Nutrients

17 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Patterns and Their Food Sources in Older Persons from France and Quebec: Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics

by Benjamin Allès^1,2,3,4,*

, Cécilia Samieri^1,2, Simon Lorrain^1,2, Marthe-Aline Jutand^1,2, Pierre-Hugues Carmichael³

, Bryna Shatenstein^5,6, Pierrette Gaudreau^7,8, Hélène Payette^9,10, Danielle Laurin^3,4,† and Pascale Barberger-Gateau^1,2,†

¹ Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, F-33000, France

² Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, INSERM, ISPED, Bordeaux, F-33000, France

³ Québec Center of Excellence on Aging, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada

⁴ Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada

⁵ Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada

⁶ Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS du Centre-est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada

⁷ Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada

⁸ Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada

⁹ Research Center on Aging—Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de l’Estrie—Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSS de l’Estrie-CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada

¹⁰ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Nutrients 2016, 8(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8040225 - 19 Apr 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7440

Abstract

Background: Dietary and nutrient patterns have been linked to health outcomes related to aging. Food intake is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. The aim of the present study was to compare nutrient patterns across two elderly populations sharing a common ancestral [...] Read more.

Background: Dietary and nutrient patterns have been linked to health outcomes related to aging. Food intake is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. The aim of the present study was to compare nutrient patterns across two elderly populations sharing a common ancestral cultural background, but living in different environments. Methods: The diet quality, lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics of participants from the Three-City Study (3C, France, n = 1712) and the Québec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge, Quebec, Canada, n = 1596) were analyzed. Nutrient patterns and their food sources were identified in the two samples using principal component analysis. Diet quality was compared across sample-specific patterns by describing weekly food intake and associations with the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI). Results: Three nutrient patterns were retained in each study: a healthy, a Western and a more traditional pattern. These patterns accounted for 50.1% and 53.5% of the total variance in 3C and NuAge, respectively. Higher education and non-physical occupations over lifetime were associated with healthy patterns in both studies. Other characteristics such as living alone, having a body mass index lower than 25 and being an ex-smoker were associated with the healthy pattern in NuAge. No association between these characteristics and the nutrient patterns was noted in 3C. The healthy and Western patterns from each sample also showed an inverse association with C-HEI. Conclusion: The two healthy patterns showed important similarities: adequate food variety, consumption of healthy foods and associations with common sociodemographic factors. This work highlights that nutrient patterns derived using a posteriori methods may be useful to compare the nutritional quality of the diet of distinct populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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12 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Genomics and the Mediterranean Diet’s Effects on Human Cardiovascular Health

by Montserrat Fitó^1,*,† and Valentini Konstantinidou^2,*,†

¹ Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain

² MEDOLIALI S.L. (DNANUTRICOACH^®), Calle Diputación, 279, 1, 7, Barcelona 08007, Spain

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(4), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8040218 - 13 Apr 2016

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 13509

Abstract

The synergies and cumulative effects among different foods and nutrients are what produce the benefits of a healthy dietary pattern. Diets and dietary patterns are a major environmental factor that we are exposed to several times a day. People can learn how to [...] Read more.

The synergies and cumulative effects among different foods and nutrients are what produce the benefits of a healthy dietary pattern. Diets and dietary patterns are a major environmental factor that we are exposed to several times a day. People can learn how to control this behavior in order to promote healthy living and aging, and to prevent diet-related diseases. To date, the traditional Mediterranean diet has been the only well-studied pattern. Stroke incidence, a number of classical risk factors including lipid profile and glycaemia, emergent risk factors such as the length of telomeres, and emotional eating behavior can be affected by genetic predisposition. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet could exert beneficial effects on these risk factors. Our individual genetic make-up should be taken into account to better prevent these traits and their subsequent consequences in cardiovascular disease development. In the present work, we review the results of nutritional genomics explaining the role of the Mediterranean diet in human cardiovascular disease. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to extract knowledge from large-scale data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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14 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Macronutrient Intake and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea as Well as Self-Reported Sleep Symptoms: Results from a Cohort of Community Dwelling Australian Men

by Yingting Cao^1,2,*, Gary Wittert², Anne W. Taylor¹

, Robert Adams³ and Zumin Shi^1,2

¹ Population Research and Outcome Studies, the University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia

² Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia

³ Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(4), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8040207 - 8 Apr 2016

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 31579

Abstract

Background: macronutrient intake has been found to affect sleep parameters including obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in experimental studies, but there is uncertainty at the population level in adults. Methods: cross-sectional analysis was conducted of participants in the Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and [...] Read more.

Background: macronutrient intake has been found to affect sleep parameters including obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in experimental studies, but there is uncertainty at the population level in adults. Methods: cross-sectional analysis was conducted of participants in the Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress cohort (n = 784, age 35–80 years). Dietary intake was measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Self-reported poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were measured by questionnaires. Overnight in-home polysomnography (PSG) was conducted among participants with without previously diagnosed OSA. Results: after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases, the highest quartile of fat intake was positively associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.78, 95% CI 1.10, 2.89) and apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥20, (RRR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.20–7.38). Body mass index mediated the association between fat intake and AHI (30%), but not daytime sleepiness. There were no associations between other intake of macronutrient and sleep outcomes. Conclusion: high fat is associated with daytime sleepiness and AHI. Sleep outcomes are generally not assessed in studies investigating the effects of varying macronutrient diets on weight loss. The current result highlights the potential public health significance of doing so. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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11 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Quality Scores and Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Chinese Adults: A Case-Control Study

by Cheng Wang^1,†, Xiao-Ling Lin^2,†, Yu-Ying Fan³, Yuan-Ting Liu⁴, Xing-Lan Zhang⁵, Yun-Kai Lu³, Chun-Hua Xu⁶ and Yu-Ming Chen^1,*

¹ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China

² Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China

³ Sun Yat-sen University Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou 510060, China

⁴ Information Section, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou 511400, China

⁵ Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China

⁶ Clinical laboratory section of the office outpatient Department public security board, Guangdong 510050, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this article.

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030112 - 25 Feb 2016

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7396

Abstract

Many studies show that dietary factors may affect the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We examined the association between overall diet quality and NPC risk in a Chinese population. This case-control study included 600 NPC patients and 600 matched controls between 2009 and [...] Read more.

Many studies show that dietary factors may affect the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We examined the association between overall diet quality and NPC risk in a Chinese population. This case-control study included 600 NPC patients and 600 matched controls between 2009 and 2011 in Guangzhou, China. Habitual dietary intake and various covariates were assessed via face-to-face interviews. Diet quality scores were calculated according to the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005), the alternate Healthy Eating Index (aHEI), the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I), and the alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMed). After adjustment for various lifestyle and dietary factors, greater diet quality scores on the HEI-2005, aHEI, and DQI-I—but not on the aMed—showed a significant association with a lower risk of NPC (p-trends, <0.001–0.001). The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) comparing the extreme quartiles of the three significant scores were 0.47 (0.32–0.68) (HEI-2005), 0.48 (0.33–0.70) (aHEI), and 0.43 (0.30–0.62) (DQI-I). In gender-stratified analyses, the favorable association remained significant in men but not in women. We found that adherence to the predefined dietary patterns represented by the HEI-2005, aHEI, and DQI-I scales predicted a lower risk of NPC in adults from south China, especially in men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

13 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Changes over 25 Years in Tianjin Residents: Findings from the 1986–1988, 2000–2004, and 2008–2011 Nutrition Surveys

by Xuan Wang, Yuntang Wu, Xumei Zhang, Meilin Zhang and Guowei Huang^*

Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070 Tianjin, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8020062 - 22 Jan 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5698

Abstract

In China, the rates of chronic diseases characteristic of countries in nutritional transition have been increasing. However, few studies have examined diet changes in recent decades. We analyzed dietary changes in Tianjin, China. The data in this descriptive, population-based study in ≥18-year-old adults [...] Read more.

