Lifestyle Patterns Are Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Qatari Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional National Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Lifestyle Patterns Derivation
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Variable Name | Total n = 747 | Normal Blood Pressure n = 642 | Elevated Blood † Pressure n = 105 | Significance †† |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 31.0 ± 7.0 | 30.5 ± 6.9 | 33.5 ± 6.9 | p = 0.000 ** |
Education | ||||
Up to intermediate level b | 140 (20) | 113 (17.6) | 24 (22.9) | p = 0.36 |
Finished high school | 280 (40) | 248 (38.7) | 35 (33.3) | |
University/graduate level | 326 (43.7) | 280 (43.7) | 46 (43.8) | |
Marital Status | ||||
Not married | 261 (34.9) | 233 (36.3) | 28 (26.4) | p = 0.05 * |
Married | 486 (65.1) | 409 (63.7) | 78 (73.6) | |
Job type | ||||
Governmental employee | 356 (47.7) | 309 (48.1) | 47 (44.8) | p = 0.42 |
Non-governmental employee c | 30 (4.0) | 26 (4.0) | 4 (3.8) | |
Not working | 140 (18.7) | 124 (19.3) | 16 (15.2) | |
Housewife | 221 (29.6) | 183 (28.5) | 38 (36.2) | |
Parental Consanguinity | ||||
No | 485 (64.9) | 417 (65.0) | 68 (64.8) | p = 0.97 |
Yes | 262 (35.1) | 225 (35.0) | 37 (35.2) | |
Family history of diabetes | ||||
No | 240 (32.1) | 207 (32.2) | 33 (31.4) | p = 0.87 |
Yes | 507 (67.9) | 435 (67.8) | 72 (68.6) | |
Family history of High blood pressure | ||||
No | 267 (35.7) | 243 (37.9) | 24 (22.6) | p = 0.002 * |
Yes | 480 (64.3) | 399 (62.1) | 82 (77.4) | |
Oil type used in cooking | ||||
Vegetable oil | 714 (96.4) | 613 (96.2) | 101 (97.1) | p = 0.66 |
Animal oil | 27 (3.6) | 24 (3.8) | 3 (2.9) | |
Number of Meals not prepared at home (per week) | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 2.5 ± 2.4 | 2.1 ± 2.0 | p = 0.10 |
Smoking Status | ||||
Non smoker | 730 (97.7) | 628 (97.8) | 102 (97.1) | p = 0.28 |
Past smoker | 6 (0.8) | 6 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
Current smoker | 11 (1.5) | 8 (1.2) | 3 (2.9) | |
Exposure to passive Smoking d (days/week) | 1.2 ± 2.9 | 1.2 ± 2.9 | 1.3 ± 3.0 | p = 0.71 |
Physical Activity Level | ||||
Low | 416 (55.8) | 352 (54.9) | 64 (61.0) | p = 0.41 |
Moderate | 162 (21.7) | 144 (22.5) | 18 (17.1) | |
High | 168 (22.5) | 145 (22.6) | 23 (21.9) | |
Total physical activity (Met-minutes per day) | 389.9 ± 761.9 | 394.5 ± 772.7 | 369.2 ± 701.5 | p = 0.75 |
Percent activity from work (%) (n = 551) | 26.2 ± 37.7 | 25.5 ± 37.2 | 31.7 ± 40.6 | p = 0.22 |
Percent activity from walking (%) | 55.5 ± 40.8 | 55.6 ± 41.1 | 54.3 ± 39.8 | p = 0.80 |
Percent activity form free time (%) | 18.3 ± 30.8 | 18.9 ± 31.7 | 14.1 ± 23.9 | p = 0.15 |
Sedentary time (minutes/day) | 183.6 ± 168.3 | 183.0 ± 164.4 | 189.5 ± 191.2 | p = 0.71 |
Body mass index(BMI) (kg/m2) | 29.1 ± 7.2 | 28.7 ± 7.1 | 30.9 ± 6.9 | p = 0.004 * |
Obese(≥30 kg/m2) | 279 (37.3) | 226 (35.2) | 53 (50.0) | p = 0.007 * |
Lifestyle Patterns | |||
---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Fast Food & Smoking | ||
Fruits | 0.68 | −0.20 | |
Beans | 0.56 | 0.27 | |
Natural juices | 0.55 | ||
Vegetables | 0.44 | ||
Fish | 0.44 | −0.21 | |
Dairy | 0.24 | 0.21 | |
Fast foods | 0.78 | ||
Sweetened beverages | 0.63 | ||
Sweets | 0.54 | ||
Smoking | 0.39 | ||
Poultry | 0.34 | ||
Refined grains | 0.22 | 0.74 | |
Whole grains | 0.32 | −0.21 | −0.55 |
Physical activity (Mets/day) | −0.43 | ||
Meat | 0.30 | ||
Percent variance explained | 12.4 | 12.1 | 9.6 |
Factor Items | Healthy | Fast Food & Smoking | Traditional Sedentary | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 1st Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 1st Tertile | 3rd Tertile | |
Mean ± SD | ||||||
Fruits (days/week) | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 2.4 ** | 3.6 ± 2.7 | 2.3 ± 2.3 ** | 3.5 ± 2.7 | 2.7 ± 2.3 * |
Beans (days/week) | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 2.1 ** | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 2.1 ** | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 2.0 ** |
Natural juice(days/week) | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 5.3 ± 2.3 ** | 3.4 ± 2.7 | 3.5 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 3.0 ± 2.5 * |
Vegetables (days/week) | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 6.5 ± 1.4 ** | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 5.0 ± 2.5 * | 5.5 ± 2.3 | 5.4 ± 2.3 |
