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State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings

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A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Membranes and Films".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (3 December 2021) | Viewed by 36997

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Leyre Pérez-Álvarez

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Guest Editor

Innovative Macromolecular Materials Group (Imacromat), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
Interests: polymer science; surfaces; hydrogels; nanogels
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tobias Benselfelt

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Co-Guest Editor

Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: nanocellulose; polyelectrolytes; renewable materials; bio-based electronics; surface and colloid science; polymer physics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymeric coatings have been used as intermediate and external layers on a wide range of materials, first to provide protection to the substrate from the effects of the medium and more recently, to add more specific properties such as hardness/toughness, self-cleaning, tailored adhesion, or biological response. Recent progress on surface patterning, structuration, and chemical functionalization has demonstrated these coatings to be suitable for the development of functional surfaces with advanced properties (wettability, antifouling, stimuli-responsive, and bioactive, among others). Subsequently, the interest on polymeric surfaces and coatings is increasingly widening for new biomedical and industrial applications.

This Special Issue is focused on the current state-of-art of polymer surface modification and structuration and advanced polymeric coatings onto non-polymeric materials. Functional and smart surfaces, with biomimetic or sensor applications are of particular interest as well as research that provide further knowledge on the relation between surface modification and high performance properties.

Dr. Leyre Pérez-Álvarez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

surface functionalization
smart coatings
superhydrophobic and superhydrophylic coatings
patterned surfaces
polymeric surfaces
multilayers
structured surfaces

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 13314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wear Behaviour of Multilayer Al-PVD-Coated Polymer Gears

by Tonica Bončina, Brigita Polanec, Franc Zupanič and Srečko Glodež

Polymers 2022, 14(21), 4751; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214751 - 05 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1338

Abstract

A comprehensive experimental investigation of the wear behaviour of coated spur polymer gears made of POM is performed in this study. Three different thicknesses of aluminium (Al) coatings were investigated and deposited by the Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) process. The Al coating was deposited in three steps: By plasma activation, metallisation of the aluminium by the magnetron sputtering process, and plasma polymerisation. The wear of the gears was tested on an in-house developed testing rig for different torques (16, 20, and 24 Nm) and a rotational speed of 1000 rpm. The duration of the experiments was set to 13 h, when the tooth thickness and, consequently, the wear of the tooth flank were recorded. The experimental results showed that the influence of metallisation with aluminium surface coatings on the wear behaviour of the analysed polymer gear is not significantly important. The results also showed that the gears with a thicker aluminium coating showed greater wear than gears with a thinner coating or even without a coating. This is probably due to the fact that the aluminium particles that started to deviate during gear operation represented the abrasive material, which led to the faster wear of the contacting surfaces of the meshing gear flanks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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20 pages, 3969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Adhesive Organosilane Coating Comprising Visibility on Demand

by Wolfgang Kern, Matthias Müller, Christine Bandl, Nina Krempl and Markus Kratzer

Polymers 2022, 14(19), 4006; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14194006 - 24 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

There is a wide application field for anti-adhesive and hydrophobic coatings, stretching from self-cleaning surfaces over anti-graffiti and release coatings to demolding aids in the production of polymers. The typical materials for the latter are hard coatings, including TiN, CrN, diamond-like carbon, etc. Alternatively, organosilane coatings based on perfluorinated compounds or molecules with long alkyl side chains can be employed. Although these functional layers are generally required to be invisible, there is a demand for a straightforward approach, which enables the temporary control of successful and homogeneous application as well as abrasion and wear of the coatings during use. For this purpose, a visibility-on-demand property was introduced to an already established anti-adhesive organosilane coating by incorporation of 1,8-naphthalimide-N-propyltriethoxysilane (NIPTES) as a fluorescent marker molecule. While the naphthalimide unit provides blue fluorescence under UV irradiation, the ethoxy groups of NIPTES enable the covalent coupling to the coating as a result of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions. As a consequence, the fluorescent marker molecule NIPTES can simply be added to the coating solution as an additional organosilane component, without the need for changes in the approved deposition procedure. The generated fluorescent anti-adhesive coatings were characterized by contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as by different spectroscopic techniques, including FTIR, UV-Vis, fluorescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the on-demand control function provided by the introduced fluorescence properties was evaluated along an injection molding process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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19 pages, 3240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Polymer Two-Layer Protective Coating Impact on Panda-Type Optical Fiber under Bending

by Yulia I. Lesnikova, Aleksandr N. Trufanov and Anna A. Kamenskikh

Polymers 2022, 14(18), 3840; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14183840 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1728

