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Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants
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Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Ecology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 14080

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Aiping Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ecology, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
Interests: biological invasion; plant invasion; allelopathy; macrophyte; aquatic plants; wetland
Prof. Dr. Te Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: Vallisneria; lakes; Myriophyllum spicatum; macrophytes; zooplankton; nutrient resorption (physiology); phosphorus; carbon nitrogen ratio
Prof. Dr. Feng Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
Interests: wetland vegetation succession; wetland ecological stoichiometry; wetland ecological restoration

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As one of the most important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, aquatic plants play a prominent role in sustaining the structure, function, and service of aquatic ecosystems.

Many aquatic plants, however, are rapidly declining and have even been disappearing from water bodies over the past decades because of many environmental (e.g., climate change, species invasion; abiotic stress, eutrophication, water level change, heavy metal, and other pollution) and anthropogenic (e.g., water-level manipulation, species introduction, disturbance, harvest, cutting) factors. Accordingly, much hard work has been conducted to restore aquatic plants, although few successes have been achieved throughout the planet. The restoration processes of aquatic plants in these ecosystems trigger great physiology and ecology changes and adaptations in the aquatic plants, a better understanding of which could be favorable to prevent failure and promote the restoration success of aquatic plants.

Articles on recent advances in the physiology and ecology of aquatic plants are welcome. We encourage the submission of high-quality original research articles, short communications, reviews, and perspective papers. This Special Issue concerns fundamental and applied plant physiology, ecology, and related interdisciplinary fields, covering the scope of MDPI’s journal Plants.

Dr. Aiping Wu
Prof. Dr. Te Cao
Prof. Dr. Feng Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aquatic plants
  • macrophyte
  • adaptation
  • global change
  • invasion
  • stress
  • eutrophication
  • water level change
  • heavy metal
  • pollution
  • disturbance
  • wetland
  • water-level manipulation
  • restoration

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 882 KiB  
Article
Effects of Complete Submergence on Growth, Survival and Recovery Growth of Alisma orientale (Samuel.) Juz.
by Songping Liu, Jingrui Liu, Feng Lin, Libing Liao, Qian Hu, Lei Xu, Ludan Chen, Te Cao and Aiwen Zhong
Plants 2024, 13(22), 3189; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223189 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 826
Abstract
Intense precipitations caused by global climate change will result in the occurrence of greater frequencies and longer durations of flooding, influencing the survival and yields of wetland plants. Alisma orientale (Samuel.) Juz., an important traditional medicine with edible scape and inflorescence, naturally grows [...] Read more.
Intense precipitations caused by global climate change will result in the occurrence of greater frequencies and longer durations of flooding, influencing the survival and yields of wetland plants. Alisma orientale (Samuel.) Juz., an important traditional medicine with edible scape and inflorescence, naturally grows in wetlands and artificially cultivates in paddy fields prone to flood in China. However, we lack understanding of the effect of complete submergence on A. orientale. Here, experiments with four durations of complete submergence including 5 days (ds), 10 ds, 15 ds and 20 ds followed by 20 ds recovery were performed. In the submergence experiments, the number of, length of and biomass of surviving leaves and the total biomass and new blade biomass were measured; in recovery experiments, number and length of surviving leaves were measured. A. orientale grew out longer new leaves during complete submergence, with a dramatic decline in the biomass of both the leaves and tubers as well as the total biomass at the ends of the submergence experiments. The A. orientale plants had a high survival rate after submergence. The duration of submergence did not influence the time for A. orientale needed to start regrowing. At the end of recovery period, the submerged A. orientale plants generated more leaves, had more surviving leaves, had shorter new leaves and a shorter total length of surviving leaves than the control plants. This study highlights that A. orientale plants can resist at least 20 ds of complete submergence caused by flooding and regrow rapidly after submergence and improves our understanding of the flooding tolerance mechanisms of A. orientale plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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18 pages, 2885 KiB  
Article
Composition and Effects of Aerosol Particles Deposited on Urban Plant Leaves in Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitats
by Siqi Chen, Fangmin Fei, Yaobin Song, Ming Dong, Aiping Wu and Hua Yu
Plants 2024, 13(21), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213056 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 905
Abstract
Plants play a vital role in mitigating aerosol particles and improving air quality. This study investigated the composition characteristics and potential effects of particles retained on the leaf surfaces of two amphibious plants (i.e., Alternanthera philoxeroides and Hydrocotyle vulgaris) in both terrestrial [...] Read more.