Fish and sea food (days/week) | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 1.6 ** | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.3 * | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.1 ± 1.1 ** |
Dairy products (days/week) | 5.4 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 1.8 ** | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 2.2 | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 6.3 ± 1.7 ** |
Fast food (days/week) | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 2.3 ** | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 1.3 ± 1.4 ** |
Sweetened beverages(days/week) | 2.9 ± 2.9 | 2.2 ± 2.7 * | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 2.6 ** | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 2.4 ± 2.7 * |
Sweets (days/week) | 4.3 ± 2.8 | 4.2 ± 2.6 | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 5.9 ± 1.9 ** | 3.9 ± 2.7 | 4.7 ± 2.6 * |
Smoking Status b | ||||||
Non smoker | 239 (97.2) | 229 (99.1) | 259 (100.0) | 205 (94.0) ** | 233 (94.7) | 248 (100.0) ** |
Past smoker | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (4.6) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) |
Current smoker | 6 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.4) | 10 (4.1) | 0 (0) |
Poultry(days/week) | 5.4 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 2.1 * | 4.0 ± 2.3 | 5.9 ± 1.8 ** | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 5.6 ± 2.0 ** |
Refined grains (days/week) | 5.6 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 2.5 | 4.7 ± 2.8 | 5.8 ± 2.1 ** | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 7.0 ± 0.2 ** |
Whole grains (days/week) | 0.9 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 2.9 ** | 2.6 ± 2.9 | 1.4 ± 2.3 ** | 4.0 ± 3.0 | 0.4 ± 1.1 ** |
Total physical activity (Met-minutes per day) | 450 ± 770 | 372.3 ± 672.9 | 386.0 ± 677.9 | 463.5 ± 844.9 | 627.5 ± 1054.0 | 203.4 ± 429.0 ** |
Meat (days/week) | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.6 ** | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.8 * | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.8 ** |
Dietary Patterns | |||
---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Fast Food & Smoking | Traditional Sedentary | |
Age adjusted model | |||
1st tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
2nd tertile | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | 2.1 (1.2–3.5) |
3rd tertile | 1.6 (0.9–2.5) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) |
Multivariate model 2 a | |||
1st tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
2nd tertile | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 2.1 (1.4–3.3) | 2.0 (1.2–3.5) |
3rd tertile | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) |
4. Discussion
Authors’s Name | Study Population | Disease Outcome | Lifestyle Factors | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Navarro Silvera et al. (2011) [29] USA | n: 1782 Age: 30–79 years | Subtypes of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer a |
|
|
Steele et al. (2014) [18] Brazil | n: 108,706 Age: ≥18 years Sex: 61.3% female | N/A |
| N/A |
Waidyatilaka et al. (2014) [20] Sri Lanka | n: 617 Age: 30–45 years Sex: 100% females | Cardiometabolic risk variables b |
|
|
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al Thani, M.; Al Thani, A.A.; Al-Chetachi, W.; Al Malki, B.; Khalifa, S.A.H.; Bakri, A.H.; Hwalla, N.; Nasreddine, L.; Naja, F. Lifestyle Patterns Are Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Qatari Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional National Study. Nutrients 2015, 7, 7593-7615. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095355
Al Thani M, Al Thani AA, Al-Chetachi W, Al Malki B, Khalifa SAH, Bakri AH, Hwalla N, Nasreddine L, Naja F. Lifestyle Patterns Are Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Qatari Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional National Study. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7593-7615. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095355
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Thani, Mohammed, Al Anoud Al Thani, Walaa Al-Chetachi, Badria Al Malki, Shamseldin A. H. Khalifa, Ahmad Haj Bakri, Nahla Hwalla, Lara Nasreddine, and Farah Naja. 2015. "Lifestyle Patterns Are Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Qatari Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional National Study" Nutrients 7, no. 9: 7593-7615. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095355