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Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures...
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Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures (Volume II)

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental and Green Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 June 2025 | Viewed by 9359

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maria Mitu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels; explosion risk; explosion protection; safety; explosion parameters; flame propagation; chemical kinetics; ignition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

You are invited to contribute to a Special Issue of Processes on “Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures”. Biofuels have recently attracted increased attention for applications in energy generation and transportation.

The flame propagation of fuels/oxidizers/inert mixtures is studied in order to estimate their normal burning velocity, which is considered to be a fundamental property of a fuels/oxidizers/inert mixtures, depending on the fuel type, oxidizer type, equivalence ratio, pressure, temperature and mass fraction of any gases, with a significant impact on many aspects of combustion. The laminar burning velocity is a key property of flammable gaseous mixtures characterizing the fuel reactivity in the presence of an oxidizer, which provides meaningful information regarding the reactivity and the exothermicity of the system. It is a most useful parameter for the safe design of equipment and processes. The normal burning velocities are also used for predicting the emissions and performance of internal and external combustion systems. In basic research, the laminar burning velocity is a key parameter for validating models of combustion wave propagation, which take detailed chemical kinetics into account.

This Special Issue aims to present high-quality research studies addressing challenges in the broad area of the flame propagation of biofuels/oxidizers/inert mixtures. Recent research involving experimental and numerical studies of the burning velocities of biofuels/oxidizers/inert mixtures is highly encouraged, but other relevant topics are also of interest.

Dr. Maria Mitu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • combustion of fuels
  • explosion
  • biofuels
  • explosion parameters
  • burning velocities
  • simulations