Abstract

The article discusses the effects of thermal-force on the Panda-type optical fiber. The studies used a wide temperature range. The research used two thermal cycles with exposures to temperatures of 23, 60 and −60 °C. The field of residual stresses in the fiber formed during the drawing process was determined and applied. Panda was considered taking into account a two-layer viscoelastic polymer coating under conditions of tension winding on an aluminum coil in the framework of a contact problem. The paper investigated three variants of coil radius to analyze the effect of bending on fiber behavior. The effect of the coating thickness ratio on the system deformation and optical characteristics was analyzed. Qualitative and quantitative patterns of the effect of temperature, bending, thickness of individual polymer coating layers and relaxation transitions of their materials on the Panda optical fiber deformation and optical characteristics were established. Assessment of approaches to the calculation of optical characteristics (values of the refractive indices and fiber birefringence) are given in the framework of the study. The patterns of deformation and optical behavior of the Panda-type fiber with a protective coating, taking into account the nonlinear behavior of the system materials, were original results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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11 pages, 4697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Silicone Resin Coating with Water-Repellency and Anti-Fouling Properties for Wood Protection

by Zehao Ding, Wensheng Lin, Wenbin Yang, Hanxian Chen and Xinxiang Zhang

Polymers 2022, 14(15), 3062; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153062 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1793

Abstract

The strong hygroscopicity of wood greatly shortens its service life. Here, a simple impregnation modification approach was used to construct superhydrophobic silicone resin coatings on wood surfaces. Briefly, with hydrofluorosilicone oil (HFSO), tetramethyl tetravinyl cyclotetrasiloxane (V₄), and hydrophobic SiO₂ from industrial production as raw materials, superhydrophobic wood samples (water contact angle ~160.8°, sliding angle ~3.6°) can be obtained by simply dipping the wood in the HFSO/V₄/SiO₂ modifier solutions. As a result, the superhydrophobic silicone resin coating constructed on the wood surface still has good water repellency after finger touching, tape peeling, and sandpaper abrasion. When the mass ratio of HFSO to V₄ is 2:1, the water absorption of the resulting wood after soaking in water for 24 h is only 29.2%. Further, the resulting superhydrophobic wood shows excellent anti-fouling properties. Finally, we believe that the impregnation modification method proposed in this study can be applied to the protection of cellulose substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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16 pages, 5316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Anticorrosion Performance of CeO₂-Modified Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Epoxy Coating Subjected to Simulated Saline-Alkali Solution

by Kai Lyu, Xiaoyan Liu, Ruidan Liu, Heng Yang, Yang Qiao and Surendra P. Shah

Polymers 2022, 14(7), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071412 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

In the marine service environment, metal materials have a serious risk of corrosion. The corrosion rate of metal materials will be accelerated by the dual action of temperature change and alkali salt in saline-alkali environment. In order to delay the metal materials’ corrosion rate and prolong their service life, this paper used a CeO₂–GO (4:1) nanocomposite prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis method to make an anticorrosion coating. The anticorrosion performance was evaluated by stereo microscope and 3D images of the corrosion site were fitted for calculation. The state evolution of the CeO₂–GO (4:1)/EP coating immerged in a simulated saline-alkali solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical alternating current impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott–Schottky curve and Tafel curve. The results indicated that CeO₂–GO (4:1) nanocomposites exhibited good resistance compared with graphene oxide and nano cerium oxide in a simulated saline-alkali environment. The research in this paper lays a firm theoretical foundation for the application of nano cerium-oxide-modified graphene oxide anticorrosive coating in saline-alkali environment engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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16 pages, 3937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hexogen Coating Kinetics with Polyurethane-Based Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Using Infrared Spectroscopy

by Heri Budi Wibowo, Hamonangan Rekso Diputro Sitompul, Rika Suwana Budi, Kendra Hartaya, Luthfia Hajar Abdillah, Retno Ardianingsih and Ratih Sanggra Murti Wibowo

Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061184 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2045

