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Processes
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Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing
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Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Process Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 34788

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sanghyun Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
Interests: metabolic profiling; phytochemicals, flavonoids; HPLC analysis; food processing
Prof. Dr. Jihyun Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea
Interests: metabolic profiling, bioavailability and metabolism of flavonols, anthocyanins, isoflavones and other phytochemicals; phytochemicals; phenolics; analytical method development in food analysis; chemical alterations of food components during processing
Prof. Dr. Hyeyoung Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-eui University, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47340, Korea
Interests: process-induced chemical reaction; food quality assessment; food authenticity assessment; bio-guided processing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent advances in plant and food science have enabled biologists and bioengineers to understand the phytochemicals and analyze their metabolites. To do so, several metabolic profiling and chemical alterations of food components during processing have been successfully applied to plant and food processing design strategies.

This Special Issue on “Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing” focuses on (i) metabolic profiling of phytochemicals from food processing, (ii) bioavailability and metabolism of phytochemicals, and (iii) chemical alterations of food components during processing. Thus, we welcome research/review/perspective articles on (but not limited to) the following topics:

  • secondary metabolites;
  • metabolome;
  • chemical characterization;
  • bio-guided processing;
  • chemical alterations of food components during processing

Prof. Dr. Sanghyun Lee
Prof. Dr. Jihyun Lee
Prof. Dr. Hyeyoung Lee
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • secondary metabolites;
  • metabolome;
  • chemical characterization;
  • bio-guided processing;
  • chemical alterations of food components during processing