In China, the rates of chronic diseases characteristic of countries in nutritional transition have been increasing. However, few studies have examined diet changes in recent decades. We analyzed dietary changes in Tianjin, China. The data in this descriptive, population-based study in ≥18-year-old adults were collected from three surveys from 1986 to 2011. Food consumption and nutrient intake were compared among the three surveys separately for urban and rural areas. Differences in food consumption between urban and rural areas in different periods were also shown. The consumption of cereals, vegetables, and oils decreased, and that of fruits and beans increased in both urban and rural areas. Moreover, the total consumption of animal foods, especially milk, increased (0.01% in 1986–1988; 1.72% in 2008–2011) in rural areas. Although milk consumption also increased in urban areas, consumption of other animal foods decreased (19.33% in 1986–1988; 13.74% in 2008–2011). Meanwhile, cereals consumption rebounded from 22.63% in 2000–2004 to 29.75% in 2008–2011. Moreover, the lack of dairy products and some nutrients, e.g., retinol, calcium, and dietary fiber (<80% of recommended nutrient intake), in the diet persisted in both urban and rural areas. In conclusion, differences in diet between urban and rural areas decreased over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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17 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clustering of Dietary Patterns, Lifestyles, and Overweight among Spanish Children and Adolescents in the ANIBES Study

by Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo¹

, Ángel Gil²

, Marcela González-Gross³

, Rosa M. Ortega⁴

, Lluis Serra-Majem⁵

, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras^6,7 and Javier Aranceta-Bartrina^8,*

¹ FIDEC Foundation, University of the Basque Country, Gurtubay s/n, Bilbao 48010, Spain

² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Campus de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento, Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain

³ ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, Madrid 28040, Spain

⁴ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

⁵ Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, C/Doctor Pasteur s/n, Trasera del Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain

⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Urb. Montepríncipe, Crta. Boadilla Km. 5.3, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28668, Spain

⁷ Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), C/General Álvarez de Castro 20. 1a pta, Madrid 28010, Spain

⁸ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona 31008, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010011 - 28 Dec 2015

Cited by 99 | Viewed by 15821

Abstract

Weight gain has been associated with behaviors related to diet, sedentary lifestyle, and physical activity. We investigated dietary patterns and possible meaningful clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep time in Spanish children and adolescents and whether the identified clusters could be [...] Read more.

Weight gain has been associated with behaviors related to diet, sedentary lifestyle, and physical activity. We investigated dietary patterns and possible meaningful clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep time in Spanish children and adolescents and whether the identified clusters could be associated with overweight. Analysis was based on a subsample (n = 415) of the cross-sectional ANIBES study in Spain. We performed exploratory factor analysis and subsequent cluster analysis of dietary patterns, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep time. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the cluster solutions and overweight. Factor analysis identified four dietary patterns, one reflecting a profile closer to the traditional Mediterranean diet. Dietary patterns, physical activity behaviors, sedentary behaviors and sleep time on weekdays in Spanish children and adolescents clustered into two different groups. A low physical activity-poorer diet lifestyle pattern, which included a higher proportion of girls, and a high physical activity, low sedentary behavior, longer sleep duration, healthier diet lifestyle pattern. Although increased risk of being overweight was not significant, the Prevalence Ratios (PRs) for the low physical activity-poorer diet lifestyle pattern were >1 in children and in adolescents. The healthier lifestyle pattern included lower proportions of children and adolescents from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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17 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Sectional Associations between Empirically-Derived Dietary Patterns and Indicators of Disease Risk among University Students

by Stacy A. Blondin^1,*

, Megan P. Mueller¹, Peter J. Bakun¹, Silvina F. Choumenkovitch¹, Katherine L. Tucker² and Christina D. Economos¹

¹ Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA

² Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, Center for Population Health & Health Disparities, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 4, Lowell, MA 01854, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010003 - 24 Dec 2015

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9221

Abstract

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a unique period during which lifelong dietary habits are shaped. Dietary patterns (DPs) among young adults attending college have not been adequately described, and associations between DPs and indicators of disease risk are not well understood [...] Read more.

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a unique period during which lifelong dietary habits are shaped. Dietary patterns (DPs) among young adults attending college have not been adequately described, and associations between DPs and indicators of disease risk are not well understood in this age group. Dietary data were collected from undergraduates participating in the Tufts Longitudinal Health Study (TLHS; 1998–2007) by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ; n = 1323). DPs were derived using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Scree plots; eigenvalues; factor loadings; and previous studies were used to determine and label the DPs retained. Cross-sectional relationships between DP scores and anthropometric measures (percent body fat (PBF) and (BMI) and lipid biomarkers (total; HDL and LDL cholesterol; and triglycerides) were assessed with multivariable regression models; adjusted for demographics; physical activity; smoking; intention to gain/lose weight; and total energy intake. Effect modification by sex was tested. Three DPs were identified: Prudent; Western; and Alcohol. Greater adherence to the Prudent DP was associated with favorable anthropometric outcomes. The Alcohol DP was associated with a favorable lipid profile. Associations between the Western DP and blood lipids differed by sex; with unfavorable impact observed only among males. Our findings add to the literature linking DPs in young adults with measurable adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes; suggesting that improving nutrition among college students could reduce chronic disease risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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13 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to Guidelines for Cancer Survivors and Health-Related Quality of Life among Korean Breast Cancer Survivors

by Sihan Song¹, Eunkyung Hwang², Hyeong-Gon Moon^2,3, Dong-Young Noh^2,3 and Jung Eun Lee^1,*

¹ Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Cheonpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Korea

² Breast Care Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea

³ Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(12), 10307-10319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125532 - 9 Dec 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7215

Abstract

There is limited evidence on the association between adherence to guidelines for cancer survivors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In a cross-sectional study of Korean breast cancer survivors, we examined whether adherence to the guidelines of the American Cancer Society (ACS) and [...] Read more.

There is limited evidence on the association between adherence to guidelines for cancer survivors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In a cross-sectional study of Korean breast cancer survivors, we examined whether adherence to the guidelines of the American Cancer Society (ACS) and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) for cancer survivors was related to levels of HRQoL, assessed by the Korean version of Core 30 (C30) and Breast cancer module 23 (BR23) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ). We included a total of 160 women aged 21 to 79 years who had been diagnosed with breast cancer according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages I to III and had breast cancer surgery at least six months before the interview. Increasing adherence to ACS guidelines was associated with higher scores of social functioning (p for trend = 0.05), whereas increasing adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations was associated with higher scores of arm symptoms (p for trend = 0.01). These associations were limited to those with stage II or III cancer. Diet may be an important factor in relation to quality of life among Korean breast cancer survivors, however our findings warrant further prospective studies to evaluate whether healthy diet improves survivors’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

14 pages, 991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Carbohydrate and Nocturnal Sleep Duration in Relation to Children’s BMI: Findings from the IDEFICS Study in Eight European Countries

by Monica Hunsberger^1,*, Kirsten Mehlig¹, Claudia Börnhorst², Antje Hebestreit², Luis Moreno³

, Toomas Veidebaum⁴

, Yiannis Kourides⁵, Alfonso Siani⁶

, Dénes Molnar⁷

, Isabelle Sioen^8,9 and Lauren Lissner¹

¹ Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 453, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden

² Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Achterstrasse 30, D-28359 Bremen, Germany

³ Growth, Exercise, Nutrition, and Development (GENUD) research group, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

⁴ National Institute for Health Development, P.O. Box 3012, 10504 Tallinn, Estonia

⁵ Research and Education Institute of Child Health, 138 Limassol Ave, #205, 2015, Strovolos 510903, Cyprus

⁶ Institute for Food Sciences, Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy

⁷ Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Jozsef A.u., 7 H-1062 Budapest, Hungary

⁸ Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

⁹ Research Foundation—Flanders, Egmonstraat 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Nutrients 2015, 7(12), 10223-10236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125529 - 8 Dec 2015

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7962

Abstract

Previous research has found an association between being overweight and short sleep duration. We hypothesized that this association could be modified by a high carbohydrate (HC) diet and that the timing and type (starch or sugar) of intake may be an important factor [...] Read more.

Previous research has found an association between being overweight and short sleep duration. We hypothesized that this association could be modified by a high carbohydrate (HC) diet and that the timing and type (starch or sugar) of intake may be an important factor in this context. Participants in the prospective, eight-country European study IDEFICS were recruited from September 2007 to June 2008, when they were aged two to nine years. Data on lifestyle, dietary intake and anthropometry were collected on two occasions. This study included 5944 children at baseline and 4301 at two-year follow-up. For each meal occasion (morning, midday, and evening), starch in grams and sugar in grams were divided by total energy intake (EI), and quartiles calculated. HC-starch and HC-sugar intake categories were defined as the highest quartile for each meal occasion. In a mutually adjusted linear regression model, short sleep duration as well as HC-starch in the morning were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) z-scores at baseline. HC-starch at midday was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) z-scores in children with short sleep duration, and negatively associated with BMI z-scores in those with normal sleep. After adjustment for baseline BMI z-scores, associations between total HC from starch or sugar and high BMI z-scores at two-year follow-up did not persist. Our observations offer a perspective on optimal timing for macronutrient consumption, which is known to be influenced by circadian rhythms. Reduced carbohydrate intake, especially during morning and midday meals, and following nocturnal sleep duration recommendations are two modifiable factors that may protect children from being overweight in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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15 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Dietary Pattern Impact on Weight Status for Personalised Nutrition through On-Line Advice: The Food4Me Spanish Cohort

by Rodrigo San-Cristobal^1,†

, Santiago Navas-Carretero^1,2,†

, Carlos Celis-Morales³

, Lorraine Brennan⁴, Marianne Walsh⁴, Julie A. Lovegrove⁵

, Hannelore Daniel⁶, Wim H. M. Saris⁷, Iwonna Traczyk⁸, Yannis Manios⁹

, Eileen R. Gibney⁴

, Michael J. Gibney⁴

, John C. Mathers³

and J. Alfredo Martinez^1,2,10,*

¹ Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain

² CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain

³ Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK

⁴ UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

⁵ Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AA, UK

⁶ Biochemistry Unit, ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich 85354, Germany

⁷ Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands

⁸ National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ), Warsaw 02-903, Poland

⁹ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece

¹⁰ Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9523-9537; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115482 - 17 Nov 2015

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 10547

Abstract

Obesity prevalence is increasing. The management of this condition requires a detailed analysis of the global risk factors in order to develop personalised advice. This study is aimed to identify current dietary patterns and habits in Spanish population interested in personalised nutrition and [...] Read more.