Abstract

The kinetics of hexogen coating with polyurethane-based hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) using infrared spectrometry was investigated. The kinetics model was evaluated through reaction steps: (1) hydroxyl and isocyanate to produce urethane, (2) urethane and isocyanate to produce allophanate, and (3) nitro and isocyanate to produce diazene oxide and carbon dioxide. HTPB, ethyl acetate, TDI (toluene diisocyanate), and hexogen were mixed for 60 min at 40 °C. The sample was withdrawn and analyzed with infrared spectroscopy every ten minutes at reference wavelengths of 2270 (the specific absorption for isocyanate groups) and 1768 cm⁻¹ (the specific absorption for N=N groups). The solvent was vaporized; then, the coated hexogen was cured in the oven for 7 days at 60 °C. The effect of temperature on the coating kinetics was studied by adjusting the reaction temperature at 40, 50, and 60 °C. This procedure was repeated with IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate) as a curing agent. The reaction rate constant, k₃, was calculated from an independent graphic based on increasing diazene oxide concentration every ten minutes. The reaction rate constants, k₁ and k₂, were numerically calculated using the Newton–Raphson and Runge–Kutta methods based on decreasing isocyanate concentrations. The activation energy of those steps was 1178, 1021, and 912 kJ mole⁻¹. The reaction rate of hexogen coating with IPDI was slightly faster than with TDI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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15 pages, 3296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Study on Solubility Parameters and Related Thermodynamic Parameters of PVA with Different Alcoholysis Degrees

by Siqi Chen, Hao Yang, Kui Huang, Xiaolong Ge, Hanpeng Yao, Junxiang Tang, Junxue Ren, Shixue Ren and Yanli Ma

Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3778; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213778 - 31 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2877

Abstract

In recent years, inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and molecular dynamics simulation methods have been used to characterize the solubility parameters and surface parameters of polymers, which can provide quantitative reference for the further study of the surface and interface compatibility of polymer components in the future. In this paper, the solubility parameters and surface parameters of two kinds of common alcoholysis, PVA₈₈ and PVA₉₉, are studied by using the IGC method. The accuracy of the solubility parameters obtained by the IGC experiment is verified by molecular dynamics simulation. On the basis of this, the influence of repeated units of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on solubility parameters is studied, so as to determine the appropriate chain length of the PVA for simulation verification calculation. The results show that the solubility parameters are not much different when the PVA chain length is 30 and above; the numerical trends of the solubility parameters of PVA₈₈ and PVA₉₉ at room temperature are the same as the results of molecular dynamics simulation; the dispersive surface energy

γ_{s}^{d}

and the specific surface energy

γ_{s}^{sp}

are scattered with the temperature distribution and have a small dependence on temperature. On the whole, the surface energy of PVA₉₉ with a higher alcoholysis degree is higher than that of PVA₈₈ with a lower alcoholysis degree. The surface specific adsorption free energy (

Δ G^{sp}

) indicates that both PVA₈₈ and PVA₉₉ are amphoteric meta-acid materials, and the acidity of PVA₉₉ is stronger. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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15 pages, 4097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Modification of NF Membrane by Multi-Layer Deposition of Polyelectrolytes for Enhanced Fouling Resistance

by Umair Baig, Abdul Waheed, Hassan A. Salih, Asif Matin, Ali Alshami and Isam H. Aljundi

Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3728; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213728 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

Fouling not only deteriorates the membrane structure but also compromises the quality of the permeate and has deleterious consequences on the membrane operation. In the current study, a commercial thin film composite nanofiltration membrane (NF90) was modified by sequentially depositing oppositely charged polycation (poly(allylamine hydrochloride)) and polyanion (poly(acrylic acid)) polyelectrolytes using the layer-by-layer assembly method. The water contact angle was decreased by ~10° after the coating process, indicating increased hydrophilicity. The surface roughness of the prepared membranes decreased from 380 nm (M-0) to 306 nm (M-10) and 366 nm (M-20). M-10 membrane showed the highest permeate flux of 120 L m⁻² h⁻¹ with a salt rejection of >98% for MgSO₄ and NaCl. The fabricated membranes M-20 and M-30 showed 15% improvement in fouling resistance and maintained the initial permeate flux longer than the pristine membrane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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21 pages, 8458 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biobased Waterborne Polyurethane-Ureas Modified with POSS-OH for Fluorine-Free Hydrophobic Textile Coatings

by Amado Lacruz, Mireia Salvador, Miren Blanco, Karmele Vidal, Amaia M. Goitandia, Lenka Martinková, Martin Kyselka and Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya

Polymers 2021, 13(20), 3526; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203526 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4920

Abstract

Waterborne polyurethane-urea dispersions (WPUD), which are based on fully biobased amorphous polyester polyol and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), have been successfully synthesized obtaining a finishing agent that provides textiles with an enhanced hydrophobicity and water column. Grafting of trans-cyclohexanediol isobutyl POSS (POSS-OH) to the biobased polymer backbone has also been investigated for the first time and its properties compared to a standard chain extender, 1,3-propanediol (PDO). The chemical structure of WPUD has been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The thermal properties have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical properties have been studied by tensile stress–strain analysis. Moreover, the particle size, particle size distribution (PSD), and stability of developed waterborne dispersions have been assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Z-potential, storage aging tests, and accelerated aging tests by analytical centrifuge (LUM). Subsequently, selected fabrics have been face-coated by the WPUD using the knife coating method and their properties have been assessed by measuring the water contact angle (WCA), oil contact angle (OCA), water column, fabric stiffness, air permeability, and water vapor resistance (breathability). Finally, the surface morphology and elemental composition of uncoated and coated fabrics have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. All of the synthesized polyurethane-ureas provided the coated substrates with a remarkable hydrophobicity and water column, resulting in a more sustainable alternative to waterproof coatings based on fluoropolymers, such as PTFE. Grafting POSS-OH to the polymeric backbone has led to textile coatings with enhanced hydrophobicity, maintaining thermal, mechanical, and water column properties, giving rise to multifunctional coatings that are highly demanded in protective workwear and technical textiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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15 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Canola Oil based Poly(ester–ether–amide–urethane) Nanocomposite and Its Anti-Corrosive Coatings

by Manawwer Alam, Mohammad Altaf and Naushad Ahmad

Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3325; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193325 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1969

Abstract

The environmental and health hazards associated with petro-based chemicals have motivated the researchers to replace them partially or wholly with renewable resource-based polymers. Vegetable oils serve as an excellent alternative to this end as they are cost effective, eco-friendly, easily available and rich with functional groups amenable to chemical reactions. The aim of the research work is to prepare Canola oil [CANO] derived poly (ester–ether–amide–urethane) (CPEEUA) nanocomposite coating material using N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amide [CFA] obtained from CANO, Lactic acid [LA], and reinforced with Fumed Silica [FS]. CPEEUA was obtained by esterification, etherification, and urethanation reactions and its structure was confirmed from FTIR and NMR spectral analyses. CPEEUA/FS coatings were found to be scratch resistant, flexible, well-adhered to mild steel panels, and hydrophobic with 2.0–2.5 kg scratch hardness, 150lb/inch impact resistance and >90° contact angle value. They exhibited good corrosion protection in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution as investigated by Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance tests. CPEEUA coatings are safe for usage up to 200 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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14 pages, 4201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antifouling and Drag-Reduction Performance of Alumina Reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings Containing Phenylmethylsilicone Oil

by Qiang Yang, Zhanping Zhang, Yuhong Qi and Hongyang Zhang

Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3067; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183067 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1944

Abstract

Fouling-release coatings reinforced with micro-alumina and nano-alumina were prepared based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing phenylmethylsilicone oil. The surface properties, mechanical properties, leaching behavior of silicone oil, anti-fouling and drag-reduction performance of the coating were studied. The results show that the addition of alumina can significantly improve the tensile strength, elastic modulus and Shore’s hardness of the coating. The adhesion experiments of marine bacteria and Navicula Tenera show that the addition of alumina can reduce the antifouling performance of the coating, which is related to the stripping mode of fouling organisms. The fouling organisms leave the coating surface by shearing, and the energy required for shearing is proportional to the elastic modulus of the coating. At 800–1400 rpm, the addition of alumina will reduce the drag reduction performance of the coating, which is related to the drag reduction mechanism of PDMS. PDMS counteracts part of the resistance by surface deformation. The larger the elastic modulus is, the more difficult the surface deformation is. The experiment of silicone oil leaching shows that the increase of alumina addition amount and the decrease of particle size will inhibit the leaching of silicone oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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12 pages, 4313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimetic Wax Interfaces Facilitating Rehealable Polymer Composites

by Ching-Te Kuo and Chien-Chin Chen

Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3052; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183052 - 09 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1693