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1239 KiB  
Article
Optimum Additive Composition to Minimize Fat in Functional Goat Meat Nuggets: A Healthy Red Meat Functional Food
by Tahreem Kausar, Mohd Adnan Kausar, Saif Khan, Shafiul Haque and Z. R. Azaz Ahmad Azad
Processes 2021, 9(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030475 - 7 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3588
Abstract
Optimally designed functional foods are considered the most important part of a balanced and healthy diet. Goat meat nuggets, an otherwise healthy option, are packed with undesirable saturated and unsaturated fats. The present work suggests an optimal functional formulation to reduce the surplus [...] Read more.
Optimally designed functional foods are considered the most important part of a balanced and healthy diet. Goat meat nuggets, an otherwise healthy option, are packed with undesirable saturated and unsaturated fats. The present work suggests an optimal functional formulation to reduce the surplus fat content of goat meat nuggets by adding two optimally calculated functional ingredients, namely, fenugreek leaves (FL) and psyllium husk (PH). Response surface optimization was performed to determine the optimal content of the functional ingredients (FL and PH), resulting in minimum fat content without affecting the overall acceptability (OA) and other properties representing the taste and texture (e.g., ash content, pH, crude fiber content, and moisture content) of the nuggets. Functional additives at optimum levels successfully reduced the fat content of the weight-conserved nuggets by almost 39% compared with the control nuggets. Minimal and acceptable effects were observed regarding OA and other properties representative of the taste and texture of the nuggets. An optimally designed, fat-attenuated goat meat nugget formulation is therefore prescribed, which complies with the nutritional standards of a balanced diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing)
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16 pages, 2180 KiB  
Article
Protective Effect of Processed Polygoni multiflori Radix and Its Major Substance during Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction
by Ji-Hyun Kim, Ji Hyun Kim, Mei Tong He, Su Cheol Kim, Kyung Pan Hwa, Kye Man Cho and Eun Ju Cho
Processes 2021, 9(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020342 - 13 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly population. However, effective pharmacological agents targeting AD have not been developed. The processed Polygoni multiflori Radix (PPM) and its main active substance, 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (TSG), has received considerable attention, majorly [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly population. However, effective pharmacological agents targeting AD have not been developed. The processed Polygoni multiflori Radix (PPM) and its main active substance, 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (TSG), has received considerable attention, majorly due to its neuroprotective activities against multiple biological activities within the human body. In this study, we provide new evidence on the therapeutic effect of PPM and TSG during cognitive impairment by evaluating the ameliorative potential of PPM and TSG in scopolamine-induced amnesia in ICR mice. PPM (100 or 200 mg/kg) was orally administered during the experimental period (days 1–15), and scopolamine was intraperitoneally injected to induce cognitive deficits during the behavioural test periods (days 8–15). The administration of PPM and TSG significantly improved memory loss and cognitive dysfunction in behavioural tests and regulated the cholinergic function, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural apoptosis. The present study suggests that PPM and TSG improved scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction, but further study has to be supported for the clinical application of PPM and TSG for AD prevention and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing)
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8 pages, 2611 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Starch Modification with Amylosucrase Treatment on Morphological Features
by Hyeyoung Lee and Inmyoung Park
Processes 2020, 8(11), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111409 - 4 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2922
Abstract
Amylosucrase (AS) is a starch-modifying enzyme from Neisseria polysaccharea used to produce low-glycemic starches such as slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). The morphology of native, control, and AS-modified waxy corn starches (230 and 460 U) was examined using a particle [...] Read more.
Amylosucrase (AS) is a starch-modifying enzyme from Neisseria polysaccharea used to produce low-glycemic starches such as slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). The morphology of native, control, and AS-modified waxy corn starches (230 and 460 U) was examined using a particle size analyzer and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). AS modification of the starch elongated the glucose and resulted in higher SDS and RS contents. The mean particle sizes of the control, 230 U-AS-, and 460 U-AS-treated starches were 56.6 µm, 128.0 µm, and 176.5 μm, respectively. The surface of the 460 U-AS-treated starch was entirely porous and coral-like, while the 230 U-AS-treated starch had a partial dense and flat surface which did not react with AS. FE-SEM of the granule cross section confirmed that the center contained a dense and flat region without any evidence of AS reaction to either of the AS-treated starches. It was assumed that the particle size and porous and sponge-like particle features might be related to the SDS and RS fractions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing)
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16 pages, 3441 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Anticancer Effects of Active Compounds from Spatholobi Caulis in Human Breast Cancer Cells
by Hung Manh Phung, Hesol Lee, Sullim Lee, Dongyeop Jang, Chang-Eop Kim, Ki Sung Kang, Chang-Seob Seo and You-Kyung Choi
Processes 2020, 8(9), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091193 - 21 Sep 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5529
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in both developing and developed countries. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed nine constituent compounds from Spatholobi Caulis (gallic acid, (−)-gallocatechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, procyanidin B1, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, catechin, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, and (−)-epicatechin gallate) and examined their [...] Read more.
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in both developing and developed countries. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed nine constituent compounds from Spatholobi Caulis (gallic acid, (−)-gallocatechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, procyanidin B1, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, catechin, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, and (−)-epicatechin gallate) and examined their anticancer effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The experimental results indicated that the gallic acid showed the strongest cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells among tested compounds whilst most of samples did not express inhibitory effect on viability of MDA-MB-231 cells, except for 70% ethanol extract of S. Caulis. Thus, gallic acid was chosen to extend anticancer mechanism study on MCF-7 cells. Our data showed that the gallic acid induced apoptotic MCF-7 cell death through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which increased the expression of cleaved caspase-7, -8, and -9, Bax and p53, but reduced the expression of Bcl-2 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, the network pharmacological analysis pointed out that the p53, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), estrogen, and Wnt signaling pathways have a great correlation with the targets of gallic acid. This study suggested that gallic acid is a bioactive component of S. Caulis with potential to be used in chemotherapy for breast cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing)
