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Photonics
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Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation
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Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2023) | Viewed by 21047

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jian Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
Interests: structured light; spin angular momentum; orbital angular momentum; light–matter interaction; nanophotonics; spatiotemporal optical vortex
Dr. Liping Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of engineering, Westlake University, Shilongshan road 18, 310024, Hangzhou, China
Interests: ultrashort laser technology; femtosecond laser nanofabrication; nonlinear nanophotonics; attosecond science; ultrafast spectroscopy; biophotonics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optical manipulation utilizes optical forces to handle mesoscopic objects with sizes ranging from the microscale to the nanoscale, as well as to provide tools to bridge the chasm between the macroscopic world and microscopic systems in disciplines including biology, physics, chemistry, aerography, etc. Over the past decades, optical manipulation has experienced intensive investigations, and yielded techniques of optical tweezers, cooling, binding, and trapping. They are widely applied to cell sorting, macromolecular purification, highly parallel drug screening, photonic circuit elements, integrated sensor arrays, high-density data storage, optical micromachines, nanofabrication, and so on.

Research on optical manipulation helps to deepen our understanding of the nature of light–matter interactions, as well as reveal the fundamental aspects of optical force exerted on mesoscopic objects. Commonly, optical manipulation can be achieved in dual counterpropagating beams, tightly focused single beams, and surface plasmon polaritons. Benefiting from the rapid development of nanophotonics, structured light engineering has made significant progress. The emerging structured light would inspire novel features of and trends in optical manipulation, in addition to ramping up the pace of innovations in this field.

This Special Issue aims at presenting original state-of-the-art research articles and reviews dealing with optical manipulation in a broad sense, with a special emphasis on its combination with structured light engineering. Research areas include, but are not limited to:

  • Optical manipulation.
  • Nanophotonics.
  • Optical tweezers.
  • Structured light.
  • Nanostructures.
  • Biophotonics.
  • Holography.
  • Nonlinear and ultrafast optics.
  • Photon–electron–phonon interaction in nanostructures.
  • Semiconductor photonics and optoelectronics.

Dr. Jian Chen
Dr. Liping Shi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical trapping
  • spin–orbit coupling
  • optical field tailoring
  • light–matter interaction
  • nanostructures

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 4896 KiB  
Article
Experimental Synthesis and Demonstration of the Twisted Laguerre–Gaussian Schell-Mode Beam
by Yuning Xia, Haiyun Wang, Lin Liu, Yahong Chen, Fei Wang and Yangjian Cai
Photonics 2023, 10(3), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030314 - 14 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1424
Abstract
The twisted Laguerre–Gaussian Schell-model (TLGSM) beam is a novel type of partially coherent beam embedded with both the second-order twist phase and the classical vortex phase. The intriguing properties induced by the interaction of the two types of phases have been demonstrated theoretically [...] Read more.
The twisted Laguerre–Gaussian Schell-model (TLGSM) beam is a novel type of partially coherent beam embedded with both the second-order twist phase and the classical vortex phase. The intriguing properties induced by the interaction of the two types of phases have been demonstrated theoretically quite recently. In this work, we introduce a flexible way to experimentally synthesize a TLGSM beam with controllable twist strength. The protocol relies on the discrete pseudo-mode representation for the cross-spectral density of a TLGSM beam, in which the beam is viewed as an incoherent superposition of a finite number of spatially coherent modes. We show that all these pseudo modes endowed with random phases are mutually uncorrelated and can be encoded into a single frame of a dynamic computer-generated hologram. By sequentially displaying dynamic holograms on a single spatial-light modulator, the controllable TLGSM beam can be synthesized experimentally. The joint effect of the two phases on the propagation and self-reconstruction characteristics of the synthesized beam has also been studied in the experiment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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11 pages, 475 KiB  
Communication
The Effect of Quantum Noise on Multipartite Entanglement from a Cascaded Parametric Amplifier
by Hailong Wang, Yajuan Zhang, Xiong Zhang, Jun Chen, Huaping Gong and Chunliu Zhao
Photonics 2023, 10(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030307 - 13 Mar 2023
Viewed by 978
Abstract
The tripartite entanglement generated from a cascaded parametric amplifier is always present in the whole gain region in the ideal condition. However, in practical applications, the quantum entanglement is very fragile and easily deteriorated by quantum noise from interactions with external environments, e.g., [...] Read more.
