Trait–Environment Relationships in Plants: Acclimation and Adaptation

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Ecology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2025) | Viewed by 2235

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Biology, Billeaud Hall, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
Interests: functional traits; intraspecific trait variation; invasive species; limiting resources; plant ecology; plant ecophysiology; plasticity; population dynamics; stress tolerance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plants require inputs of key resources that can vary substantially over both space and time. The establishment and persistence of a plant species, thus, depends on an individual’s capacity to capture resources from the environment and to use resources effectively towards growth, survival, or reproduction. By examining environmentally driven patterns of variation in plant morphological, physiological, or chemical traits, as well as life history traits, we can better understand and characterize plant ecological strategies. Patterns of trait variation can result from acclimation, which occurs on relatively short timescales, or adaptation, which occurs on much longer, evolutionary timescales. This Special Issue of Plants will present recent studies that investigate how traits, particularly those that reflect resource capture and usage, vary in response to environmental cues via acclimation and adaptation responses. Variation both across and within species is informative for understanding the mechanisms by which plant species respond to the environment. Investigating the mechanisms by which, and consequences of, environmentally driven trait variation is important for more accurate predictions of future responses to environmental change.

We welcome contributions on the following topics:

  • Physiological, morphological, anatomical, chemical, and life-history (e.g., plant size at maturity) trait variation across environmental gradients, or across gradients of resource availability.
  • Observational or manipulative experiments in the field and under controlled conditions (e.g., glasshouse).
  • Studies quantifying trait variation at organ or tissue level (within leaves), or at the whole-plant level (e.g., whole-plant water use).
  • Studies that examine eco-evolutionary dynamics using plant traits (e.g., local genetic adaptation versus plasticity, traits promoting fitness, etc.).
  • Studies on terrestrial plant species are preferred.

Dr. Andrea C. Westerband
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • ecology
  • ecophysiology
  • community
  • functional traits
  • intraspecific trait variation
  • local adaptation
  • performance
  • population
  • trait variation