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 37689 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Flame Propagation in a 1 kN GCH4/GO2 Pintle Injector Rocket Engine
by Alexandru Mereu and Dragos Isvoranu
Processes 2025, 13(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020428 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 661
Abstract
Over the last few years, the appeal for using methane as green fuel for rocket engines has been on an increasing trend due to the more facile storage capability, reduced handling complexity and cost-effectiveness when compared to hydrogen. The present paper presents an [...] Read more.
Over the last few years, the appeal for using methane as green fuel for rocket engines has been on an increasing trend due to the more facile storage capability, reduced handling complexity and cost-effectiveness when compared to hydrogen. The present paper presents an attempt to simulate the ignition and propagation of the flame for a 1 kN gaseous methane–oxygen rocket engine using a pintle-type injector. By using advanced numerical simulations, the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combined with the Partially Stirred Reactor (PaSR) model and the Shielded Detached Eddy Simulation (SDES) were utilized in the complex transient ignition process. The results provide important information regarding the flame propagation and stability, pollutant formation and temperature distribution during the engine start-up, highlighting the uneven mixing regions and thermal load on the injector. This information could further be used for the pintle injector’s geometry optimization by addressing critical design challenges without employing the need for iterative prototyping during the early stages of development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures (Volume II))
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14 pages, 2431 KiB  
Article
Detonation of H2–Air–Steam Mixtures: A Potential Hazard in Large-Scale Electrolyzer and Fuel Cell Installations
by Behdad Moghtaderi, Jafar Zanganeh, Hui Song and Samira Namazi
Processes 2024, 12(8), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081618 - 1 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1174
Abstract
System failure in large-scale electrolyzer and fuel cell installations may cause the formation of explosive H2–air–steam mixtures. Detonation properties (e.g., detonation cell size) and flame dynamics features (e.g., flame acceleration, runup distance, and deflagration-to-detonation transition “DDT”) of these mixtures were investigated [...] Read more.
System failure in large-scale electrolyzer and fuel cell installations may cause the formation of explosive H2–air–steam mixtures. Detonation properties (e.g., detonation cell size) and flame dynamics features (e.g., flame acceleration, runup distance, and deflagration-to-detonation transition “DDT”) of these mixtures were investigated experimentally and numerically to gain a more in-depth understanding of the hazards of H2–air–steam under conditions pertinent to PEM-based electrolyzers and fuel cells (temperatures between 50 °C and 80 °C and pressures between 20 and 40 bar). While our results confirm the findings of previous studies in terms of the cooling effects of steam on detonation, we found that operating pressures between 20 and 40 bar counteract the effect of steam, making the H2–air–steam mixture more detonable. This is particularly evident from the experimental data on detonation cell size and runup distance at pressures greater than 20 bar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures (Volume II))
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20 pages, 19277 KiB  
Article
Study on Oxy-Methane Flame Stability in a Cylindrical Porous Medium Burner
by Mingjian Liao, Zhu He, Xiong Liang, Tat Leung Chan, Yawei Li and Xuecheng Xu
Processes 2023, 11(7), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072182 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1526
Abstract
Combustion in a porous medium can be beneficial for enhancing reaction rate and temperature uniformity. Therefore, considering the combination with oxy-fuel combustion can address some shortcomings in oxy-fuel burners, a cylindrical two-layer porous burner model is established based on OpenFOAM in this paper. [...] Read more.
Combustion in a porous medium can be beneficial for enhancing reaction rate and temperature uniformity. Therefore, considering the combination with oxy-fuel combustion can address some shortcomings in oxy-fuel burners, a cylindrical two-layer porous burner model is established based on OpenFOAM in this paper. A two-temperature equation model is adopted for the simulation of the heat transfer process. The CH4 skeletal kinetic mechanism is adopted for complex chemistry integration based on OpenSMOKE++. Corresponding experimental methods were used for complementary studies. The walls of the burner are wrapped with three types of thermal insulation materials to present different levels of heat loss. The results show that considering the convection and radiative heat loss of the burner wall, the temperature near the wall is reduced by more than 300 K compared to the adiabatic condition. As a result, the flame propagation speed and CO oxidation rate slowed down. The stable range will be destructively narrowed by more than 50%, and CO emissions will increase by more than 10 times. These defects will be aggravated by increasing the diameter of the burner. It is observed that when the diameter of the burner increases from the initial 5 cm to 10 cm, the effect of heat loss on the stable range is insignificant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures (Volume II))
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13 pages, 1579 KiB  
Article
Flammability Properties of the Pyrolysis Gas Generated from Willow Wood
by Maria Mitu, Domnina Razus, Dorin Boldor and Cosmin Marculescu
Processes 2023, 11(7), 2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072103 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1794
Abstract
Willow wood presents a real interest for biomass pyrolysis due to its fast growth, renewability, and high energy density. Following the pyrolysis of willow wood in an inert atmosphere, a multi-fuel gaseous mixture was obtained, with the following composition (by volume): 38.20% CO/21.87% [...] Read more.
Willow wood presents a real interest for biomass pyrolysis due to its fast growth, renewability, and high energy density. Following the pyrolysis of willow wood in an inert atmosphere, a multi-fuel gaseous mixture was obtained, with the following composition (by volume): 38.20% CO/21.87% H2/17.44% CH4/1.15% O2/17.15% CO2/4.19% N2. The propagation of laminar premixed flames in these multifuel mixtures with air was investigated numerically for initial temperatures from 298 to 500 K, initial pressures from 1 to 20 bar, and fuel equivalence ratios between 0.60 and 2.00. The combustion of these gaseous mixtures as free laminar premixed flames was simulated by means of the INSFLA package and an extended reaction mechanism with 592 elementary reactions and 53 species. The modelling of the gas-phase combustion delivered several important parameters: the laminar burning velocities, Su, the maximum flame temperatures, Tfl,max, the flame front thicknesses, dfl, and the peak concentrations of the main reaction intermediates. The obtained parameters, discussed in correlation with the initial pressure and temperature, afforded the determination of the overall activation parameters of multifuel oxidation with air. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures (Volume II))
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11 pages, 1076 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Gas Explosion Propagation in Porous Metal Materials
by Zhenzhen Jia and Qing Ye
Processes 2023, 11(7), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072081 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1393
Abstract
Serious damage and large losses often result from gas explosions in coal mining. However, porous metal materials can suppress a gas explosion and its propagation. Therefore, a gas explosion and its propagation suppression characteristics of porous metal materials are analyzed theoretically. According to [...] Read more.
Serious damage and large losses often result from gas explosions in coal mining. However, porous metal materials can suppress a gas explosion and its propagation. Therefore, a gas explosion and its propagation suppression characteristics of porous metal materials are analyzed theoretically. According to the propagation characteristics of a gas explosion in duct, a gas-explosion experiment system with porous metal material (steel wire mesh) is constructed in this paper, and the propagations of explosion wave and flame in porous metal materials are experimentally studied. The study results show that the flame propagation velocity and overpressure of explosion wave are related to the length and layer number of porous metal materials. When the gas explosion propagates a certain distance in porous metal materials, the flame and explosion wave begin to be attenuated. The longer the length of porous metal material is, the better the attenuation effect is. At the same time, the more layer numbers, the better the attenuation effect is. In this experiment, the maximum decreases of explosion wave overpressure and flame propagation velocity are 84% and 91%, respectively. The attenuation of the explosion wave overpressure and the flame propagation velocity has synchronism and correspondence during gas explosion propagation in porous metal materials. The experimental results show the porous metal material has a good suppression effect on gas explosion propagation. The study results can provide an experimental basis for the development of gas explosion propagation suppression technology and devices, and have a great practical significance for the prevention and control of a gas explosion disaster. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures (Volume II))
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19 pages, 14095 KiB  
Article
Influence of Wall Heat Effect on Gas Explosion and Its Propagation
by Zhenzhen Jia, Qing Ye and Zhuohua Yang
Processes 2023, 11(5), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051326 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1929
Abstract
The gas explosion process in pipes is often accompanied by an intense wall heat effect. A considerable part of the explosion energy is dissipated, and the process of gas explosion and its propagationis affected. In order to study the influence of wall heat [...] Read more.
The gas explosion process in pipes is often accompanied by an intense wall heat effect. A considerable part of the explosion energy is dissipated, and the process of gas explosion and its propagationis affected. In order to study the influence of wall heat effect on gas explosion and its propagation, numerical models of gas explosion in pipes with different adiabatic degrees were established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The propagation process of gas explosion in pipes under the influence of the wall heat effect was numerically simulated and analyzed, and the thermal stress and temperature distribution of pipes with different adiabatic degrees were studied. The results show that with a decrease in pipe insulation, the wall heat effect increases, the heat loss of gas explosion increases, and the overpressurizationof the shock wave, the explosion intensity, and the thermal stress of the pipe wall are significantly reduced. The results indicate that the wall heat effect can weaken the gas explosion and its propagation. At the same time, it is found that the influence of the wall heat effect on the initiation section is greater than that on other positions of the pipe. With the decrease in the heat effect of the pipe wall, the heat loss of the wall decreases, the temperature difference between the inner and outer wall surfaces expands, and the total energy released by the gas explosion increases. The released energy is used to heat and compress the unburned gas, resulting in a more intense explosion reaction and a substantial increase in the temperature of the explosive gas. Therefore, it can be seen that the wall heat effect has an important influence on the gas explosion and its propagation. The influence of wall adiabatic condition on gas explosion with a higher combustion level is greater than the influence on gas explosion with low combustion levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Propagation of Biofuels/Oxidizers/Inert Mixtures (Volume II))
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