Plants play a vital role in mitigating aerosol particles and improving air quality. This study investigated the composition characteristics and potential effects of particles retained on the leaf surfaces of two amphibious plants (i.e., Alternanthera philoxeroides and Hydrocotyle vulgaris) in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The results show that plant habitats influenced the composition of aerosol particles retained on leaf surfaces. Specifically, plants in terrestrial habitats retained a higher mass concentration of coarse and large particles rich in inorganic Ca2+, accounting for over 70% of total ions, whereas plants in aquatic habitats retained a greater abundance of fine and secondary particles with high fractions of water-soluble NO3− and SO42−, taking up over 65% of total anions. Secondary particles deposited on the surfaces of plants in aquatic habitats tend to deliquesce and transform from the particle phase to the liquid phase. Terrestrial habitats facilitate the deposition of large particles. Additionally, particle accumulation on leaf surfaces adversely affected the stomatal conductance of plant leaves, leading to reductions in both the transpiration and photosynthetic rates. This study provides insights into the impact and role of plants from different habitats in mitigating urban particulate pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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13 pages, 2315 KiB  
Article
Lobelia Lakes’ Vegetation and Its Photosynthesis Pathways Concerning Water Parameters and the Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Plants’ Organic Matter
by Eugeniusz Pronin, Krzysztof Banaś, Rafał Chmara, Rafał Ronowski, Marek Merdalski, Anne-Lise Santoni and Olivier Mathieu
Plants 2024, 13(17), 2529; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172529 - 9 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1099
Abstract
Most of the aquatic vegetation produces organic substances via the C3 photosynthetic pathway (mosses, isoetids—Lobelia dortmanna L., Luronium natans (L.) Raf., and vascular plants) or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM, e.g., Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. and Isoëtes lacustris L.) or by their ability to use HCO3 [...] Read more.
Most of the aquatic vegetation produces organic substances via the C3 photosynthetic pathway (mosses, isoetids—Lobelia dortmanna L., Luronium natans (L.) Raf., and vascular plants) or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM, e.g., Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. and Isoëtes lacustris L.) or by their ability to use HCO3− via carbon concentration mechanisms (CCMs—some elodeids and charophytes). Differentiating these predominant photosynthetic pathways in aquatic vegetation based on their organic matter (OM) carbon stable isotopes (δ13CORG) is a complex task, in contrast to terrestrial plants. This study investigates the OM deposition, characterized by δ13CORG values in 10 macrophyte species with different photosynthetic pathways (C3, CAM, and CCM) collected from 14 softwater Lobelia lakes in northern Poland. The higher δ13CORG values distinguish the CCM group, indicating their use of 13C-enriched HCO3¯ in photosynthesis. CAM species show slightly higher δ13CORG values than C3, particularly in lower pH lakes. Principal component analysis of isotopic and environmental data did not yield clear distinctions by the groups, but still, they significantly differ in light of analyzed parameters and isotopic signals (PRMANOVA = 5.08, p < 0.01; K-W H = 27.01, p < 0.001). The first two PCA dimensions showed that the water pH and Ca2+ concentration positively influenced δ13C values. The influence of light conditions on δ13CORG values revealed by third PCA components seems to also be important. In summary, northern Polish Lobelia lakes serve as a key differentiation point between vegetation employing CCMs and those relying on C3/CAM photosynthesis without HCO3− utilization, providing insights into transitions in plant communities within these ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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19 pages, 3309 KiB  
Article
Aquatic Plants in Ponds at the Brdo Estate (Slovenia) Show Changes in 20 Years
by Mateja Germ, Monika Bajc Tomšič, Igor Zelnik, Nik Ojdanič and Aleksandra Golob
Plants 2024, 13(17), 2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172439 - 31 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1162
Abstract
Ponds are important habitats for aquatic plants and other biota, particularly in regions where the quality of aquatic ecosystems is deteriorating or even disappearing. Ponds provide refuge for many species and serve as foraging places for others. The ponds studied are located in [...] Read more.
