Optical Fiber Sensors: Shedding More Light with Machine Learning

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2025) | Viewed by 1940

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
Interests: optical fiber; fiber optic sensors; physical sensors; chemical sensing; gas sensing; polarization optics; sensor instrumentation; fiber interferometers

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Co-Guest Editor
Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
Interests: optical fiber sensors; novel interrogation techniques; biomedical applications of optical fiber sensors; interferometry and digital signal processing.
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Co-Guest Editor
Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506 004, India
Interests: fiber optic sensors; non-linear optics; wave optics

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Co-Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy
Interests: fiber optic sensors; Bragg grating; biomedical applications of optical fiber sensor
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optical fiber sensing technologies are at the cutting edge of modern sensing systems, heralding a new era in precision measurement and real-time data acquisition. These technologies capitalize on the unique properties of optical fibers, transforming them into dynamic platforms capable of detecting, monitoring, and analyzing a wide range of physical parameters. At the core of optical fiber sensing is the sophisticated use of optical fibers to transmit, receive, and modulate light signals. This fundamental principle enables the development of sensors with unparalleled sensitivity to variations in temperature, strain, pressure, and other environmental factors. Unlike conventional sensing methods, optical fiber sensors offer immunity to electromagnetic interference, making them exceptionally suited for deployment in demanding and high-performance environments. This intrinsic advantage ensures accurate and reliable data collection, even in the most challenging conditions, positioning optical fiber sensing technologies as indispensable tools in the realm of advanced measurement and monitoring. However, the demodulation of optical fiber sensors signals and their interpretation are still challenging tasks in some cases. Therefore, the application of machine learning techniques to optical fiber sensors signal processing leads to a positive synergetic effect, leading to more efficient solutions in healthcare, structure health monitoring, industrial inspection, and many other technologies.

This Special Issue seeks to publish high-quality papers that explore the integration of machine learning with various fiber-based sensor technologies. We welcome research that delves into a diverse array of topics, including, but not limited to, the following: the application of machine learning techniques for processing of complex responses of optical fiber sensors, including distributed sensors; solving signal demodulation tasks in optical fiber sensors using machine learning techniques, including speckle pattern processing, multimode interference signal demodulation, fading reduction, and response linearization in distributed optical fiber sensors; application of machine learning techniques to advancing design process and optimization of optical fiber sensors; and simulation of optical fiber sensors signals using machine learning techniques. Considered machine learning techniques cover both classical machine learning as well as deep artificial neural networks.

Dr. Koustav Dey
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Ushakov
Prof. Sourabh Roy
Dr. Elena De Vita
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • machine learning
  • deep learning
  • fiber gratings
  • sensor signal processing
  • fiber optic interferometers
  • multimode interference (MMI)
  • physical, chemical and bio sensors
  • distributed fiber optic sensors
  • fiber optic specklegram sensors
  • fiber vortex sensors

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 2065 KB  
Article
Machine Learning-Assisted Simultaneous Measurement of Salinity and Temperature Using OCHFI Cascaded Sensor Structure
by Anirban Majee, Koustav Dey, Nikhil Vangety and Sourabh Roy
Photonics 2025, 12(12), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12121203 - 5 Dec 2025
Abstract
A compact offset-coupled hybrid fiber interferometer (OCHFI) is designed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature. The sensor integrates multimode fiber (MMF) and offset no-core fiber (NCF) through an intermediate single-mode fiber (SMF), producing distinct interference patterns for multi-parameter sensing. [...] Read more.
A compact offset-coupled hybrid fiber interferometer (OCHFI) is designed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature. The sensor integrates multimode fiber (MMF) and offset no-core fiber (NCF) through an intermediate single-mode fiber (SMF), producing distinct interference patterns for multi-parameter sensing. The optimal SMF length was determined through COMSOL simulations (version 6.2) and fixed at 50 cm to achieve stable and well-separated interference dips. Fast Fourier Transform analysis confirmed that the modal behavior originates from the single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) and single-mode-no-core-single-mode (SNS) segments. Experimentally, Dip 1 exhibits salinity sensitivity of 0.62206 nm/‰, while Dip 2 shows temperature sensitivity of 0.09318 nm/°C, both with linearity (R2 > 0.99), excellent repeatability, and stability, with fluctuations within 0.15 nm over 60 min. To remove cross-sensitivity, both the transfer matrix method and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were employed. The ANN approach significantly enhanced prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.9999) with RMSE improvement approximately 539-fold for salinity and 56-fold for temperature, compared with the analytical model. The proposed OCHFI sensor provides a compact, low-cost, and intelligent solution for precise simultaneous salinity and temperature measurement, with strong potential for applications in marine, chemical, and industrial process control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Fiber Sensors: Shedding More Light with Machine Learning)
15 pages, 4797 KB  
Article
Analytical Investigation of DNA Hybridization Sensing Using Integrated Photonic Micro-Ring Resonators
by Shalini Vardhan and Ritu Raj Singh
Photonics 2025, 12(3), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12030216 - 28 Feb 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1269
Abstract
The study of infected biological cells is crucial in modern biomedical research. This work presents a passive sensing approach using optical resonators, designed to detect malignant diseases within a refractive index (RI) range of 1 to 1.5. A comprehensive theoretical analysis is conducted, [...] Read more.
The study of infected biological cells is crucial in modern biomedical research. This work presents a passive sensing approach using optical resonators, designed to detect malignant diseases within a refractive index (RI) range of 1 to 1.5. A comprehensive theoretical analysis is conducted, yielding an expected limit of detection (LoD) ranging from 0.03 nm/RIU to 0.92 nm/RIU. Furthermore, an in-depth investigation of DNA hybridization is performed, incorporating a 1.8 nm linker layer at the analyte boundary. The refractive indices of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are 1.456 and 1.529, respectively. The novelty of this work lies in the renaturation process of ssDNA to dsDNA, demonstrated through a labeled sensing modality with a measurable shift in the resonance wavelength spectrum. The proposed surface-functionalized resonators, designed using Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology, include (a) a Rectangular Waveguide-based Ring Resonator (RWRiR), (b) a Rectangular Waveguide-based Racetrack Resonator (RWRaR), (c) a Slot Waveguide-based Ring Resonator (SWRiR), and (d) a Slot Waveguide-based Racetrack Resonator (SWRaR). Among these, the SWRiR exhibits the best performance for DNA sensing, achieving a quality factor (Q-factor) of 2216.714, a sensitivity (S) of 54.282 nm/RIU, and a normalized sensitivity (S’) of 0.0349. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Fiber Sensors: Shedding More Light with Machine Learning)
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