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1176 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Douglas Fir’s Provenances in Romania Through Multi-Trait Selection
by Emanuel Stoica, Alin Madalin Alexandru, Georgeta Mihai, Virgil Scarlatescu and Alexandru Lucian Curtu
Plants 2025, 14(9), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091347 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) is a valuable timber species native to western North America that was introduced to Europe in the 19th century. The objective of this study was to select the most valuable and stable Douglas fir provenances in [...] Read more.
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) is a valuable timber species native to western North America that was introduced to Europe in the 19th century. The objective of this study was to select the most valuable and stable Douglas fir provenances in Romania by combining growth and quality traits, using two indices recently used in forest tree species: the multi-trait genotype–ideotype distance index (MGIDI) and the multi-trait stability index (MTSI). The study was conducted across three common garden experiments in Romania, established in 1977, evaluating 61 provenances from the United States, Canada, Germany, France, and Romania. The analyzed traits were diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (TH), and pruned height (PH). Significant genotype–environment interactions were observed, with the Douglas fir showing superior growth performance in one of the testing sites in western Romania (Aleșd). The MGIDI and MTSI identified high-performing provenances from diverse geographic origins, including the Pacific Northwest, Europe, and Canada. Selection differentials ranged from 2.8% to 10.9% for individual traits, highlighting the potential for genetic improvement. The selected provenances represent valuable genetic resources of Douglas fir that are adapted to environmental conditions in the Carpathian region, contributing to the development of climate-adaptive breeding strategies and sustainable forest management. Full article
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20 pages, 3471 KiB  
Article
Interactive Effects of Climate and Large Herbivore Assemblage Drive Plant Functional Traits and Diversity
by Maggie Klope, Ruby Harris-Gavin, Stephanie Copeland, Devyn Orr and Hillary S. Young
Plants 2025, 14(8), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14081249 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 222
Abstract
Large herbivore communities are changing globally, with populations of wild herbivores generally declining while domestic herbivore populations are increasing, influencing ecosystem function along with the impacts of climate change. Manipulative experiments have rarely captured the interaction between patterns of large herbivore assemblage change [...] Read more.
Large herbivore communities are changing globally, with populations of wild herbivores generally declining while domestic herbivore populations are increasing, influencing ecosystem function along with the impacts of climate change. Manipulative experiments have rarely captured the interaction between patterns of large herbivore assemblage change and climatic conditions. This interaction may affect the functional traits and functional diversity of herbaceous communities; this requires investigation, as these metrics have been useful proxies for ecosystem function. We used a large herbivore exclosure experiment replicated along a topo-climatic gradient to explore the interaction between climate and herbivore assemblage on community-level functional traits and the functional diversity of herbaceous plant understories. Our findings demonstrate interacting effects between large herbivore assemblages and climate. We found a shift from drought-tolerant traits to drought-avoidant traits with increasing aridity, specifically with regard to plant leaf area and specific leaf area. We also determined that plant community responses to grazing changed from an herbivore avoidance strategy at drier sites to a more herbivore-tolerant strategy at wetter sites. We observed that the effects of herbivores on community-level traits can sometimes counteract those of climate. Finally, we found that cattle and large wild herbivores can differ in the magnitude and direction of effects on functional traits and diversity. Full article
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16 pages, 2507 KiB  
Article
Variations in Acorn Characteristics Between Two Mediterranean Quercus Species and Their Hybrids Through Contrasting Environmental Gradients in Spain
by Santiago González-Carrera, Alfonso Escudero, Alejandro Fernández-Fuentes, Montserrat Martínez-Ortega and Sonia Mediavilla
Plants 2025, 14(5), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050718 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Oaks are characterized by high plasticity and intense interspecific gene flow due to natural hybridization. This generates a wide phenotypic spectrum, which creates taxonomic confusion within the genus. We compared the acorn traits across a temperature gradient in two types of Mediterranean Quercus [...] Read more.
Oaks are characterized by high plasticity and intense interspecific gene flow due to natural hybridization. This generates a wide phenotypic spectrum, which creates taxonomic confusion within the genus. We compared the acorn traits across a temperature gradient in two types of Mediterranean Quercus (Quercus faginea Lam. and Q. pyrenaica Willd.) and their hybrids. Genetic groups were identified using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLPs) analysis. Acorns sampled from each of the three genetic groups were used for comparative purposes by means of 15 morphological characteristics. Eight of the traits showed discriminant value among the three groups. The acorn height tended to decrease with decreasing temperatures across the gradient, whereas the acorn width exhibited the opposite response. However, fruit traits allowed discrimination between the three groups, and the differences were consistent in the different zones. Both the number of acorns produced and the individual acorn size were larger for Q. pyrenaica. Hybrids showed intermediate traits between both parent species. Traditionally, the persistence of parental species in the absence of reproductive barriers has been explained by the lower fitness of the hybrids. Our results, however, do not reveal the presence of transgressive characteristics in the hybrids that could justify a lower competitive capacity. Full article
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18 pages, 7698 KiB  
Article
Plant Adaptation and Soil Shear Strength: Unraveling the Drought Legacy in Amorpha fruticosa
by Hao Jiang, Xiaoqing Chen, Gang Xu, Jiangang Chen, Dongri Song, Ming Lv, Hanqing Guo and Jingyi Chen
Plants 2025, 14(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020179 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 710
Abstract
Climate change has led to an increasing frequency of droughts, potentially undermining soil stability. In such a changing environment, the shallow reinforcement effect of plant roots often fails to meet expectations. This study aims to explore whether this is associated with the alteration [...] Read more.
Climate change has led to an increasing frequency of droughts, potentially undermining soil stability. In such a changing environment, the shallow reinforcement effect of plant roots often fails to meet expectations. This study aims to explore whether this is associated with the alteration of plant traits as a response to environmental change. Focusing on Amorpha fruticosa, a species known for its robust root system that plays a crucial role in soil consolidation and slope stabilization, thereby reducing soil and water erosion, we simulated a drought-rewetting event to assess the legacy effects of drought on the soil shear strength and the mechanical and hydrological traits associated with the reinforcement provided by A. fruticosa. The results show that the legacy effect of drought significantly diminishes the soil shear strength. Pretreated with drought, plant roots undergo morphological alterations such as deeper growth, yet the underground root biomass and diameter decline, thereby influencing mechanical reinforcement. Chemical composition analysis indicates that the plant’s adaptation to drought modifies the intrinsic properties of the roots, with varying impacts on different root types and overall reinforcement. Concurrently, the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of leaves decrease, weakening the capacity to augment soil matric suction through transpiration and potentially reducing hydrological reinforcement. Although rewetting treatments aid in recovery, drought legacy effects persist and impact plant functional attributes. This study emphasizes that, beyond soil matric suction, plant adaptive mechanisms in response to environmental changes may also contribute significantly to reduced soil shear strength. Consequently, ecological restoration strategies should consider plant trait adaptations to drought, enhancing root systems for soil conservation and climate resilience. Full article
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