Obesity prevalence is increasing. The management of this condition requires a detailed analysis of the global risk factors in order to develop personalised advice. This study is aimed to identify current dietary patterns and habits in Spanish population interested in personalised nutrition and investigate associations with weight status. Self-reported dietary and anthropometrical data from the Spanish participants in the Food4Me study, were used in a multidimensional exploratory analysis to define specific dietary profiles. Two opposing factors were obtained according to food groups’ intake: Factor 1 characterised by a more frequent consumption of traditionally considered unhealthy foods; and Factor 2, where the consumption of “Mediterranean diet” foods was prevalent. Factor 1 showed a direct relationship with BMI (β = 0.226; r² = 0.259; p < 0.001), while the association with Factor 2 was inverse (β = −0.037; r² = 0.230; p = 0.348). A total of four categories were defined (Prudent, Healthy, Western, and Compensatory) through classification of the sample in higher or lower adherence to each factor and combining the possibilities. Western and Compensatory dietary patterns, which were characterized by high-density foods consumption, showed positive associations with overweight prevalence. Further analysis showed that prevention of overweight must focus on limiting the intake of known deleterious foods rather than exclusively enhance healthy products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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13 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Dietary Patterns and Atopic Dermatitis in Relation to GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms in Young Children

by Jayong Chung¹, Sung-Ok Kwon¹, Hyogin Ahn¹, Hyojung Hwang¹, Soo-Jong Hong² and Se-Young Oh^1,*

¹ Department of Food & Nutrition, Research Center for Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea

² Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Research Center for Standardization of Allergic Diseases, University of Ulsan College of Medicine 13, Gangdong-daero, Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05535, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9440-9452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115473 - 13 Nov 2015

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8344

Abstract

Previous research suggests the association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms or diet, but no interactions between these factors in atopic dermatitis (AD). We conducted a community-based case-control study including 194 AD and 244 matched non-AD preschoolers. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1 [...] Read more.

Previous research suggests the association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms or diet, but no interactions between these factors in atopic dermatitis (AD). We conducted a community-based case-control study including 194 AD and 244 matched non-AD preschoolers. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) present/null genotypes were evaluated uisng a multiplex PCR method. We measured dietary intakes by a validated food frequency questionnaire and constructed three dietary patterns such as “traditional healthy”, “animal foods”, and “sweets” diets. In stratified analyses by GST genotypes, the “traditional healthy” diet and reduced AD showed association only in the GSTM1-present group (odd ratio (OR) 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13–0.75). A similar pattern of the association existed in the combined GSTM1/T1 genotype that indicated the inverse association between the “traditional healthy” diet and AD in the double GSTM1/T1-present genotype group (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.06–0.93). Results from the multiplicative test analyses showed that the “traditional healthy” diet on reduced AD was significant or borderline significant in the GSTM1-present group (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.92 vs. GSTM1-null group) or the GSTM1/T1 double present group (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.39–1.03 vs. GSTM1/T1 double null group). These findings demonstrate that the present type of GSTM1 may increase susceptibility to the potential effect of the “traditional healthy” diet on AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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17 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Priori and a Posteriori Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain: The Generation R Study

by Myrte J. Tielemans^1,2,*, Nicole S. Erler^1,3, Elisabeth T. M. Leermakers^1,2, Marion Van den Broek¹, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe^1,2,4, Eric A. P. Steegers⁵, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong^1,6 and Oscar H. Franco¹

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

² The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

³ Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

⁵ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

⁶ Department of Global Public Health, Leiden University College the Hague, P.O. Box 13228, 2501 EE the Hague, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9383-9399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115476 - 12 Nov 2015

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 9632

Abstract

Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined whether dietary patterns are associated with GWG. Participants included 3374 pregnant women from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with food-frequency questionnaires. Three a [...] Read more.

Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined whether dietary patterns are associated with GWG. Participants included 3374 pregnant women from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with food-frequency questionnaires. Three a posteriori-derived dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis: a “Vegetable, oil and fish”, a “Nuts, high-fiber cereals and soy”, and a “Margarine, sugar and snacks” pattern. The a priori-defined dietary pattern was based on national dietary recommendations. Weight was repeatedly measured around 13, 20 and 30 weeks of pregnancy; pre-pregnancy and maximum weight were self-reported. Normal weight women with high adherence to the “Vegetable, oil and fish” pattern had higher early-pregnancy GWG than those with low adherence (43 g/week (95% CI 16; 69) for highest vs. lowest quartile (Q)). Adherence to the “Margarine, sugar and snacks” pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of excessive GWG (OR 1.45 (95% CI 1.06; 1.99) Q4 vs. Q1). Normal weight women with higher scores on the “Nuts, high-fiber cereals and soy” pattern had more moderate GWG than women with lower scores (−0.01 (95% CI −0.02; −0.00) per SD). The a priori-defined pattern was not associated with GWG. To conclude, specific dietary patterns may play a role in early pregnancy but are not consistently associated with GWG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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14 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy Are Associated with Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Dayeon Shin, Kyung Won Lee

and Won O. Song^*

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, Trout FSHN Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9369-9382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115472 - 12 Nov 2015

Cited by 117 | Viewed by 14518

Abstract

Maternal dietary patterns before and during pregnancy play important roles in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy that are associated with GDM risk in pregnant U.S. women. From a 24 h dietary recall of [...] Read more.

Maternal dietary patterns before and during pregnancy play important roles in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy that are associated with GDM risk in pregnant U.S. women. From a 24 h dietary recall of 253 pregnant women (16–41 years) included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012, food items were aggregated into 28 food groups based on Food Patterns Equivalents Database. Three dietary patterns were identified by reduced rank regression with responses including prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), dietary fiber, and ratio of poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid: “high refined grains, fats, oils and fruit juice”, “high nuts, seeds, fat and soybean; low milk and cheese”, and “high added sugar and organ meats; low fruits, vegetables and seafood”. GDM was diagnosed using fasting plasma glucose levels ≥5.1 mmol/L for gestation <24 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for GDM, after controlling for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, family poverty income ratio, marital status, prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, energy intake, physical activity, and log-transformed C-reactive protein (CRP). All statistical analyses accounted for the appropriate survey design and sample weights of the NHANES. Of 249 pregnant women, 34 pregnant women (14%) had GDM. Multivariable AOR (95% CIs) of GDM for comparisons between the highest vs. lowest tertiles were 4.9 (1.4–17.0) for “high refined grains, fats, oils and fruit juice” pattern, 7.5 (1.8–32.3) for “high nuts, seeds, fat and soybean; low milk and cheese” pattern, and 22.3 (3.9–127.4) for “high added sugar and organ meats; low fruits, vegetables and seafood” pattern after controlling for maternal sociodemographic variables, prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, energy intake and log-transformed CRP. These findings suggest that dietary patterns during pregnancy are associated with risk of GDM after controlling for potential confounders. The observed connection between a high consumption of refined grains, fat, added sugars and low intake of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy with higher odds for GDM, are consistent with general health benefits of healthy diets, but warrants further research to understand underlying pathophysiology of GDM associated with dietary behaviors during pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

9 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Better Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Could Mitigate the Adverse Consequences of Obesity on Cardiovascular Disease: The SUN Prospective Cohort

by Sonia Eguaras^1,2, Estefanía Toledo^2,3

, Aitor Hernández-Hernández^2,4, Sebastián Cervantes^2,5 and Miguel A. Martínez-González^2,3,*

¹ Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea-IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31002 Pamplona, Spain

² Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

³ Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain

⁴ Department of Cardiology, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University Clinic of Navarra-IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

⁵ Department of Radiology, Hospital of Navarra, Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea-IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9154-9162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115457 - 5 Nov 2015

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8930

Abstract

Strong observational evidence supports the association between obesity and cardiovascular events. In elderly high-risk subjects, the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was reported to counteract the adverse cardiovascular effects of adiposity. Whether this same attenuation is also present in younger subjects is not known. We [...] Read more.

