
  • amperometry
  • impedimetric
  • voltammetry

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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36 pages, 10690 KiB  
Article
Novel Amperometric Sensor Based on Glassy Graphene for Flow Injection Analysis
by Ramtin Eghbal Shabgahi, Alexander Minkow, Michael Wild, Dietmar Kissinger and Alberto Pasquarelli
Sensors 2025, 25(8), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082454 - 13 Apr 2025
Viewed by 300
Abstract
Flow injection analysis (FIA) is widely used in drug screening, neurotransmitter detection, and water analysis. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical sensing performance of glassy graphene electrodes derived from pyrolyzed positive photoresist films (PPFs) via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on SiO2 [...] Read more.
Flow injection analysis (FIA) is widely used in drug screening, neurotransmitter detection, and water analysis. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical sensing performance of glassy graphene electrodes derived from pyrolyzed positive photoresist films (PPFs) via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on SiO2/Si and polycrystalline diamond (PCD). Glassy graphene films fabricated at 800, 900, and 950 °C were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to assess their structural and morphological properties. Electrochemical characterization in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) revealed that annealing temperature and substrate type influence the potential window and double-layer capacitance. The voltammetric response of glassy graphene electrodes was further evaluated using the surface-insensitive [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox marker, the surface-sensitive [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox couple, and adrenaline, demonstrating that electron transfer efficiency is governed by annealing temperature and substrate-induced microstructural changes. FIA with amperometric detection showed a linear electrochemical response to adrenaline in the 3–300 µM range, achieving a low detection limit of 1.05 µM and a high sensitivity of 1.02 µA cm−2/µM. These findings highlight the potential of glassy graphene as a cost-effective alternative for advanced electrochemical sensors, particularly in biomolecule detection and analytical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Materials, Methods and Applications)
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12 pages, 6450 KiB  
Article
An Electrochemical Nickel–Cobalt (Ni–Co)/Graphene Oxide-Polyvinyl Alcohol (GO-PVA) Sensor for Glucose Detection
by Shu-Hui Yeh, Yaw-Jen Chang and Chun-Yi Hsieh
Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072050 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
This paper presents a non-enzymatic sensor for glucose detection in an environment where glucose and insulin coexist. The sensor is based on a three-electrode chip fabricated by etching the copper foil of a printed circuit board. The working electrode is coated with a [...] Read more.
This paper presents a non-enzymatic sensor for glucose detection in an environment where glucose and insulin coexist. The sensor is based on a three-electrode chip fabricated by etching the copper foil of a printed circuit board. The working electrode is coated with a graphene oxide-polyvinyl alcohol composite film, followed by the electroplating of a nickel–cobalt layer and an additional surface treatment using O2 plasma. The experimental results indicate that within a glucose concentration of 2 mM to 10 mM and an insulin concentration of 0.1 mM to 1 mM, the measured current exhibits a linear relationship with the concentration of glucose or insulin, regardless of whether cyclic voltammetry or linear sweep voltammetry is used. However, the detection limit for insulin is 0.01 mM, ensuring that glucose detection remains unaffected by insulin interference. In this sensor, nickel–cobalt serves as a catalyst for glucose and insulin detection, while the graphene oxide-polyvinyl alcohol composite enhances sensing performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Materials, Methods and Applications)
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Review

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42 pages, 3322 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Mercury-Free Electrochemical Sensors for Iron Detection: A Decade of Progress in Electrode Materials and Modifications
by Mahsa Motshakeri, Barbara Angoro, Anthony R. J. Phillips, Darren Svirskis, Paul A. Kilmartin and Manisha Sharma
Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1474; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051474 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 711
Abstract
Efforts to quantify iron ion concentrations across fields such as environmental, chemical, health, and food sciences have intensified over the past decade, which drives advancements in analytical methods, particularly electrochemical sensors known for their simplicity, portability, and reliability. The development of electrochemical methods [...] Read more.
Efforts to quantify iron ion concentrations across fields such as environmental, chemical, health, and food sciences have intensified over the past decade, which drives advancements in analytical methods, particularly electrochemical sensors known for their simplicity, portability, and reliability. The development of electrochemical methods using non-mercury electrodes is increasing as alternatives to environmentally unsafe mercury-based electrodes. However, detecting iron species such as Fe(II) and Fe(III) remains challenging due to their distinct chemical properties, continuous oxidation-state interconversion, presence of interfering species, and complex behavior in diverse environments and matrixes. Selective trace detection demands careful optimization of electrochemical methods, including proper electrode materials selection, electrode surface modifications, operating conditions, and sample pretreatments. This review critically evaluates advancements over the past decade in mercury-free electrode materials and surface modification strategies for iron detection. Strategies include incorporating a variety of nanomaterials, composites, conducting polymers, membranes, and iron-selective ligands to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and performance. Despite advancements, achieving ultra-low detection limits in real-world samples with minimal interference remains challenging and emphasizes the need for enhanced sample pretreatment. This review identifies challenges, knowledge gaps, and future directions and paves the way for advanced iron electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring, health diagnostics, and analytical precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Materials, Methods and Applications)
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