Abstract

Epicuticular wax, the first protective film for numerous ground plant species, is crucial for modulating the evolution in plants. Since the waxy film is inherently thermoresponsive, many efforts focus on engineering materials for water/oil proofing, delivery, and collection, as well as microactuators by mimicking such film nature. Nonetheless, relatively fewer works address the mechanism of how the underlying substrates direct the reconstruction of waxy films while their temperature approaches the melting point. Here, we presented a strategy in which distinct frameworks of molten wax films could be examined among various substrates. Both “waxphobic” and “waxphilic” traits were first unveiled and could be achieved by the hydrophilic (water contact angle (WCA) = 42~82°) and hydrophobic (WCA = 109°) substrates, respectively. A theoretical model, based on experimental results, fluidic dynamics, and balance of surface energy, was developed to elucidate the above findings. Moreover, we demonstrated the above biomimetic epicuticular surface (BeSurface) can be applied for rewritable paper, erasable coding, and rehealable electronics without manual repairing. Remarkably, the healing time can be reduced down to 30 s, and the cycled folding test can be continued up to 500 times. All the new findings present the potentials of the BeSurface to improve the study of rehealable materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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Review

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30 pages, 5222 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioactive Coatings on Titanium: A Review on Hydroxylation, Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and Surface Modification Strategies

by Julia Sánchez-Bodón, Jon Andrade del Olmo, Jose María Alonso, Isabel Moreno-Benítez, José Luis Vilas-Vilela and Leyre Pérez-Álvarez

Polymers 2022, 14(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010165 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5124

Abstract

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been demonstrated over the last decades to play an important role as inert materials in the field of orthopedic and dental implants. Nevertheless, with the widespread use of Ti, implant-associated rejection issues have arisen. To overcome these problems, antibacterial properties, fast and adequate osseointegration and long-term stability are essential features. Indeed, surface modification is currently presented as a versatile strategy for developing Ti coatings with all these challenging requirements and achieve a successful performance of the implant. Numerous approaches have been investigated to obtain stable and well-organized Ti coatings that promote the tailoring of surface chemical functionalization regardless of the geometry and shape of the implant. However, among all the approaches available in the literature to functionalize the Ti surface, a promising strategy is the combination of surface pre-activation treatments typically followed by the development of intermediate anchoring layers (self-assembled monolayers, SAMs) that serve as the supporting linkage of a final active layer. Therefore, this paper aims to review the latest approaches in the biomedical area to obtain bioactive coatings onto Ti surfaces with a special focus on (i) the most employed methods for Ti surface hydroxylation, (ii) SAMs-mediated active coatings development, and (iii) the latest advances in active agent immobilization and polymeric coatings for controlled release on Ti surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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38 pages, 23782 KiB

Open AccessReview

Past and Current Progress in the Development of Antiviral/Antimicrobial Polymer Coating towards COVID-19 Prevention: A Review

by Nazihah Nasri, Arjulizan Rusli, Naozumi Teramoto, Mariatti Jaafar, Ku Marsilla Ku Ishak, Mohamad Danial Shafiq and Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid

Polymers 2021, 13(23), 4234; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234234 - 02 Dec 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4529

Abstract

The astonishing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, known as COVID-19, has attracted numerous research interests, particularly regarding fabricating antimicrobial surface coatings. This initiative is aimed at overcoming and minimizing viral and bacterial transmission to the human. When contaminated droplets from an infected individual land onto common surfaces, SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is able to survive on various surfaces for up to 9 days. Thus, the possibility of virus transmission increases after touching or being in contact with contaminated surfaces. Herein, we aim to provide overviews of various types of antiviral and antimicrobial coating agents, such as antimicrobial polymer-based coating, metal-based coating, functional nanomaterial, and nanocomposite-based coating. The action mode for each type of antimicrobial agent against pathogens is elaborated. In addition, surface properties of the designed antiviral and antimicrobial polymer coating with their influencing factors are discussed in this review. This paper also exhibits several techniques on surface modification to improve surface properties. Various developed research on the development of antiviral/antimicrobial polymer coating to curb the COVID-19 pandemic are also presented in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymeric Surfaces and Coatings)

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