Strong observational evidence supports the association between obesity and cardiovascular events. In elderly high-risk subjects, the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was reported to counteract the adverse cardiovascular effects of adiposity. Whether this same attenuation is also present in younger subjects is not known. We prospectively examined the association between obesity and cardiovascular clinical events (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) after 10.9 years follow-up in 19,065 middle-aged men and women (average age 38 year) according to their adherence to the MedDiet (<6 points or ≥6 points in the Trichopoulou’s Mediterranean Diet Score). We observed 152 incident cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD). An increased risk of CVD across categories of body mass index (BMI) was apparent if adherence to the MedDiet was low, with multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs): 1.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.93–2.25) for ≥25 – <30 kg/m² of BMI and 2.00 (1.04–3.83) for ≥30 kg/m² of BMI, compared to a BMI < 25 kg/m². In contrast, these estimates were 0.77 (0.35–1.67) and 1.15 (0.39–3.43) with good adherence to MedDiet. Better adherence to the MedDiet was associated with reduced CVD events (p for trend = 0.029). Our results suggest that the MedDiet could mitigate the harmful cardiovascular effect of overweight/obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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15 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessReview

Definition of the Mediterranean Diet; A Literature Review

by Courtney Davis^1,†, Janet Bryan^2,†, Jonathan Hodgson^3,† and Karen Murphy^1,*,†

¹ Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia

² School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia

³ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9139-9153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115459 - 5 Nov 2015

Cited by 813 | Viewed by 85989

Abstract

Numerous studies over several decades suggest that following the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and improve cognitive health. However, there are inconsistencies among methods used for evaluating and defining the MedDiet. Through a review of the [...] Read more.

Numerous studies over several decades suggest that following the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and improve cognitive health. However, there are inconsistencies among methods used for evaluating and defining the MedDiet. Through a review of the literature, we aimed to quantitatively define the MedDiet by food groups and nutrients. Databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Academic Search Premier and the University of South Australia Library Catalogue were searched. Articles were included if they defined the MedDiet in at least two of the following ways: (1) general descriptive definitions; (2) diet pyramids/numbers of servings of key foods; (3) grams of key foods/food groups; and (4) nutrient and flavonoid content. Quantity of key foods and nutrient content was recorded and the mean was calculated. The MedDiet contained three to nine serves of vegetables, half to two serves of fruit, one to 13 serves of cereals and up to eight serves of olive oil daily. It contained approximately 9300 kJ, 37% as total fat, 18% as monounsaturated and 9% as saturated, and 33 g of fibre per day. Our results provide a defined nutrient content and range of servings for the MedDiet based on past and current literature. More detailed reporting amongst studies could refine the definition further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

12 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to a Healthy Nordic Food Index Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Type-2 Diabetes—The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort Study

by Sandra Amalie Lacoppidan¹, Cecilie Kyrø^1,*, Steffen Loft², Anne Helnæs¹, Jane Christensen¹, Camilla Plambeck Hansen³, Christina Catherine Dahm³

, Kim Overvad³, Anne Tjønneland¹

and Anja Olsen¹

¹ Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

² Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 København K, Denmark

³ Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

Nutrients 2015, 7(10), 8633-8644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105418 - 21 Oct 2015

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 14039

Abstract

Background: Type-2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. Lifestyle factors, in particular obesity, diet, and physical activity play a significant role in the etiology of the disease. Of dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet has been studied, and generally a protective association [...] Read more.

Background: Type-2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. Lifestyle factors, in particular obesity, diet, and physical activity play a significant role in the etiology of the disease. Of dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet has been studied, and generally a protective association has been identified. However, other regional diets are less explored. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between adherence to a healthy Nordic food index and the risk of T2D. The index consists of six food items: fish, cabbage, rye bread, oatmeal, apples and pears, and root vegetables. Methods: Data was obtained from a prospective cohort study of 57,053 Danish men and women aged 50–64 years, at baseline, of whom 7366 developed T2D (median follow-up: 15.3 years). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association between the healthy Nordic food index and risk of T2D, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Greater adherence to the healthy Nordic food index was significantly associated with lower risk of T2D after adjusting for potential confounders. An index score of 5−6 points (high adherence) was associated with a statistically significantly 25% lower T2D risk in women (HR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.61–0.92) and 38% in men (HR: 0.62; 95%CI: 0.53–0.71) compared to those with an index score of 0 points (poor adherence). Conclusion: Adherence to a healthy Nordic food index was found to be inversely associated with risk of T2D, suggesting that regional diets other than the Mediterranean may also be recommended for prevention of T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

12 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of a Mediterranean-Style Diet Pattern with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Status in a Community Cohort Study

by Lisa J. Moran^1,2,*, Jessica A. Grieger¹, Gita D. Mishra³ and Helena J. Teede^2,4

¹ The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia

² Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia

³ School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia

⁴ Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(10), 8553-8564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105419 - 16 Oct 2015

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 37548

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition in reproductive-aged women. While lifestyle management is first-line treatment in PCOS, the dietary intake of women with PCOS is unclear and there is no research assessing dietary patterns of women with and without PCOS. The [...] Read more.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition in reproductive-aged women. While lifestyle management is first-line treatment in PCOS, the dietary intake of women with PCOS is unclear and there is no research assessing dietary patterns of women with and without PCOS. The aim of this study was to examine dietary patterns in a large cohort of women with and without PCOS. Data were from 7569 participants in the 1973–1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health population assessed at 2009 (Survey 5) (n = 414 PCOS, n = 7155 non-PCOS). Dietary patterns were evaluated using factor analysis and multiple logistic regressions assessed their associations with PCOS status. Three dietary patterns were identified that explained 27% of the variance in food intake between women with and without PCOS: Non-core foods; Meats and take-away and Mediterranean-style. The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern was independently associated with PCOS status. On adjusted analysis for each 1 SD increase in the Mediterranean-style dietary pattern, there was a 26% greater likelihood that women had PCOS. This may indicate an improvement in the quality of dietary intake following a diagnosis of PCOS. Future research should examine the contribution of dietary patterns to the incidence and severity of PCOS and the potential for modification of dietary patterns in the lifestyle management of PCOS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

13 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Healthier Nutrition Behaviour Associated with Better Self-Reported Health and Less Health Complaints? Evidence from Turku, Finland

by Walid El Ansari^1,*, Sakari Suominen^2,3,4 and Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff⁵

¹ Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2-9HW, UK

² Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku FIN-20014, Finland

³ Department of Public Health, University of Skövde, Skövde S-54128, Sweden

⁴ Folkhälsan Research Center, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland

⁵ Unit for Health Promotion Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark

Nutrients 2015, 7(10), 8478-8490; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105409 - 14 Oct 2015

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7812

Abstract

We examined nutrition behaviour, self-reported health and 20 health complaints of undergraduates in Finland. Students at the University of Turku in Finland participated in a cross-sectional online survey (N = 1189). For nutrition behaviour, we computed two composite food intake pattern scores [...] Read more.

We examined nutrition behaviour, self-reported health and 20 health complaints of undergraduates in Finland. Students at the University of Turku in Finland participated in a cross-sectional online survey (N = 1189). For nutrition behaviour, we computed two composite food intake pattern scores (sweets, cakes and snacks; and fruits and vegetables), a dietary guideline adherence index and the subjective importance of healthy eating. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association of students’ nutrition behaviour with three levels of self-reported health, controlling for many potential confounders (age, sex, living with partner, economic situation, moderate physical activity, Faculty and BMI). Factor analysis of the 20 health complaints revealed three components (psychological, pains/aches and circulatory/breathing symptoms). Multiple linear regression tested the association of students’ eating habits with the three components of health complaints, controlling for the same confounders. Fruits and raw and cooked vegetable consumption, dietary guideline adherence index and subjective importance of healthy eating were highest among students with excellent/very good self-reported health, exhibiting a decreasing trend for those individuals with poor/fair self-reported health. High levels of psychological symptoms were associated with decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, less dietary guideline adherence and less subjective importance of healthy eating. Pain/aches symptoms were associated with a higher consumption of sweets, cookies and snacks and a lower adherence to dietary guidelines. More healthy nutrition behaviour was consistently associated with better self-reported health and less health complaints. Of the four nutrition behaviour indicators we employed, the dietary guideline adherence index was the best indicator and exhibited the most consistent associations with self-reported health and health complaints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

16 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double Burden of Malnutrition in Rural West Java: Household-Level Analysis for Father-Child and Mother-Child Pairs and the Association with Dietary Intake

by Makiko Sekiyama^1,*

, Hong Wei Jiang², Budhi Gunawan³, Linda Dewanti⁴, Ryo Honda⁵, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa⁶, Oekan S. Abdoellah³ and Chiho Watanabe⁶

¹ Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City 277-8563, Japan

² Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan

³ Institute of Ecology, Research Institute, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Sekeloa Selatan I, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jl. Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia

⁵ RSET, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan

⁶ Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

Nutrients 2015, 7(10), 8376-8391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105399 - 2 Oct 2015

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8972

Abstract

Indonesia is facing household-level double burden malnutrition. This study aimed at examining (1) household-level double burden for the mother-child and father-child pairs; (2) risk of adiposity of double burden households; and (3) associated dietary factors. Subjects were 5th and 6th grade elementary school [...] Read more.