Ponds are important habitats for aquatic plants and other biota, particularly in regions where the quality of aquatic ecosystems is deteriorating or even disappearing. Ponds provide refuge for many species and serve as foraging places for others. The ponds studied are located in the Brdo Estate and are under special protection to maintain their educational and other ecosystem services. This study examined the temporal differences (20 years) of the plant communities in eleven ponds concerning eutrophication and/or other human pressures. Various measurements were taken between the two surveys to improve the quality of inflowing water. The selected ponds’ physical and chemical parameters, water depth, and transparency were measured. According to our results, water transparency and temperature significantly shaped the structure of the plant community and significantly influenced the presence and abundance of aquatic plants. The changes were reflected in the disappearance of four species of the genus Potamogeton, namely P. filiformis, P. lucens, P. pectinatus, and P. trichoides, which were recorded in 2001 but not in 2021. Secondly, the average number of plant species in the ponds has slightly increased in 20 years, mainly due to emergent plants. The construction of wastewater treatment plants in the catchment area prevented the eutrophication processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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10 pages, 1674 KiB  
Article
The Genetic Diversity of the Macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum in Backwaters Reflects Differences in the Hydrological Connectivity and Water Flow Rate of Habitats
by Attila I. Engloner, Kitti Németh and Judit Bereczki
Plants 2024, 13(16), 2220; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162220 - 10 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 796
Abstract
Macrophytes often live in fluvial backwaters that have a variety of hydrological connections to a main river. Since the ability of these plants to adapt to changing environments may depend on the genetic diversity of the populations, it is important to know whether [...] Read more.
Macrophytes often live in fluvial backwaters that have a variety of hydrological connections to a main river. Since the ability of these plants to adapt to changing environments may depend on the genetic diversity of the populations, it is important to know whether it can be influenced by habitat characteristics. We examined the microsatellite polymorphism of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum from various backwaters and showed that the genetic diversity of this plant clearly reflects habitat hydrological differences. The greatest genetic variability was found in a canal system where constant water flow maintained a direct connection between the habitats and the river. In contrast, an isolated backwater on the protected side of the river had the lowest plant genetic diversity. Oxbows permanently connected to the branch system with static or flowing water, and former river branches temporarily connected to the main bed contained populations with moderately high or low genetic variability. The results demonstrate that habitat fragmentation can be a result not only of the loss of direct water contact, but also of the lack of flowing water. Adverse hydrological changes can reduce the genetic diversity of populations and thus the ability of this macrophyte to adapt to changing environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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16 pages, 7428 KiB  
Article
Interspecific Differences in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism and Leaf Epiphytic Bacteria among Three Submerged Macrophytes in Response to Elevated Ammonia Nitrogen Concentrations
by Heyun Wang, Kuang Chen, Hui Jin and Rui Hu
Plants 2024, 13(11), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111427 - 21 May 2024
Viewed by 1066
Abstract
Submerged macrophytes in eutrophic aquatic environments adapt to changes in ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) levels by modifying their levels of free amino acids (FAAs) and soluble carbohydrates (SCs). As symbionts of submerged macrophytes, epiphytic bacteria have obvious host specificity. In the present [...] Read more.
