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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Sports Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 10172

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Prof. Dr. Éric Goulet

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Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada
Interests: exercise; hydration and exercise; protein metabolism; human performance; sarcopenia; insulin sensitivity; aging
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest among researchers to think outside the box and examine the impacts of hydration manipulation in humans through new angles which have barely been touched upon before. For instance, research has recently started to gain some insight into how hypohydration affects glucose tolerance/insulin sensitivity or pain perception. Counterintuitively, following observations and anecdotes derived from the field, it has recently been demonstrated that hyperhydration can be used to accelerate body water losses and therefore improve weight-reduction management for weight-category sports. Furthermore, machine learning, which is a subfield of artificial intelligence, has recently been introduced into the field to distinguish the hydration characteristics of athletes. The goal of this Special Issue of Nutrients is to showcase results of studies or novel ideas that push the frontiers of hydration research in health, disease and exercise to a whole new level. Narrative reviews, meta-analyses, technical and perspective papers and original studies with positive or negative outcomes are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Éric Goulet
Guest Editor

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Keywords

hydration strategy
hypohydration
dehydration
hyperhydration
exercise
health
disease
physical capacity
physiological adaptations

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 3486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Limited Effect of Dehydrating via Active vs. Passive Heat Stress on Plasma Volume or Osmolality, Relative to the Effect of These Stressors per Se

by Alexandria Davies, Ashley Paul Akerman, Nancy Jane Rehrer, Simon N. Thornton and James David Cotter

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040904 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

The physiological, perceptual, and functional effects of dehydration may depend on how it is incurred (e.g., intense exercise releases endogenous water via glycogenolysis) but this basic notion has rarely been examined. We investigated the effects of active (exercise) heat- vs. passive heat-induced dehydration, and the kinetics of ad libitum rehydration following each method. Twelve fit participants (five females and seven males) completed four trials in randomised order: DEHydration to −3% change in body mass (∆BM) under passive or active heat stress, and EUHydration to prevent ∆BM under passive or active heat stress. In all trials, participants then sat in a temperate-controlled environment, ate a standard snack and had free access to water and sports drink during their two-hour recovery. During mild dehydration (≤2% ∆BM), active and passive heating caused comparable increases in plasma osmolality (P_osm: ~4 mOsmol/kg, interaction: p = 0.138) and reductions in plasma volume (PV: ~10%, interaction: p = 0.718), but heat stress per se was the main driver of hypovolaemia. Thirst in DEHydration was comparably stimulated by active than passive heat stress (p < 0.161) and shared the same relation to P_osm (r ≥ 0.744) and ∆BM (r ≥ 0.882). Following heat exposures, at 3% gross ∆BM, PV reduction was approximately twice as large from passive versus active heating (p = 0.003), whereas P_osm perturbations were approximately twice as large from EUHydration versus DEHydration (p < 0.001). Rehydrating ad libitum resulted in a similar net fluid balance between passive versus active heat stress and restored PV despite the incomplete replacement of ∆BM. In conclusion, dehydrating by 2% ∆BM via passive heat stress generally did not cause larger changes to PV or P_osm than via active heat stress. The heat stressors themselves caused a greater reduction in PV than dehydration did, whereas ingesting water to maintain euhydration produced large reductions in P_osm in recovery and therefore appears to be of more physiological significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research on Hydration in Health, Disease and Exercise)

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15 pages, 2496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on a 5-kilometer Running Time-Trial Performance in the Heat in Recreationally Active Individuals

by Antoine Jolicoeur Desroches, Catherine Naulleau, Thomas A. Deshayes, Hugo Parent-Roberge, Timothée Pancrate and Eric D. B. Goulet

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030599 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3797

Abstract

Maximal oxygen consumption (

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O_2max) is a major determinant of 5-km running time-trial (TT) performance. Glycerol-induced hyperhydration (GIH) could improve

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O_2max in recreationally active persons through an optimal increase in plasma volume. Moreover, ingestion of a [...] Read more.

Maximal oxygen consumption (

\dot{V}

O_2max) is a major determinant of 5-km running time-trial (TT) performance. Glycerol-induced hyperhydration (GIH) could improve

\dot{V}

O_2max in recreationally active persons through an optimal increase in plasma volume. Moreover, ingestion of a large bolus of cold fluid before exercise could decrease thermal stress during exercise, potentially contributing to improved performance. We determined the effect of GIH on 5-km running TT performance in 10 recreationally active individuals (age: 24 ± 4 years;

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O_2max: 48 ± 3 mL/kg/min). Using a randomized and counterbalanced protocol, participants underwent two, 120-min hydration protocols where they ingested a 1) 30 mL/kg fat-free mass (FFM) of cold water (~4 °C) with an artificial sweetener + 1.4 g glycerol/kg FFM over the first 60 min (GIH) or 2) 7.5 mL/kg FFM of cold water with an artificial sweetener over the first 20 min (EUH). Following GIH and EUH, participants underwent a 5-km running TT at 30 °C and 50% relative humidity. After 120 min, GIH was associated with significantly greater fluid retention (846 ± 415 mL) and plasma volume changes (10.1 ± 8.4%) than EUH, but gastrointestinal (GI) temperature did not differ. During exercise, 5-km running TT performance (GIH: 22.95 ± 2.62; EUH: 22.52 ± 2.74 min), as well as heart rate, GI temperature and perceived exertion did not significantly differ between conditions. This study demonstrates that the additional body water and plasma volume gains provided by GIH do not improve 5-km running TT performance in the heat in recreationally active individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research on Hydration in Health, Disease and Exercise)

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Review

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15 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physiological Benefits and Performance of Sea Water Ingestion for Athletes in Endurance Events: A Systematic Review

by Jerónimo Aragón-Vela, Olivia González-Acevedo, Julio Plaza-Diaz, Rafael A. Casuso and Jesús R. Huertas

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214609 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3944

Abstract

In different endurance events, athletes have limited access to fluid intake, such as ultra-endurance running. For this reason, it is necessary to establish an adequate hydration strategy for this type of long-duration sporting event. Indeed, it seems that the intake of seawater is a suitable hydration alternative to improve post-exercise recovery in this type of endurance event. This seawater is characterized by being a deep natural mineral water of moderate mineralization, which is usually extracted from a depth of about 700 m. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of seawater consumption in both performance and post-exercise recovery in long-duration sport events. A systematic and comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in September 2022. Initially, 8 out of 558 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among these eight studies, six were randomized clinical trials, and two were observational studies (one cross-sectional and one prospective study in well-conditioned student athletes). The results showed that deep sea water consumption accelerated the recovery of aerobic capacity and leg muscle capacity on running performance. In addition, the lactate production after the running exercise in seawater was significantly lower than in pure water. In conclusion, the present review demonstrates that seawater consumption could significantly improve the capacity of recovery after exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research on Hydration in Health, Disease and Exercise)

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