The tripartite entanglement generated from a cascaded parametric amplifier is always present in the whole gain region in the ideal condition. However, in practical applications, the quantum entanglement is very fragile and easily deteriorated by quantum noise from interactions with external environments, e.g., the avoidable attenuation and amplification operations may lead to some degradation effects on the quantum entanglement. Therefore, in this work, bipartite entanglement for the three pairs and tripartite entanglement in this cascaded parametric amplifier under the circumstances of attenuation and amplification operations are analyzed by using positivity under partial transposition criterion. The results show that tripartite entanglement is robust to the deterioration effects from the attenuation and amplification operations rather than bipartite entanglement. Our results may find some practical applications of multipartite quantum entanglement in quantum secure communications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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11 pages, 5139 KiB  
Communication
Dynamical Modulation of Transverse Orbital Angular Momentum in Highly Confined Spatiotemporal Optical Vortex
by Jian Chen, Siyu Kuai, Guoliang Chen, Lihua Yu and Qiwen Zhan
Photonics 2023, 10(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020148 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1342
Abstract
Spatiotemporal optical vortices (STOVs) have attracted numerous attention from researchers in recent years due to their intriguing characteristics with transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the spatiotemporal domain. In this work, we numerically analyze the tightly focusing characteristics of higher-order STOVs and present [...] Read more.
Spatiotemporal optical vortices (STOVs) have attracted numerous attention from researchers in recent years due to their intriguing characteristics with transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the spatiotemporal domain. In this work, we numerically analyze the tightly focusing characteristics of higher-order STOVs and present a method to dynamically modulate the transverse OAM in highly confined STOVs. Richards–Wolf vectorial diffraction theory was employed to simulate the three-dimensional spatiotemporal distribution of the focused STOV corresponding to the incident wave packet of topological charge of −2. The simulation results show that the higher-order spatiotemporal vortices in the transversely polarized components of the focused wave packets split into two first-order vortices with topological charge of −1 when the waist radius of the incident wave packet was larger than 40% of the pupil radius of the focusing lens, and the spacing of the two split vortices could be tailored by adjusting the waist radius of the incident wave packet. Meanwhile, the incident spatial waist radius also affected the tilt angle of the phase singularity trace in the z-polarized component of the focused field. The presented method provides a flexible way to dynamically engineer the spatiotemporal vortices in the tightly focused wave packet and may find potential applications in nanophotonics, light–matter interaction, quantum information processing, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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9 pages, 1898 KiB  
Communication
Enhancing the Self-Healing Ability of a Partially Coherent Airy Beam via Fourier Processing: Numerical Investigation
by Yuefeng Zhao, Yinghe Wang, Qian Chen, Pujuan Ma, Yangjian Cai and Chunhao Liang
Photonics 2023, 10(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020143 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1388
Abstract
Almost all of the beams under propagation are believed to suffer severe distortion when the source coherence deteriorates, due to the optical diffraction. This implies that low-coherence beams have poor self-healing ability, but were found to be robust against the turbulence, distortion, scattering, [...] Read more.
Almost all of the beams under propagation are believed to suffer severe distortion when the source coherence deteriorates, due to the optical diffraction. This implies that low-coherence beams have poor self-healing ability, but were found to be robust against the turbulence, distortion, scattering, etc. In this letter, we first prove numerically that partially coherent Airy beams (PCABs), generated via Fourier processing, have better self-healing ability than that of conventional fully coherent Airy beams. Moreover, as the source coherence deteriorates and the propagation distance increases, the self-healing ability is found to increase. We believe that such PCABs may find Airy beam-related applications in adverse environments, such as particle trapping in biological tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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14 pages, 5153 KiB  
Article
Multi-Wavelength Spot-Array Beams Based on Tunable Dammann Grating Metasurface
by Yuning Wu, Zhiwei Shi, Huan Jiang and Yaohua Deng
Photonics 2023, 10(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020141 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1630
Abstract
The structured light projection (SLP) method occupies a crucial position in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology. Different working wavelengths of structured light can be employed depending on the situation. However, there are few structured lights that can be modulated based on wavelength at present. [...] Read more.