Submerged macrophytes in eutrophic aquatic environments adapt to changes in ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) levels by modifying their levels of free amino acids (FAAs) and soluble carbohydrates (SCs). As symbionts of submerged macrophytes, epiphytic bacteria have obvious host specificity. In the present study, the interspecific differences in the FAA and SC contents of Hydrilla verticillata (Linn. f.) Roylep, Vallisneria natans Hara and Chara braunii Gmelin and their leaf epiphytic bacterial communities were assessed in response to increased NH4-N concentrations. The results revealed that the response of the three submerged macrophytes to NH4-N stress involved the consumption of SCs and the production of FAAs. The NH4-N concentration had a greater impact on the variation in the FAA content, whereas the variation in the SC content was primarily influenced by the species. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Nitrospirota on the leaves exhibited specific differences, with the order H. verticillata > V. natans > C. braunii. The dominant genera of epiphytic bacteria with denitrification effects on V. natans, H. verticillata and C. braunii leaves were Halomonas, Acinetobacter and Bacillus, respectively. When faced with NH4-N stress, the variation in epiphytic bacterial populations associated with ammonia oxidation and denitrification among submerged macrophytes could contribute to their divergent responses to heightened nitrogen levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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13 pages, 961 KiB  
Article
Temporal and Within-Sporophyte Variations in Triphenyltin Chloride (TPTCL) and Its Degradation Products in Cultivated Undaria pinnatifida
by Xingyue Ren, Yuanyuan Zhang, Xu Gao, Qingli Gong and Jingyu Li
Plants 2024, 13(6), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060767 - 8 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1118
Abstract
Undaria pinnatifida can effectively deal with organotin pollution through its excellent accumulation and degradation capabilities found under laboratory conditions. However, nothing is known regarding its accumulation, degradation performance, and related impact factors in the wild farming area. In this study, we monitored triphenyltin [...] Read more.
Undaria pinnatifida can effectively deal with organotin pollution through its excellent accumulation and degradation capabilities found under laboratory conditions. However, nothing is known regarding its accumulation, degradation performance, and related impact factors in the wild farming area. In this study, we monitored triphenyltin chloride (TPTCL) contents and degradation products in different algal parts (blades, stipes, sporophylls, and holdfasts) of cultivated U. pinnatifida from December 2018 to May 2019. Our results showed that sporophytes had an accumulation and degradation capacity for TPTCL. The TPTCL contents and degradation products varied with the algal growth stages and algal parts. TPTCL accumulated in the blades at the growth stage and the blades, stipes, sporophylls, and holdfasts at the mature stage. The TPTCL content among algal parts was blades (74.92 ± 2.52 μg kg−1) > holdfasts (62.59 ± 1.42 μg kg−1) > sporophylls (47.24 ± 1.41 μg kg−1) > stipes (35.53 ± 0.55 μg kg−1). The primary degradation product DPTCL accumulated only in the blades at any stage, with a concentration of 69.30 ± 3.89 μg kg−1. The secondary degradation product MPTCL accumulated in the blades at the growth stage and in the blades, stipe, and sporophyll at the mature stage. The MPTCL content among algal parts was blades (52.80 ± 3.48 μg kg−1) > sporophylls (31.08 ± 1.53 μg kg−1) > stipes (20.44 ± 0.85 μg kg−1). The accumulation pattern of TPTCL and its degradation products seems closely related to nutrient allocation in U. pinnatifida. These results provide the basis for applying cultivated U. pinnatifida in the bioremediation of organotin pollution and the food safety evaluation of edible algae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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12 pages, 3041 KiB  
Article
Responses in Plant Growth and Root Exudates of Pistia stratiotes under Zn and Cu Stress
by Yujie Wang, Pan Zhang, Canhua Yang, Yibai Guo, Panpan Gao, Tong Wang, Yu Liu, Lina Xu and Gongke Zhou
Plants 2024, 13(5), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050736 - 5 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1947
Abstract
At present, the situation regarding heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments is becoming more and more serious. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic plants causes obvious phytotoxicity, which can also induce secondary pollution in the aquatic environment. Zinc and copper, as indispensable [...] Read more.