Indonesia is facing household-level double burden malnutrition. This study aimed at examining (1) household-level double burden for the mother-child and father-child pairs; (2) risk of adiposity of double burden households; and (3) associated dietary factors. Subjects were 5th and 6th grade elementary school children (n = 242), their mothers (n = 242), and their fathers (n = 225) in five communities (1 = urban, 4 = rural) in the Bandung District. Questionnaires on socioeconomic factors, blood hemoglobin measurements, and anthropometric measurements were administered. For adults, body fat percentage (BF%) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance (BF%-BI) and by converting skinfold thickness (ST) data using Durnin and Womersley’s (1974) formula (BF%-ST). Food frequency questionnaires were also completed. Double burden was defined as coexistence of maternal or paternal overweight (Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23) and child stunting (height-for-age z-score <−2) within households. Maternal-child double burden occurred in 30.6% of total households, whereas paternal-child double burden was only in 8.4%. Mothers from double burden households showed high adiposity; 87.3% with BF%-BI and 66.2% with BF%-ST had BF% >35%, and 60.6% had waists >80 cm. The major dietary patterns identified were “Modern” and “High-animal products”. After controlling for confounding factors, children in the highest quartile of the “High-animal products” dietary pattern had a lower risk of maternal-child double burden (Adjusted OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21–1.04) than those in the lowest quartile. Given that the “High-animal products” dietary pattern was associated with the decreased risk of maternal-child double burden through a strong negative correlation with child stunting, improving child stunting through adequate intake of animal products is critical to solve the problem of maternal-child double burden in Indonesia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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19 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Obesity in Older People in China: Data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)

by Xiaoyue Xu^1,2,*, John Hall², Julie Byles¹

and Zumin Shi³

¹ Priority Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, Australia

² Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, Australia

³ School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(9), 8170-8188; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095386 - 23 Sep 2015

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 12295

Abstract

Background: No studies have been conducted to explore the associations between dietary patterns and obesity among older Chinese people, by considering gender and urbanization level differences. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (2745 individuals, aged ≥ 60 [...] Read more.

Background: No studies have been conducted to explore the associations between dietary patterns and obesity among older Chinese people, by considering gender and urbanization level differences. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (2745 individuals, aged ≥ 60 years). Dietary data were obtained using 24 hour-recall over three consecutive days. Height, Body Weight, and Waist Circumference were measured. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Multinomial and Poisson regression models were used to examine the association between dietary patterns and Body Mass Index (BMI) status/central obesity. Results: The prevalence of general and central obesity was 9.5% and 53.4%. Traditional dietary pattern (high intake of rice, pork and vegetables) was inversely associated with general/central obesity; modern dietary pattern (high intake of fruit, fast food, and processed meat) was positively associated with general/central obesity. The highest quartile of traditional dietary pattern had a lower risk of general/central obesity compared with the lowest quartile, while an inverse picture was found for the modern dietary pattern. These associations were consistent by gender and urbanization levels. Conclusions: Dietary patterns are associated with general/central obesity in older Chinese. This study reinforces the importance of a healthy diet in promoting healthy ageing in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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18 pages, 129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Meilin Zhang¹, Yufeng Zhu¹, Ping Li¹, Hong Chang^1,2, Xuan Wang¹, Weiqiao Liu³, Yuwen Zhang³ and Guowei Huang^1,*

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China

² Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District,Tianjin 300070, China

³ Health Education and Guidance Center of Heping District, 97 Hualong Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300040, China

Nutrients 2015, 7(9), 8072-8089; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095382 - 21 Sep 2015

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7640

Abstract

Few studies have examined the association between Asian dietary pattern and prediabetes, in particular, the Chinese diet. We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify dietary patterns associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) which considered a state of prediabetes in Chinese men. The study [...] Read more.

Few studies have examined the association between Asian dietary pattern and prediabetes, in particular, the Chinese diet. We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify dietary patterns associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) which considered a state of prediabetes in Chinese men. The study included 1495 Chinese men aged 20 to 75 years. Information about diet was obtained using an 81-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and 21 predefined food groups were considered in a factor analysis. Three dietary patterns were generated by factor analysis: (1) a vegetables-fruits pattern; (2) an animal offal-dessert pattern; and (3) a white rice-red meat pattern. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of IFG for the highest tertile of the animal offal-dessert pattern in comparison with the lowest tertile was 3.15 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.87–5.30). The vegetables-fruits dietary pattern was negatively associated with the risk of IFG, but a significant association was observed only in the third tertile. There was no significant association between IFG and the white rice-red meat pattern. Our findings indicated that the vegetables-fruits dietary pattern was inversely associated with IFG, whereas the animal offal-dessert pattern was associated with an increased risk of IFG in Chinese men. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the diet-prediabetes relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

15 pages, 118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Dietary Patterns and the Indicators of Obesity among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Long Shu¹, Pei-Fen Zheng^1,2, Xiao-Yan Zhang^1,*, Cai-Juan Si¹, Xiao-Long Yu¹, Wei Gao¹, Lun Zhang¹ and Dan Liao¹

¹ Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China

² Department of Digestion, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu district, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China

Nutrients 2015, 7(9), 7995-8009; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095376 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 78 | Viewed by 8931

Abstract

No previous study has investigated dietary pattern in association with obesity risk in a middle-aged Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of obesity in the city of Hangzhou, the capital of [...] Read more.

No previous study has investigated dietary pattern in association with obesity risk in a middle-aged Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of obesity in the city of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province, east China. In this cross-sectional study of 2560 subjects aged 45–60 years, dietary intakes were evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). All anthropometric measurements were obtained using standardized procedures. The partial correlation analysis was performed to assess the associations between dietary patterns and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist to hip ratio (WHR). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between dietary patterns and obesity, with adjustment for potential confounders. Four major dietary patterns were extracted by means of factor analysis: animal food, traditional Chinese, western fast-food, and high-salt patterns. The animal food pattern was positively associated with BMI (r = 0.082, 0.144, respectively, p < 0.05) and WC (r = 0.102, 0.132, respectively, p < 0.01), and the traditional Chinese pattern was inversely associated with BMI (r = −0.047, −0.116, respectively, p < 0.05) and WC (r = −0.067, −0.113, respectively, p < 0.05) in both genders. After controlling for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quartile of animal food pattern scores had a greater odds ratio for abdominal obesity (odds ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.188–2.340; p < 0.01), in comparison to those from the lowest quartile. Compared with the lowest quartile of the traditional Chinese pattern, the highest quartile had a lower odds ratio for abdominal obesity (OR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.441–0.901, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicated that the animal food pattern was associated with a higher risk of abdominal obesity, while the traditional Chinese pattern was associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

40 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessReview

Food Processing and the Mediterranean Diet

by Richard Hoffman^1,* and Mariette Gerber²

¹ School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK

² Expert at French Food, Environment and Work Safety Agency (ANSES), Former INSERM Senior Scientist, Cancer Institute, 34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France

Nutrients 2015, 7(9), 7925-7964; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095371 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 87 | Viewed by 16291

Abstract

The benefits of the Mediterranean diet (MD) for protecting against chronic disorders such as cardiovascular disease are usually attributed to high consumption of certain food groups such as vegetables, and low consumption of other food groups such as meat. The influence of food [...] Read more.

The benefits of the Mediterranean diet (MD) for protecting against chronic disorders such as cardiovascular disease are usually attributed to high consumption of certain food groups such as vegetables, and low consumption of other food groups such as meat. The influence of food processing techniques such as food preparation and cooking on the nutrient composition and nutritional value of these foods is not generally taken into consideration. In this narrative review, we consider the mechanistic and epidemiological evidence that food processing influences phytochemicals in selected food groups in the MD (olives, olive oil, vegetables and nuts), and that this influences the protective effects of these foods against chronic diseases associated with inflammation. We also examine how the pro-inflammatory properties of meat consumption can be modified by Mediterranean cuisine. We conclude by discussing whether food processing should be given greater consideration, both when recommending a MD to the consumer and when evaluating its health properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

26 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Evaluation of A Priori Dietary Indexes

by Annunziata D'Alessandro^1,* and Giovanni De Pergola²

¹ Endocrinologist, General Practitioner, General Medicine ASL BA/4 D.S.S. 8, viale Japigia 38/G, Bari 70126, Italy

² Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Oncology, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70124, Italy

Nutrients 2015, 7(9), 7863-7888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095367 - 16 Sep 2015

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 14828

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze the a priori dietary indexes used in the studies that have evaluated the role of the Mediterranean Diet in influencing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. All the studies show that this dietary pattern protects [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the a priori dietary indexes used in the studies that have evaluated the role of the Mediterranean Diet in influencing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. All the studies show that this dietary pattern protects against cardiovascular disease, but studies show quite different effects on specific conditions such as coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease. A priori dietary indexes used to measure dietary exposure imply quantitative and/or qualitative divergences from the traditional Mediterranean Diet of the early 1960s, and, therefore, it is very difficult to compare the results of different studies. Based on real cultural heritage and traditions, we believe that the a priori indexes used to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean Diet should consider classifying whole grains and refined grains, olive oil and monounsaturated fats, and wine and alcohol differently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

23 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lifestyle Patterns Are Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Qatari Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional National Study

by Mohammed Al Thani¹, Al Anoud Al Thani², Walaa Al-Chetachi², Badria Al Malki², Shamseldin A. H. Khalifa², Ahmad Haj Bakri², Nahla Hwalla³, Lara Nasreddine^3,*,† and Farah Naja^3,*,†

¹ Public Health Department, Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Al Rumaila West, 42 Doha, Qatar

² Health Promotion and Non Communicable Disease Prevention Division, Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Al Rumaila West, 42 Doha, Qatar

³ Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P. O. Box 11-0.236 Riad El Solh, 11072020 Beirut, Lebanon

^† These authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

Nutrients 2015, 7(9), 7593-7615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095355 - 9 Sep 2015

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7610

Abstract

Women of childbearing age are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of elevated blood pressure (BP), with dietary and lifestyle habits being increasingly recognized as important modifiable environmental risk factors for this condition. Using data from the National STEPwise survey conducted in Qatar [...] Read more.