The structured light projection (SLP) method occupies a crucial position in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology. Different working wavelengths of structured light can be employed depending on the situation. However, there are few structured lights that can be modulated based on wavelength at present. Therefore, we have comprehensively investigated and designed a Dammann grating (DG) based on metasurface, which can be controlled through multi-beam interference (MBI) to achieve a change of the working wavelength. In this work, we can convert the straight waveguide to the helical waveguide by fine-tuning the related parameters of the incident lights and generate 5 × 5 diffraction spot arrays in the wavelength range of 480–510 nm and 950–1020 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the metasurfaces exhibit good performance. For example, their spread angles can be up to 44° × 44° and they can reach a conversion efficiency of over ≥50% while maintaining a contrast ratio of roughly 40%. Compared with traditional structured light, it can be used in different working wavelengths and has a broader application range in 3D sensing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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10 pages, 5531 KiB  
Communication
A Dual-Band Carbon Dioxide Sensor Based on Metal–TiO2–Metal Metasurface Covered by Functional Material
by Wei Long, Rujun Zhou, Zixuan Du, Qiang Ling, Yusheng Zhang, Ding Zhao, Jie Shao, Si Luo and Daru Chen
Photonics 2022, 9(11), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110855 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1342
Abstract
Highly sensitive and integrated optical multi-band CO2 sensors are significant at the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region and still lack research. A compact CO2 sensor composed of a Au-disk/TiO2-cylinder/Au-film metasurface coated by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) film, functioning at multi-band resonances [...] Read more.
Highly sensitive and integrated optical multi-band CO2 sensors are significant at the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region and still lack research. A compact CO2 sensor composed of a Au-disk/TiO2-cylinder/Au-film metasurface coated by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) film, functioning at multi-band resonances as well as having high sensitivity to gas concentrations, is presented. It can be employed as a dual-band narrowband absorber, producing two strongly resonant modes at the SWIR region under a reflection-type framework of linearly polarized incidence. Moreover, the metasurface sensor possesses high refractive index sensitivity of 109.25 pm/ppm at around 1040 nm and 42.57 pm/ppm at around 1330 nm in the range of 200–600 ppm, which is suitable for detecting atmospheric CO2. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the sensitivity increases with a thicker PHMB film and optimizes at a thickness above 600 nm. The physical mechanism reveals that the higher order mode exhibits more extended near-field energy than the lower order mode, resulting in more sensitivity towards the surroundings. The design and results of our investigation show high-quality CO2 sensing performance which functions at dual spectrum bands in the SWIR region and is promising for integrated photonic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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11 pages, 2764 KiB  
Article
Manipulating Transverse Spin Angular Momentum with Symmetrically Modulated Hybridly Polarized Vector Optical Field
by Xue-Feng Sun, Yue Pan, Guang-Bo Zhang, Zhong-Xiao Man and Xu-Zhen Gao
Photonics 2022, 9(11), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110817 - 29 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1447
Abstract
Transverse spin angular momentum (SAM) of photon, also known as ‘photonic wheel’, has attracted much attention, owing to its extraordinary properties and broad application prospect. Thus, it is essential to flexibly manipulate the transverse SAM in order to satisfy different needs. In this [...] Read more.
Transverse spin angular momentum (SAM) of photon, also known as ‘photonic wheel’, has attracted much attention, owing to its extraordinary properties and broad application prospect. Thus, it is essential to flexibly manipulate the transverse SAM in order to satisfy different needs. In this article, we design and generate a new kind of symmetrically modulated hybridly polarized vector optical field (SM-HP-VOF), and pure transverse SAM can be achieved based on the tightly focused SM-HP-VOF. Through adjusting the parameters of the SM-HP-VOF, the shape, intensity, and symmetry of the transverse SAM can be modulated. Moreover, by adding a segmented vortex phase distribution to the SM-HP-VOF, the transverse SAM becomes more concentrated and stronger, indicating that the orbital angular momentum can be a catalyst in modulating transverse SAM. Such results can provide a new avenue in studying and modulating transverse SAM, which would have potential applications in various areas including chip optical circuitry, optical quantum computing, and optical trapping and manipulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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19 pages, 9383 KiB  
Article
Rectifying Nonreciprocal Perfect Absorber Based on Generalized Effective-Medium Theory for Composite Magnetic Metamaterials
by Yiyun Chen, Yaping Zhang, Lingzhong Zhao, Guangfeng Wen, Lin Zhang, Qingtao Ba, Qilin Luo, Jingjing Yu and Shiyang Liu
Photonics 2022, 9(10), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100699 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1339
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the implementation of a nonreciprocal perfect absorber (NPA) made of composite magnetic metamaterials (MMs) consisting of an array of dielectric core loaded (DCL) ferrite rods with either hollow or dielectric cores. The NPA can be functionalized as a [...] Read more.