At present, the situation regarding heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments is becoming more and more serious. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic plants causes obvious phytotoxicity, which can also induce secondary pollution in the aquatic environment. Zinc and copper, as indispensable elements for plant growth, are also prominent heavy metals in water pollution in China, and their concentrations play a crucial role in plant growth. In this study, we investigated the response of Pistia stratiotes (P. stratiotes) to different concentrations of Zn and Cu, and the results showed that plant growth and photosynthesis were inhibited under both Zn (1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L) and Cu (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1 mg/L) stresses. The relative growth rates of P. stratiotes under 8 mg/L Zn or 1 mg/L Cu stress were 6.33% and 6.90%, which were much lower than those in the control group (10.86%). Meanwhile, Zn and Cu stress caused insignificant change in the relative water contents of plants. The decrease in phlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll contents suggested the significant photoinhibition of Zn and Cu stress. Chemical analysis of plant root exudates showed that the root secretion species obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) mainly included amino acids, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and more. Compared with the control group, the influence of Zn or Cu on the reduction in relative amounts of exudates was greater than that on the increase. The results of this study provide important data for the utilization of P. stratiotes in heavy metal-polluted water environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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19 pages, 8372 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Phytoplankton Communities in Drinking Water Source Reservoirs in Shenzhen, China
by Qiting Liang, Xingliang Jin, Jie Feng, Shenhao Wu, Jiajia Wu, Ying Liu, Zixin Xie, Zhi Li and Chunxing Chen
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3933; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233933 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2049
Abstract
Phytoplankton diversity and community characteristics are closely associated with aquatic environmental factors. Understanding these dynamics can provide insights into the ecological health of water bodies. We investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of phytoplankton communities in 27 drinking water source reservoirs in Shenzhen, [...] Read more.
Phytoplankton diversity and community characteristics are closely associated with aquatic environmental factors. Understanding these dynamics can provide insights into the ecological health of water bodies. We investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of phytoplankton communities in 27 drinking water source reservoirs in Shenzhen, China. As a method, we collected samples during the dry season in 2021 and the wet season in 2022, analyzed the alpha and beta diversities of phytoplankton communities, and correlated these with the environmental factors. The results reveal that Cyanobacteria dominate the phytoplankton communities in the Shenzhen reservoirs. Phytoplankton diversity is greater during the dry season. The algal composition varies spatially, and the phytoplankton diversity tends to decrease with increasing eutrophication. A co-occurrence network analysis indicates denser and stronger correlations among phytoplankton nodes during the wet season than dry season. Reservoirs with moderate eutrophication levels exhibit denser nodes and stronger correlations compared to those with low or high eutrophication levels. The chemical oxygen demand, water temperature, pH, and total nitrogen are identified as key influencers of the phytoplankton community structure. Our results contribute to the enhanced understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton communities in reservoirs in South China and provides insights into the management and conservation of these drinking water reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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10 pages, 1266 KiB  
Article
The Correlation between Genotype Richness of Submerged Macrophytes and Periphyton Biomass: A Mesocosm Study Based on Five Dominant Submerged Macrophytes from Yangtze River
by Yu Cao, Xiang-Rong Fan, Henry Kariuki Njeri, Yun-Hai Pu, Wei Li and Yuan-Yuan Chen
Plants 2023, 12(13), 2492; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132492 - 29 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1666
Abstract
Submerged macrophyte and periphyton are main primary producers which strongly interact with each other in clear water shallow lakes. In this study, the effects of genetic variation of the macrophyte species on periphyton biomass were studied in five submerged species. A two-year mesocosm [...] Read more.
Submerged macrophyte and periphyton are main primary producers which strongly interact with each other in clear water shallow lakes. In this study, the effects of genetic variation of the macrophyte species on periphyton biomass were studied in five submerged species. A two-year mesocosm study was conducted with four levels of genetic diversity (1, 4, 8 and 16 genotypes) for each submerged macrophyte, including 1600 individuals and 320 boxes in 20 mesocosms. Of the five submerged species, only Vallisneria spinulosa showed a positive correlation between its levels of genotype richness and the periphyton biomass. The correlation between genetic distance of genotypes and periphyton biomass was tested, which varied with the difference of seasons and species. In summary, we found that in freshwater mesocosms, the genetic diversity of submerged macrophytes may play a role in regulating the periphyton biomass, but the interaction between genetic diversity of macrophytes and periphyton biomass was not straightforward. This study will provide new insights into the interaction dynamics between the two primary producers in shallow lakes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Ecology of Aquatic Plants)
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