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10 pages, 2904 KiB  
Article
Inhibitory Effects of Thymol Isolated from Curcuma longa L. on Adipogenesis in HepG2 Cells
by Dam-Hee Kang, Young-Seob Lee, Seon Min Oh, Dahye Yoon, Doo Jin Choi, Dong-Yeul Kwon, Ok-Hwa Kang and Dae Young Lee
Processes 2020, 8(9), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091191 - 20 Sep 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3708
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease associated with metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and obesity, regardless of alcohol consumption, and refers to the accumulation of triacylglycerols in the liver. Thymol (THY) is a vegetable essential oil that is naturally contained in [...] Read more.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease associated with metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and obesity, regardless of alcohol consumption, and refers to the accumulation of triacylglycerols in the liver. Thymol (THY) is a vegetable essential oil that is naturally contained in the Zingiberaceae and Lamiaceae families. THY was isolated from Curcuma longa L. The rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. were dried, sliced and extracted with 50% ethanol and then isolated through repeated column chromatography. This study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of THY, even in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in relation to the inhibiting hyperlipidemia effect of THY, which was demonstrated in previous studies. Hepatocytes were treated with oleate (OA) containing THY to observe lipid accumulation by Oil Red O staining (ORO). We also tested the effect of THY on triacylglycerols (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in HepG2 cells. Western blot and real-time RT-PCR using sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expressions were carried out. Consequently, inhibition of lipogenesis by THY (100 μM or 200 μM) in NAFLD treated with OA in HepG2 cells was confirmed. The results of TG and TC experiments confirmed a decrease in the degree of fat accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, inhibition of the SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC, C/EBP and PPARγ expressions that mediated fat accumulation and increased AMPK phosphorylation was observed. Taken together, THY is proposed as a potential natural constituent for the treatment of NAFLD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing)
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13 pages, 1875 KiB  
Article
Protective Effects of Active Compounds from Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix against Glutamate-Induced HT-22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Death
by Hung Manh Phung, Sullim Lee and Ki Sung Kang
Processes 2020, 8(8), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080914 - 1 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4290
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered one of the factors that cause dysfunction and damage of neurons, causing diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD).Recently, natural antioxidant sources have emerged as one of the main research areas for [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress is considered one of the factors that cause dysfunction and damage of neurons, causing diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD).Recently, natural antioxidant sources have emerged as one of the main research areas for the discovery of potential neuroprotectants that can be used to treat neurological diseases. In this research, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of a 70% ethanol Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix (SMR) extract and five of its constituent compounds (tanshinone IIA, caffeic acid, salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid, and salvianic acid A) in HT-22 hippocampal cells. The experimental data showed that most samples were effective in attenuating the cytotoxicity caused by glutamate in HT-22 cells, except for rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B. Of the compounds tested, tanshinone IIA (TS-IIA) exerted the strongest effect in protecting HT-22 cells against glutamate neurotoxin. Treatment with 400 nM TS-IIA restored HT-22 cell viability almost completely. TS-IIA prevented glutamate-induced oxytosis by abating the accumulation of calcium influx, reactive oxygen species, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Moreover, TS-IIA inhibited glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by reducing the activation and phosphorylation of p53, as well as by stimulating Akt expression. This research suggested that TS-IIA is a potential neuroprotective component of SMR, with the ability to protect against neuronal cell death induced by excessive amounts of glutamate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing)
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15 pages, 2936 KiB  
Article
Hair Growth Effect of Emulsion Extracted Brevilin A, a JAK3 Inhibitor, from Centipeda minima
by Byoung Ha Kim, Won-Yung Lee, Tuy An Trinh, Jae Sung Pyo, Sooyeun Lee, Chang-Eop Kim, Dong Hwan Lee, Eun-Seok Park and Ki Sung Kang
Processes 2020, 8(7), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070767 - 30 Jun 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10561
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) inhibitors have been used effectively in the treatment of several cases of alopecia universalis and its variants. Our study aims to evaluate whether the emulsion extract of brevilin A from Centipeda minima (CMX) stimulates hair regrowth in a clinical [...] Read more.
Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) inhibitors have been used effectively in the treatment of several cases of alopecia universalis and its variants. Our study aims to evaluate whether the emulsion extract of brevilin A from Centipeda minima (CMX) stimulates hair regrowth in a clinical trial, as a JAK3 inhibitor, combined with network pharmacology-based analysis. CMX showed potent inhibition of JAK3 in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant differences in total hair count, terminal hair count, and anagen hair count from the baseline to 24 weeks were observed between the placebo and CMX subjects. The gene set enrichment analysis showed that the targets of CMX are mainly associated with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, and the MAPK signaling pathway. This study suggests that the medicinal herbal extract CMX is useful in the treatment of mild to moderate vertex balding that contribute to the visible improvements in hair growth observed in treated patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Analysis in Food Processing)
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