Women of childbearing age are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of elevated blood pressure (BP), with dietary and lifestyle habits being increasingly recognized as important modifiable environmental risk factors for this condition. Using data from the National STEPwise survey conducted in Qatar in year 2012, we aimed to examine lifestyle patterns and their association with elevated BP among Qatari women of childbearing age (18–45 years). Socio-demographic, lifestyle, dietary, anthropometric and BP data were used (n = 747). Principal component factor analysis was applied to identify the patterns using the frequency of consumption of 13 foods/food groups, physical activity level, and smoking status. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of the identified lifestyle patterns with elevated BP and to examine the socio-demographic correlates of these patterns. Three lifestyle patterns were identified: a “healthy” pattern characterized by intake of fruits, natural juices, and vegetables; a “fast food & smoking” pattern characterized by fast foods, sweetened beverages, and sweets, in addition to smoking; and a “traditional sedentary” pattern which consisted of refined grains, dairy products, and meat in addition to low physical activity. The fast food & smoking and the traditional & sedentary patterns were associated with an approximately 2-fold increase in the risk of elevated BP in the study population. The findings of this study highlight the synergistic effect that diet, smoking and physical inactivity may have on the risk of elevated BP among Qatari women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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20 pages, 169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Nut Consumption with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the 2008/2009 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey

by Rachel C. Brown^1,2,*

, Siew Ling Tey³, Andrew R. Gray⁴

, Alexandra Chisholm¹

, Claire Smith^1,2, Elizabeth Fleming¹ and Winsome Parnell^1,2

¹ Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand

² Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Whanganui 4543, New Zealand

³ Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 14 Medical Drive, #07-02, Singapore 117599, Singapore

⁴ Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

Nutrients 2015, 7(9), 7523-7542; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095351 - 8 Sep 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8114

Abstract

Nut consumption has been associated with improvements in risk factors for chronic disease in populations within North America, Europe and Iran. This relationship has not been investigated in New Zealand (NZ). The associations between nut consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors among New Zealanders [...] Read more.

Nut consumption has been associated with improvements in risk factors for chronic disease in populations within North America, Europe and Iran. This relationship has not been investigated in New Zealand (NZ). The associations between nut consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors among New Zealanders were examined. Data from the 24-h diet recalls of 4721 participants from the NZ Adult Nutrition Survey 2008/2009 (2008/2009 NZANS) were used to determine whole and total nut intake. Anthropometric data and blood pressure were collected, as well as blood samples analysed for total cholesterol (total-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP) and folate. Participants were classified according to their five-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Both whole and total nut consumers had significantly lower weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and central adiposity than non-nut consumers (all p ≤ 0.044). Whole blood, serum and red blood cell folate concentrations were significantly higher among whole nut consumers compared to non-whole nut consumers (all p ≤ 0.014), with only serum folate higher in total nut consumers compared to non-total nut consumers (p = 0.023). There were no significant differences for blood pressure, total-C, HDL-C and HbA1c; however, significant negative associations between total nut consumption and CVD risk category (p < 0.001) and CRP (p = 0.045) were apparent. Nut consumption was associated with more favourable body composition and a number of risk factors, which could collectively reduce chronic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

16 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of Recruiting Families into a Heart Disease Prevention Program Based on Dietary Patterns

by Tracy L. Schumacher^1,2,3

, Tracy L. Burrows^1,2,3

, Deborah I. Thompson⁴

, Neil J. Spratt^1,3,5,6, Robin Callister^1,2,3

and Clare E. Collins^1,2,3,*

¹ Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

² Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

³ Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia

⁴ USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Centre, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA

⁵ Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

⁶ Hunter New England Local Health District, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(8), 7042-7057; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085323 - 21 Aug 2015

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7437

Abstract

Offspring of parents with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) inherit a similar genetic profile and share diet and lifestyle behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of recruiting families at risk of CVD to a dietary prevention program, determine the changes [...] Read more.

Offspring of parents with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) inherit a similar genetic profile and share diet and lifestyle behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of recruiting families at risk of CVD to a dietary prevention program, determine the changes in diet achieved, and program acceptability. Families were recruited into a pilot parallel group randomized controlled trial consisting of a three month evidence-based dietary intervention, based on the Mediterranean and Portfolio diets. Feasibility was assessed by recruitment and retention rates, change in diet by food frequency questionnaire, and program acceptability by qualitative interviews and program evaluation. Twenty one families were enrolled over 16 months, with fourteen families (n = 42 individuals) completing the study. Post-program dietary changes in the intervention group included small daily increases in vegetable serves (0.8 ± 1.3) and reduced usage of full-fat milk (−21%), cheese (−12%) and meat products (−17%). Qualitative interviews highlighted beneficial changes in food purchasing habits. Future studies need more effective methods of recruitment to engage families in the intervention. Once engaged, families made small incremental improvements in their diets. Evaluation indicated that feedback on diet and CVD risk factors, dietetic counselling and the resources provided were appropriate for a program of this type. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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17 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Food Group-Based Diet Score and Its Association with Bone Mineral Density in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study

by Ester A.L. De Jonge^1,2, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong^1,3,*, Lisette C.P.G.M. De Groot⁴

, Trudy Voortman¹

, Josje D. Schoufour¹, M. Carola Zillikens², Albert Hofman¹, André G. Uitterlinden^1,2, Oscar H. Franco¹ and Fernando Rivadeneira²

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

² Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

³ Department of Global Public Health, Leiden University College The Hague, P.O. box 13228, 2501 EE, The Hague, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2015, 7(8), 6974-6990; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085317 - 18 Aug 2015

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9025

Abstract

No diet score exists that summarizes the features of a diet that is optimal for bone mineral density (BMD) in the elderly. Our aims were (a) to develop a BMD-Diet Score reflecting a diet that may be beneficial for BMD based on the [...] Read more.

No diet score exists that summarizes the features of a diet that is optimal for bone mineral density (BMD) in the elderly. Our aims were (a) to develop a BMD-Diet Score reflecting a diet that may be beneficial for BMD based on the existing literature, and (b) to examine the association of the BMD-Diet Score and the Healthy Diet Indicator, a score based on guidelines of the World Health Organization, with BMD in Dutch elderly participating in a prospective cohort study, the Rotterdam Study (n = 5144). Baseline dietary intake, assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, was categorized into food groups. Food groups that were consistently associated with BMD in the literature were included in the BMD-Diet Score. BMD was measured repeatedly and was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD-Diet Score considered intake of vegetables, fruits, fish, whole grains, legumes/beans and dairy products as “high-BMD” components and meat and confectionary as “low-BMD” components. After adjustment, the BMD-Diet Score was positively associated with BMD (β (95% confidence interval) = 0.009 (0.005, 0.012) g/cm² per standard deviation). This effect size was approximately three times as large as has been observed for the Healthy Diet Indicator. The food groups included in our BMD-Diet Score could be considered in the development of future dietary guidelines for healthy ageing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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15 pages, 154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Health in a Representative Sample of Adult Australians

by Lucinda K. Bell¹

, Suzanne Edwards² and Jessica A. Grieger^3,*

¹ Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia

² Data Management and Analysis Centre (DMAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia

³ Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(8), 6491-6505; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085295 - 5 Aug 2015

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7946

Abstract

Studies assessing dietary intake and its relationship to metabolic phenotype are emerging, but limited. The aims of the study are to identify dietary patterns in Australian adults, and to determine whether these dietary patterns are associated with metabolic phenotype and obesity. Cross-sectional data [...] Read more.

