Limited Effect of Dehydrating via Active vs. Passive Heat Stress on Plasma Volume or Osmolality, Relative to the Effect of These Stressors per Se
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Participants
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Pre-Testing
2.5. Experimental Protocol
2.6. Measurements
2.7. Calculations
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Compliance
3.2. Independent Measures (Baselines, ∆BM, Duration, Environmental Conditions)
3.3. Plasma Volume and Plasma Osmolality
3.4. Substrate Oxidation and Mass Exchanges
3.5. Thirst and Oral Sensations
3.6. Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Thermal Responses
3.7. Urine Indices
3.8. Rehydration Fluid Balance
3.9. Summary of Key Findings for the Four Main Questions
3.10. Subsequent 24-h Fluid Balances and Nutrient Intakes
4. Discussion
4.1. Dehydration
4.2. Rehydration
4.3. Limitations
4.4. Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Age (y) | Height (cm) | Body Mass (kg) | Body Fat a (%) | O2peakb (mL/min/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 12 | 33.5 ± 11.6 | 172 ± 7 | 74.4 ± 13.4 | 20 ± 7 | 50.7 ± 9.0 |
Female | 5 | 27.2 ± 8.0 | 167 ± 5 | 66.2 ± 6.0 | 24 ± 6 | 48.4 ± 5.1 |
Male | 7 | 38.0 ± 12.2 | 176 ± 5 | 80.3 ± 14.5 | 17 ± 7 | 52.6 ± 11.4 |
Trial | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Passive Heat DEHhydration | Active Heat DEHydration | Passive Heat EUHydration | Active Heat EUHydration | |
Total duration (min) | 179 ± 36 | 185 ± 12 | 175 ± 43 | 187 ± 29 |
Post BM (kg) | 72.6 ± 12.2 | 72.3 ± 14.3 | 74.0 ± 15.1 | 74.6 ± 13.5 |
Gross ∆BM a (%) | −3.1 ± 0.6 | −3.1 ± 0.3 | −3.1 ± 0.5 | −3.2 ± 0.5 |
Net ∆BM a (%) | −3.1 ± 0.6 | −3.1 ± 0.3 | −0.1 ± 0.6 | −0.0 ± 0.3 |
Research Question | Comparison | Findings | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔPosm | ΔPV | Thirst | Uvol | ||
1: Are physiological and psychophysical strains greater when a realistic mild-moderate dehydration is induced via passive, more so than active heat stress, and still in those exposures? | 0 vs. −2% BM in respective stressor (e.g., Figure 2A and Figure 3A) | P ≈ A | P ≈ A | P ≈ A | P ≈ A |
2: Are fluid-regulatory responses greater when moderately hypohydrated via passive, more so than active heat stress, and now in a non-stressful environment? | 0 vs. −3% BM, in a matched setting; resting in a temperate environ. (e.g., Figure 2A and Figure 3A) | P ≈ A | P > A | P ≈ A | P ≈ A |
3: What are the effects of these stressors per se? (i.e., by comparing with a BM-neutral condition under the same stressor) | Compare effects across hydration states within each form of heat stress. (e.g., Figure 2B,C and Figure 3B,C) | D < P ≈ A | D < P ≈ A | P < A | D > P ≈ A |
4: Does rehydration recovery behaviour or efficacy depend on the method of dehydration? | −3% BM vs. 2 h rehydrate | P ≈ A | P ≈ A | P ≈ A | P ≈ A |
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Davies, A.; Akerman, A.P.; Rehrer, N.J.; Thornton, S.N.; Cotter, J.D. Limited Effect of Dehydrating via Active vs. Passive Heat Stress on Plasma Volume or Osmolality, Relative to the Effect of These Stressors per Se. Nutrients 2023, 15, 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040904
Davies A, Akerman AP, Rehrer NJ, Thornton SN, Cotter JD. Limited Effect of Dehydrating via Active vs. Passive Heat Stress on Plasma Volume or Osmolality, Relative to the Effect of These Stressors per Se. Nutrients. 2023; 15(4):904. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040904
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavies, Alexandria, Ashley Paul Akerman, Nancy Jane Rehrer, Simon N. Thornton, and James David Cotter. 2023. "Limited Effect of Dehydrating via Active vs. Passive Heat Stress on Plasma Volume or Osmolality, Relative to the Effect of These Stressors per Se" Nutrients 15, no. 4: 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040904