Relationships Between Plant Phenology and Climate Factors

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 1476

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Interests: forest phenology; biogeography; community ecology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plant phenology refers to the periodic changes in plants during their growth and reproduction stages, serving as a sensitive indicator of how climate change affects ecosystems. Global changes have led to shifts in plant phenology, and these phenological changes affect population survival, species distribution, and species coexistence, as well as key ecosystem processes such as carbon cycling and water balance. Additionally, they can alter interactions between different trophic levels. Therefore, phenological research has become an essential approach for investigating the impacts of global change on ecosystems.

Previous studies suggest that the climatic factors affecting plant phenology mainly include temperature (winter chilling and spring temperature), precipitation, photoperiod, and irradiance. However, there are some limitations to many of these phenological studies. On the one hand, many of these climate factors are known to interact, i.e., chilling and photoperiod can, together, determine spring phenology through their complex impacts on dormancy release. Additionally, insufficient chilling may be offset by additional forcing. However, although such complexities have been identified in some species, they remain poorly understood for most species, including dominant species and rare species. On the other hand, most current phenological studies focus on temperate species and on spring phenology (such as leaf-out and flowering); research on tropical and subtropical species and on autumn phenology are very limited. In addition, the ability to explain and predict phenology across space, time, and taxa has largely relied on annual average and seasonal climatic variables, ignoring the potential role of extreme weather events in regulating phenology; furthermore,  extreme weather events may be key drivers of multitrophic phenological mismatches. 

This Special Issue of Plants aims to address outstanding research questions and challenges in the relationships between plants’ phenology and climate factors. Reviews, perspectives, and original research contributions are all welcome. Studies focusing on phenological change in response to multiple abiotic drivers, or under extreme climate change, are particularly encouraged. You can use data from field observations, experiments, herbarium specimen, local flora, etc.

Prof. Dr. Yanjun Du
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • plant phenology
  • climate change
  • mechanistic understanding
  • ecological modeling
  • plant species
  • experiment

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3099 KB  
Article
Direct Observation of the Developing Intra-Annual Density Fluctuation (IADF) for Scots Pine in Semiarid Siberian Belt Forest: External Stress Targets Cambium
by Yulia A. Kholdaenko, Natalia V. Karmanovskaya, Liliana V. Belokopytova, Dina F. Zhirnova, Nariman B. Mapitov, Eugene A. Vaganov and Elena A. Babushkina
Plants 2026, 15(3), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15030348 - 23 Jan 2026
Viewed by 409
Abstract
Long-term observations of the seasonal growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree rings in the arid conditions of the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin (southern Siberia) revealed that in 2024, trees had formed a tree ring with a typical intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) in [...] Read more.
Long-term observations of the seasonal growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree rings in the arid conditions of the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin (southern Siberia) revealed that in 2024, trees had formed a tree ring with a typical intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) in the transition wood. An analysis of the timing and causes of this wood structure anomaly was conducted using a combination of three approaches: (1) analyzing images of cross-sections of the forming tree ring throughout the season; (2) comparing the timing of anomalous cells’ differentiation with daily climate data; (3) comparing seasonal growth observations with calculated characteristics of the modeled growth rate and its derivatives: soil moisture and transpiration. We found that during the most severe heat wave and drought (from 22 June to 9 July), the last normal earlywood cells were yet expanding, IADF cells were being produced in the cambial zone, and the first of them began expansion, while normal cells began being produced again immediately after the subsiding of environmental stress. Apparently, low soil moisture and very high temperatures mainly impacted cells in the cambial zone, marking it as the primary target of external factors influencing tree-ring formation and structure, which is important for dendroclimatology and digital wood anatomy. This result is supported by both indirect and limited direct evidence from other sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships Between Plant Phenology and Climate Factors)
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17 pages, 1815 KB  
Article
The Mid-Domain Effect Shapes a Unimodal Latitudinal Pattern in Fruiting Phenology
by Longyang Zhang, Qianhuai Xue and Yanjun Du
Plants 2025, 14(23), 3701; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233701 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 622
Abstract
The mid-domain effect (MDE) has been used to explain spatial diversity patterns and flowering phenology, but its role in fruiting phenology has received limited attention to date. This study investigates whether the MDE shapes fruiting phenology and whether its influence varies with latitude. [...] Read more.
The mid-domain effect (MDE) has been used to explain spatial diversity patterns and flowering phenology, but its role in fruiting phenology has received limited attention to date. This study investigates whether the MDE shapes fruiting phenology and whether its influence varies with latitude. We integrated fruiting phenology data for 12,179 plant species across 28 Chinese provinces and used a null model to simulate expected fruiting richness patterns. Our results suggest that the MDE plays a significant role in explaining fruiting phenology patterns in most provinces. Crucially, the variance explained by the MDE exhibited a significant unimodal relationship with latitude across all groups, peaking at mid-latitudes (39.6° N for all species, 37.1° N for herbaceous plants, and 36.8° N for woody plants). Unlike flowering phenology—which tends to show a simple linear increase in MDE strength with latitude—fruiting exhibited a distinct peak, highlighting different ecological pressures acting on these two reproductive stages. The MDE was the primary contributor explaining fruiting richness, providing a markedly stronger fit to the data than key climate variables like temperature and precipitation, although woody plants showed a stronger secondary response to precipitation. These findings demonstrate that geometric constraints are a key driver of fruiting phenology, deepening our understanding of temporal niches and the ecological processes shaping plant reproductive phenology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships Between Plant Phenology and Climate Factors)
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