Studies assessing dietary intake and its relationship to metabolic phenotype are emerging, but limited. The aims of the study are to identify dietary patterns in Australian adults, and to determine whether these dietary patterns are associated with metabolic phenotype and obesity. Cross-sectional data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 Australian Health Survey was analysed. Subjects included adults aged 45 years and over (n = 2415). Metabolic phenotype was determined according to criteria used to define metabolic syndrome (0–2 abnormalities vs. 3–7 abnormalities), and additionally categorized for obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m² vs. BMI <30 kg/m²). Dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. Multivariable models were used to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and metabolic phenotype, with adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, socio-economic indexes for areas, physical activity and daily energy intake. Twenty percent of the population was metabolically unhealthy and obese. In the fully adjusted model, for every one standard deviation increase in the Healthy dietary pattern, the odds of having a more metabolically healthy profile increased by 16% (odds ratio (OR) 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.29). Poor metabolic profile and obesity are prevalent in Australian adults and a healthier dietary pattern plays a role in a metabolic and BMI phenotypes. Nutritional strategies addressing metabolic syndrome criteria and targeting obesity are recommended in order to improve metabolic phenotype and potential disease burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

17 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Major Dietary Patterns in Relation to General and Central Obesity among Chinese Adults

by Canqing Yu¹

, Zumin Shi²

, Jun Lv¹

, Huaidong Du³, Lu Qi^4,5, Yu Guo⁶, Zheng Bian⁶, Liang Chang⁷, Xuefeng Tang⁸, Qilian Jiang⁹, Huaiyi Mu¹⁰, Dongxia Pan¹¹, Junshi Chen¹², Zhengming Chen³ and Liming Li^1,5,*

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China

² Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

³ Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3-7LF, UK

⁴ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA

⁵ Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA

⁶ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuwai Hospital Xishan Branch Court, Western Feng Cun, Mentougou, Beijing 102308, China

⁷ Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 105 Nongye East Road, Zhengzhou 450016, China

⁸ Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu 610041, China

⁹ Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1-1 Tanzhong West Road, Liuzhou 545007, China

¹⁰ Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Nangang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 225 Wenchang Street, Harbin 150040, China

¹¹ Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Tongxiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 64 Maodun East, Wutong Town, Tongxiang 314500, China

¹² China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 37 Guangqu Road, Beijing 100738, China

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Nutrients 2015, 7(7), 5834-5849; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075253 - 15 Jul 2015

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 11267

Abstract

Limited evidence exists for the association between diet pattern and obesity phenotypes among Chinese adults. In the present study, we analyzed the cross-sectional data from 474,192 adults aged 30–79 years from the China Kadoorie Biobank baseline survey. Food consumption was collected by an [...] Read more.

Limited evidence exists for the association between diet pattern and obesity phenotypes among Chinese adults. In the present study, we analyzed the cross-sectional data from 474,192 adults aged 30–79 years from the China Kadoorie Biobank baseline survey. Food consumption was collected by an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Three dietary patterns were extracted by factor analysis combined with cluster analysis. After being adjusted for potential confounders, individuals following a traditional southern dietary pattern had the lowest body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC); the Western/new affluence dietary pattern had the highest BMI; and the traditional northern dietary pattern had the highest WC. Compared to the traditional southern dietary pattern in multivariable adjusted logistic models, individuals following a Western/new affluence dietary pattern had a significantly increased risk of general obesity (prevalence ratio (PR): 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.08) and central obesity (PR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.06–1.08). The corresponding risks for the traditional northern dietary pattern were 1.05 (1.02–1.09) and 1.17 (1.25–1.18), respectively. In addition, the associations were modified by lifestyle behaviors, and the combined effects with alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and physical activity were analyzed. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the diet-obesity relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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18 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dietary Pattern Derived by Reduced Rank Regression is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in An Urban Ghanaian Population

by Laura K. Frank^1,†, Franziska Jannasch^1,†, Janine Kröger^1,†, George Bedu-Addo^2,†, Frank P. Mockenhaupt^3,†, Matthias B. Schulze^1,†

and Ina Danquah^1,*

¹ Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany

² Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

³ Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité–University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(7), 5497-5514; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075233 - 7 Jul 2015

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8714

Abstract

Reduced rank regression (RRR) is an innovative technique to establish dietary patterns related to biochemical risk factors for type 2 diabetes, but has not been applied in sub-Saharan Africa. In a hospital-based case-control study for type 2 diabetes in Kumasi (diabetes cases, 538; [...] Read more.

Reduced rank regression (RRR) is an innovative technique to establish dietary patterns related to biochemical risk factors for type 2 diabetes, but has not been applied in sub-Saharan Africa. In a hospital-based case-control study for type 2 diabetes in Kumasi (diabetes cases, 538; controls, 668) dietary intake was assessed by a specific food frequency questionnaire. After random split of our study population, we derived a dietary pattern in the training set using RRR with adiponectin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as responses and 35 food items as predictors. This pattern score was applied to the validation set, and its association with type 2 diabetes was examined by logistic regression. The dietary pattern was characterized by a high consumption of plantain, cassava, and garden egg, and a low intake of rice, juice, vegetable oil, eggs, chocolate drink, sweets, and red meat; the score correlated positively with serum triglycerides and negatively with adiponectin. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes for the highest quintile compared to the lowest was 4.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.87–10.50, p for trend < 0.001). The identified dietary pattern increases the odds of type 2 diabetes in urban Ghanaians, which is mainly attributed to increased serum triglycerides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

21 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Weight Loss on Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin in Overweight-to-Obese Post Menopausal Breast Cancer Survivors

by Henry J. Thompson^1,*,†

, Scot M. Sedlacek^1,2,†, Pamela Wolfe³, Devchand Paul², Susan G. Lakoski⁴, Mary C. Playdon^1,5, John N. McGinley¹ and Shawna B. Matthews¹

¹ Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA

² Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Denver, CO 80220, USA

³ Colorado Biostatistics Consortium, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045, USA

⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA

⁵ Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(7), 5156-5176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075156 - 26 Jun 2015

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8108

Abstract

Women who are obese at the time of breast cancer diagnosis have higher overall mortality than normal weight women and some evidence implicates adiponectin and leptin as contributing to prognostic disadvantage. While intentional weight loss is thought to improve prognosis, its impact on [...] Read more.

Women who are obese at the time of breast cancer diagnosis have higher overall mortality than normal weight women and some evidence implicates adiponectin and leptin as contributing to prognostic disadvantage. While intentional weight loss is thought to improve prognosis, its impact on these adipokines is unclear. This study compared the pattern of change in plasma leptin and adiponectin in overweight-to-obese post-menopausal breast cancer survivors during weight loss. Given the controversies about what dietary pattern is most appropriate for breast cancer control and regulation of adipokine metabolism, the effect of a low fat versus a low carbohydrate pattern was evaluated using a non-randomized, controlled study design. Anthropometric data and fasted plasma were obtained monthly during the six-month weight loss intervention. While leptin was associated with fat mass, adiponectin was not, and the lack of correlation between leptin and adiponectin concentrations throughout weight loss implies independent mechanisms of regulation. The temporal pattern of change in leptin but not adiponectin was affected by magnitude of weight loss. Dietary pattern was without effect on either adipokine. Mechanisms not directly related to dietary pattern, weight loss, or fat mass appear to play dominant roles in the regulation of circulating levels of these adipokines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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14 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns Modulate the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Adults

by Chao-Qun Yang^1,†, Long Shu^2,†, Shuai Wang¹, Jia-Jia Wang¹, Yu Zhou¹, Yu-Jie Xuan¹ and Su-Fang Wang^1,*

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, An Hui, China

² Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, Zhe Jiang, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(6), 4778-4791; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064778 - 15 Jun 2015

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 9520

Abstract

Although previous studies reported the associations between the intakes of individual foods or nutrients and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the relationship between dietary patterns and NAFLD in the Chinese population has been rarely studied to date. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Although previous studies reported the associations between the intakes of individual foods or nutrients and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the relationship between dietary patterns and NAFLD in the Chinese population has been rarely studied to date. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of NAFLD in a middle-aged Chinese population. The Study subjects were 999 Chinese adults aged 45–60 years in the Anhui province who participated in the Hefei Nutrition and Health Study. Dietary intake was collected by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. NAFLD was defined as the presence of moderate-severe hepatic steatosis (by B-ultrasonic examination); the absence of excessive alcohol use (>20 g day⁻¹ in men and 10 g day⁻¹ in women); no use of steatogenic medications within the past six months; no exposure to hepatotoxins; and no history of bariatric surgery. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to examine the association between dietary patterns and NAFLD with adjustment of potential confounding variables. Out of 999 participants, 345 (34.5%) were classified as having NAFLD. Four major dietary patterns were identified: “Traditional Chinese”, “Animal food”, “Grains-vegetables” and “High-salt” dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quartile of the “Animal food” pattern scores had greater prevalence ratio for NAFLD (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.354; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.063–1.724; p < 0.05) than did those in the lowest quartile. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), compared with the lowest quartile of the “Grains-vegetables” pattern, the highest quartile had a lower prevalence ratio for NAFLD (PR = 0.777; 95% CI: 0.618–0.977, p < 0.05). However, the “traditional Chinese” and “high-salt” dietary patterns showed no association with the risk of NAFLD. Our findings indicated that the “Animal food” dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

16 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns Derived by Cluster Analysis are Associated with Cognitive Function among Korean Older Adults

by Jihye Kim¹, Areum Yu¹, Bo Youl Choi², Jung Hyun Nam³, Mi Kyung Kim², Dong Hoon Oh³ and Yoon Jung Yang^4,*

¹ Department of clinical nutrition, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dongduk Women's University, 23-1 Wolgok-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-714, Korea

² Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang Dong, Sungdong Gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea

³ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang Dong, Sungdong Gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea

⁴ Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Dongduk Women’s University, 23-1 Wolgok-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-714, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(6), 4154-4169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064154 - 29 May 2015

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9545

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate major dietary patterns among older Korean adults through cluster analysis and to determine an association between dietary patterns and cognitive function. This is a cross-sectional study. The data from the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate major dietary patterns among older Korean adults through cluster analysis and to determine an association between dietary patterns and cognitive function. This is a cross-sectional study. The data from the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study was used. Participants included 765 participants aged 60 years and over. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire with 106 items was used to investigate dietary intake. The Korean version of the MMSE-KC (Mini-Mental Status Examination–Korean version) was used to assess cognitive function. Two major dietary patterns were identified using K-means cluster analysis. The “MFDF” dietary pattern indicated high consumption of Multigrain rice, Fish, Dairy products, Fruits and fruit juices, while the “WNC” dietary pattern referred to higher intakes of White rice, Noodles, and Coffee. Means of the total MMSE-KC and orientation score of the participants in the MFDF dietary pattern were higher than those of the WNC dietary pattern. Compared with the WNC dietary pattern, the MFDF dietary pattern showed a lower risk of cognitive impairment after adjusting for covariates (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44–0.94). The MFDF dietary pattern, with high consumption of multigrain rice, fish, dairy products, and fruits may be related to better cognition among Korean older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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19 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Differences in the Impact of the Mediterranean Diet on LDL Particle Size Distribution and Oxidation

by Alexandra Bédard^1,2, Louise Corneau¹, Benoît Lamarche^1,2, Sylvie Dodin^1,3 and Simone Lemieux^1,2,*

¹ Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada

² School of Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada

³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050 Medicine Avenue, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada

Nutrients 2015, 7(5), 3705-3723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053705 - 15 May 2015

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7942

Abstract

Sex differences have been previously highlighted in the cardioprotective effects of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). The objective of this study was to investigate whether sex differences also exist with regard to LDL particle size distribution and oxidation. Participants were 37 men and 32 [...] Read more.

Sex differences have been previously highlighted in the cardioprotective effects of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). The objective of this study was to investigate whether sex differences also exist with regard to LDL particle size distribution and oxidation. Participants were 37 men and 32 premenopausal women (24–53 years) with slightly elevated LDL-C concentrations (3.4–4.9 mmol/L) or total cholesterol/HDL-C ≥5.0. Variables were measured before and after a four-week isoenergetic MedDiet. Sex differences were found in response to the MedDiet for the proportion of medium LDL (255–260 Å) (p for sex-by-time interaction = 0.01) and small, dense LDL (sdLDL; <255 Å) (trend; p for sex-by-time interaction = 0.06), men experiencing an increase in the proportion of medium LDL with a concomitant reduction in the proportion of sdLDL, while an opposite trend was observed in women. A sex difference was also noted for estimated cholesterol concentrations among sdLDL (p for sex-by-time interaction = 0.03), with only men experiencing a reduction in response to the MedDiet. The MedDiet marginally reduced oxidized LDL (oxLDL) concentrations (p = 0.07), with no sex difference. Results suggest that short-term consumption of the MedDiet leads to a favorable redistribution of LDL subclasses from smaller to larger LDL only in men. These results highlight the importance of considering sex issues in cardiovascular benefits of the MedDiet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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19 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Patterns and Their Association with Socio-Demographic, Lifestyle Factors and Obesity Risk in Rural South African Adolescents

by Pedro T. Pisa^1,*, Titilola M. Pedro¹, Kathleen Kahn^2,3,4

, Stephen M. Tollman^2,3,4, John M. Pettifor¹ and Shane A. Norris¹

¹ MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193 South Africa

² MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa

³ Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden

⁴ INDEPTH Network: Network of Demographic Surveillance Sites-www.indepth-network.org, Accra, Ghana

Nutrients 2015, 7(5), 3464-3482; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053464 - 12 May 2015

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 10124

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify and describe the diversity of nutrient patterns and how they associate with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors including body mass index in rural black South African adolescents. Nutrient patterns were identified from quantified food frequency questionnaires [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to identify and describe the diversity of nutrient patterns and how they associate with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors including body mass index in rural black South African adolescents. Nutrient patterns were identified from quantified food frequency questionnaires (QFFQ) in 388 rural South African adolescents between the ages of 11–15 years from the Agincourt Health and Socio-demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS). Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 25 nutrients derived from QFFQs. Multiple linear regression and partial R² models were fitted and computed respectively for each of the retained principal component (PC) scores on socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics including body mass index (BMI) for age Z scores. Four nutrient patterns explaining 79% of the total variance were identified: PCI (26%) was characterized by animal derived nutrients; PC2 (21%) by vitamins, fibre and vegetable oil nutrients; PC3 (19%) by both animal and plant derived nutrients (mixed diet driven nutrients); and PC4 (13%) by starch and folate. A positive and significant association was observed with BMI for age Z scores per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in PC1 (0.13 (0.02; 0.24); p = 0.02) and PC4 (0.10 (−0.01; 0.21); p = 0.05) scores only. We confirmed variability in nutrient patterns that were significantly associated with various lifestyle factors including obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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22 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Western Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Poor Academic Performance in Australian Adolescents

by Anett Nyaradi^1,2,*, Jianghong Li^2,3,4, Siobhan Hickling¹, Jonathan K. Foster^2,5,6,7, Angela Jacques¹, Gina L. Ambrosini^1,2

and Wendy H. Oddy²

¹ School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia

² Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia

³ WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Reichpietschufer 50 D-10785 Berlin, Germany

⁴ Centre for Population Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia

⁵ School of Psychology & Speech Pathology, Curtin University; Perth 6102, Australia

⁶ Neurosciences Unit, Health Department of Western Australia; Perth 6102, Australia

⁷ School of Paediatrics & Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2961-2982; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042961 - 17 Apr 2015

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 11986

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate cross-sectional associations between dietary patterns and academic performance among 14-year-old adolescents. Study participants were from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. A food frequency questionnaire was administered when the adolescents were 14 years old, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate cross-sectional associations between dietary patterns and academic performance among 14-year-old adolescents. Study participants were from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. A food frequency questionnaire was administered when the adolescents were 14 years old, and from the dietary data, a ‘Healthy’ and a ‘Western’ dietary pattern were identified by factor analysis. The Western Australian Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (WALNA) results from grade nine (age 14) were linked to the Raine Study data by The Western Australian Data Linkage Branch. Associations between the dietary patterns and the WALNA (mathematics, reading and writing scores) were assessed using multivariate linear regression models adjusting for family and socioeconomic characteristics. Complete data on dietary patterns, academic performance and covariates were available for individuals across the different analyses as follows: n = 779 for mathematics, n = 741 for reading and n = 470 for writing. Following adjustment, significant negative associations between the ‘Western’ dietary pattern and test scores for mathematics (β = −13.14; 95% CI: −24.57; −1.76); p = 0.024) and reading (β = −19.16; 95% CI: −29.85; −8.47; p ≤ 0.001) were observed. A similar trend was found with respect to writing (β = −17.28; 95% CI: −35.74; 1.18; p = 0.066). ANOVA showed significant trends in estimated means of academic scores across quartiles for both the Western and Healthy patterns. Higher scores for the ‘Western’ dietary pattern are associated with poorer academic performance in adolescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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18 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interpreting the Australian Dietary Guideline to “Limit” into Practical and Personalised Advice

by Flavia Fayet-Moore^* and Suzanne Pearson

Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13 167 Macquarie St, Sydney 2000, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(3), 2026-2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7032026 - 20 Mar 2015

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 11741

Abstract

Food-based dietary guidelines shift the focus from single nutrients to whole diet. Guideline 3 of the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) recommends “limiting” discretionary foods and beverages (DF)—Those high in saturated fat, added sugars, salt, and/or alcohol. In Australia, DF contribute 35% of total [...] Read more.

Food-based dietary guidelines shift the focus from single nutrients to whole diet. Guideline 3 of the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) recommends “limiting” discretionary foods and beverages (DF)—Those high in saturated fat, added sugars, salt, and/or alcohol. In Australia, DF contribute 35% of total energy intake. Using the ADG supporting documents, the aim of this study was to develop a food‑based educational toolkit to help translate guideline 3 and interpret portion size. The methodology used to produce the toolkit is presented here. “Additional energy allowance” is specific to gender, age, height and physical activity level, and can be met from core foods, unsaturated fats/oils/spreads and/or DF. To develop the toolkit, additional energy allowance was converted to serves equaling 600 kJ. Common DF were selected and serves were determined based on nutrient profile. Portion sizes were used to calculate number of DF serves. A consumer brochure consisting of DF, portion sizes and equivalent number of DF serves was developed. A healthcare professional guide outlines the methodology used. The toolkit was designed to assist dietitians and consumers to translate guideline 3 of the ADF and develop a personalized approach to include DF as part of the diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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