In this work, we demonstrate the implementation of a nonreciprocal perfect absorber (NPA) made of composite magnetic metamaterials (MMs) consisting of an array of dielectric core loaded (DCL) ferrite rods with either hollow or dielectric cores. The NPA can be functionalized as a PA for the incident beam at a specified direction, while at the symmetric direction the absorption is very weak so that a strong reflection is observed due to the excitation of nonreciprocal magnetic surface plasmon. Interestingly, it is shown that the material loss might be beneficial to the absorption, but it will result in the degradation of nonreciprocal performance. For the delicately designed MMs, only a very small material loss is necessary and simultaneously ensures the high nonreciprocal performance of NPA. To interpret the high quality of NPA, we developed a generalized effective-medium theory for the composite MMs, which shows the direct consequence of the DCL ferrite rods with optimized core size and core permittivity. The partial wave analysis indicates that the nonreciprocal dipole resonance in DCL ferrite rod plays a crucial role in improving the nonreciprocity. The narrow band feature and the angular sensitivity make the NPA promising for the diode-like functionalities. In addition, by controlling the magnitude and orientation of bias magnetic field both the operating frequency and the nonreciprocity can be flexibly controlled, adding an additional degree of freedom. The concept proposed in this research is promising for microwave photonics and integrated photonics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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8 pages, 2879 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ag Nanowires with Different Morphologies on Light Trapping Abilities and Optoelectronic Properties of Ag Nanowires/ZnO:Al Nanorods Composite Films
by Chunlei Tao, Daqiang Hu, Ying Wang, Jiang Zhu and Jian Liu
Photonics 2022, 9(9), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090628 - 01 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1130
Abstract
The Ag nanowires/ZnO:Al nanorods (Ag NWs/AZO NRs) composite films were prepared by the simple hydrothermal growth of AZO NRs on the AZO seed layer (SL) at the void regions among the Ag NWs. Distinctive morphology evolution of the Ag NWs depending on the [...] Read more.
The Ag nanowires/ZnO:Al nanorods (Ag NWs/AZO NRs) composite films were prepared by the simple hydrothermal growth of AZO NRs on the AZO seed layer (SL) at the void regions among the Ag NWs. Distinctive morphology evolution of the Ag NWs depending on the mass of FeCl3⋅6H2O solution was observed on the AZO SL. The effect of Ag NWs with different morphologies on the structure, morphology, optoelectronic properties and light trapping abilities of Ag NWs/AZO NRs composite films was investigated systematically. In particular, the relationship between the morphology, light trapping and electrical properties of the composite films was analyzed in detail. When 7 g of FeCl3⋅6H2O solution was added, Ag NWs with a length of about 50 μM were generated, and the Ag NWs overlapped adequately with each other to form a network structure beneficial to conductivity. Meanwhile, the Ag NWs/AZO NRs composite films containing Ag NWs prepared with 7 g FeCl3⋅6H2O solution exhibited high TT (above 80%), high haze value (0.29) at 550 nm and low sheet resistance (5.9 Ω/sq), which can be employed as transparent electrodes for improving electrical and light trapping properties in solar cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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10 pages, 593 KiB  
Article
Multi-Mode Correlation in a Concurrent Parametric Amplifier
by Hailong Wang and Yunpeng Shi
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070443 - 23 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1217
Abstract
A concurrent parametric amplifier consisting of two pump beams is used to investigate the possibility of generating multi-mode correlation and entanglement. The existence of three-mode entanglement is demonstrated by analyzing the violation degree of three-mode entanglement criteria, including the sufficient criterion, i.e., two-condition [...] Read more.
A concurrent parametric amplifier consisting of two pump beams is used to investigate the possibility of generating multi-mode correlation and entanglement. The existence of three-mode entanglement is demonstrated by analyzing the violation degree of three-mode entanglement criteria, including the sufficient criterion, i.e., two-condition and optimal single-condition criterion, and necessary and sufficient criterion, i.e., positivity under partial transposition (PPT) criterion. Besides, two-mode entanglement generated from any pair is also studied by using the Duan criterion and PPT criterion. We find that three-mode entanglement and two-mode entanglement of the two pairs are present in the whole parameter region. Our results pave the way for the realization and application of multi-mode correlation and entanglement based on the concurrent parametric amplifiers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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13 pages, 1491 KiB  
Article
Parametric Excitation of Ultracold Sodium Atoms in an Optical Dipole Trap
by Ningxuan Zheng, Wenliang Liu, Jizhou Wu, Yuqing Li, Vladimir Sovkov and Jie Ma
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070442 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1646
Abstract
Parametric modulation is an effective tool to measure the trap frequency and investigate the atom dynamics in an optical dipole trap or lattices. Herein, we report on experimental research of parametric resonances in an optical dipole trap. By modulating the trapping potential, we [...] Read more.
Parametric modulation is an effective tool to measure the trap frequency and investigate the atom dynamics in an optical dipole trap or lattices. Herein, we report on experimental research of parametric resonances in an optical dipole trap. By modulating the trapping potential, we have measured the atomic loss dependence on the frequency of the parametric modulations. The resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations at the resonant frequency have been demonstrated and compared under three modulation waveforms (sine, triangle and square waves). A phenomenological theoretical simulation has been performed and shown good accordance with the observed resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations. The theoretical analysis can be easily extended to a complex waveform modulation and reproduce enough of the experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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10 pages, 2099 KiB  
Article
Multi-Way Noiseless Signal Amplification in a Symmetrical Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing Process
by Hailong Wang, Yajuan Zhang, Xiong Zhang, Chunliu Zhao, Shangzhong Jin and Jietai Jing
Photonics 2022, 9(4), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9040229 - 01 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1762
Abstract
According to the fundamental laws of quantum optics, vacuum noise is inevitably added to the signal when one tries to amplify a signal. However, it has been recently shown that noiseless signal amplification can be realized when a phase-sensitive process is involved. Two [...] Read more.
According to the fundamental laws of quantum optics, vacuum noise is inevitably added to the signal when one tries to amplify a signal. However, it has been recently shown that noiseless signal amplification can be realized when a phase-sensitive process is involved. Two phase-sensitive schemes, a correlation injection scheme and a two-beam phase-sensitive amplifier scheme, are both proposed to realize multi-way noiseless signal amplification in a symmetrical cascaded four-wave mixing process. We theoretically study the possibility of the realization of four-way noiseless signal amplification by using these two schemes. The results show that the correlation injection scheme can only realize one-way noiseless signal amplification, but that the two-beam phase-sensitive amplifier scheme can lead to four-way noise figure values below 1. Our results here may find potential applications in quantum information processing, e.g., the realization of quantum information tap and quantum non-demolition measurement, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 3246 KiB  
Review
Cherenkov Luminescence in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review
by Xianliang Wang, Lintao Li, Jie Li, Pei Wang, Jinyi Lang and Yuanjie Yang
Photonics 2022, 9(6), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060390 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2761
Abstract
Malignant tumors rank as a leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options are crucial to win battle against tumors. In recent years, Cherenkov luminescence (CL) has shown its technical advantages and clinical transformation potential in many important fields, particularly [...] Read more.
Malignant tumors rank as a leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options are crucial to win battle against tumors. In recent years, Cherenkov luminescence (CL) has shown its technical advantages and clinical transformation potential in many important fields, particularly in tumor diagnosis and treatment, such as tumor detection in vivo, surgical navigation, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the advances in CL for tumor diagnosis and treatment. We first describe the physical principles of CL and discuss the imaging techniques used in tumor diagnosis, including CL imaging, CL endoscope, and CL tomography. Then we present a broad overview of the current status of surgical resection, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and tumor microenvironment monitoring using CL. Finally, we shed light on the challenges and possible solutions for tumor diagnosis and therapy using CL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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