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Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2021) | Viewed by 23951

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Prof. Dr. Grażyna Odrowąż-Sypniewska

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Guest Editor

Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Interests: osteoporosis; bone turnover markers; bone metabolism; metabolic syndrome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Dyslipidemia, in particular LDL cholesterol, has been demonstrated as a causal factor of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation play a central role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis associated with adverse cardiovascular events. The prevention of atherosclerosis and its consequences (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease) should start early in life. Providing education for young adults on the benefits of lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases is the most important way to reduce the cardiovascular risk. The cardioprotective effects of different types of diets like low-fat diets, vegan diets, and Mediterranean diets, rich in diverse components of plant origin, have been recently reviewed. Associations of vitamin D status and incident cardiovascular disease are still a matter of discussion. Several reports have emphasized the role of nutraceuticals as safe and efficient lipid-lowering agents. Dietary interventions have been shown to exert cardioprotective effects such as decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, antithrombotic activity, improving endothelial function, and lowering blood lipids. This Special Issue of Nutrients aims to present the advantages of new non-pharmacological approaches to reduce cardiovascular risk in the search for the best solutions for cardiovascular health.

Prof. Grażyna Odrowąż-Sypniewska
Guest Editor

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Keywords

cardiovascular diseases
atherosclerosis
inflammation and oxidative stress
Mediterranean diet
vegan diets
bioactive nutraceuticals

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Cardioprotective Effects of Nutraceuticals: Focus on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

by Grazyna Sypniewska and Stefan Kruszewski

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3184; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093184 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2102

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health)

Research

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11 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exercise Training Combined with Calanus Oil Supplementation Improves the Central Cardiodynamic Function in Older Women

by Marek Štěpán, Klára Daďová, Miloš Matouš, Eva Krauzová, Lenka Sontáková, Michal Koc, Terje Larsen, Ondrej Kuda, Vladimír Štich, Lenka Rossmeislová and Michaela Šiklová

Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010149 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of exercise training (ET) with omega-3/Calanus oil supplementation on cardiorespiratory and adiposity parameters in elderly women. Fifty-five women (BMI: 19–37 kg/m², 62–80 years old) were recruited and randomly assigned to the 4 month intervention with ET and omega-3 supplementation (Calanus oil, ET-Calanus) or ET and the placebo (sunflower oil; ET-Placebo). The body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using spiroergometry and PhysioFlow hemodynamic testing. Both interventions resulted in an increased lean mass whereas the fat mass was reduced in the leg and trunk as well as the android and gynoid regions. The content of trunk fat (in percent of the total fat) was lower and the content of the leg fat was higher in the ET-Calanus group compared with the ET-Placebo. Although both interventions resulted in similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO_2max), it was explained by an increased peripheral oxygen extraction (a-vO₂diff) alone in the ET-Placebo group whereas increased values of both a-vO₂diff and maximal cardiac output (CO_max) were observed in the ET-Calanus group. Changes in CO_max were associated with changes in systemic vascular resistance, circulating free fatty acids, and the omega-3 index. In conclusion, Calanus oil supplementation during a 4 month ET intervention in elderly women improved the cardiorespiratory function, which was due to combined central and peripheral cardiodynamic mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health)

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10 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Serum Angiopoietin-like Proteins 3 and 8 and Atherogenic Lipid Biomarkers in Non-Diabetic Adults Depends on Gender and Obesity

by Karolina Murawska, Magdalena Krintus, Magdalena Kuligowska-Prusinska, Lukasz Szternel, Anna Stefanska and Grazyna Sypniewska

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4339; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124339 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an essential role in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Angiopoietin-like proteins ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 are shown to be important regulators of LPL activity. Increased concentrations of these proteins may reflect cardiovascular risk, and the treatment of patients with dyslipidemia with ANGPTLs inhibitors may decrease this risk. We assessed the gender-specific relationships of serum ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 with atherogenic lipid biomarkers and obesity in non-diabetic adults. The study comprised 238 participants aged 25–74 [122 with triglycerides (TG) <150 mg/dL (<1.7 mmol/L) and 116 with hypertriglyceridemia]. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TG, C-reactive protein (CRP), glycated hemoglobin, apolipoprotein B, small dense LDL-C (sd-LDL-C), ANGPTL3, and ANGPTL8 were measured. Non-HDL-cholesterol, remnant cholesterol (remnant-C) concentrations, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Results: Women and men did not differ in terms of age, CRP levels, the percentage of obese subjects, and concentrations of atherogenic lipid biomarkers, except higher TG in males and higher ANGPTL3 concentrations in females. Positive correlations of both ANGPTLs with TG, remnant-C, and sdLDL-C levels were found in females. In males, only ANGPTL3 correlated positively with atherogenic biomarkers, but there were no correlations with ANGPTL8. Concentrations of ANGPTL3 were higher in obese men, whereas ANGPTL8 levels were higher in obese women. In women alone, ANGPTL8 showed very good discrimination power to identify subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (AUC = 0.83). Contrary to this, ANGPTL3 was a better discriminator of hypertriglyceridemia (AUC = 0.78) in male subjects. Regression models, adjusted for age, sex, and BMI showed a weak but significant effect of ANGPTL8 to increase the risk of hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusions: In females, ANGPTL8 is more strongly associated with TRLs metabolism, whereas in males, ANGPTL3 plays a more important role. We suggest sex differences be taken into consideration when applying new therapies with angiopoietin-like proteins inhibitors in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health)

18 pages, 352 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Beneficial Effects of Ursolic Acid and Its Derivatives—Focus on Potential Biochemical Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Conditions

by Jakub Erdmann, Marcin Kujaciński and Michał Wiciński

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3900; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113900 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4170

Abstract

Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid found in a number of plants such as apples, thyme, oregano, hawthorn and others. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have presented its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways and the increased scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in numerous ways seem to be the most beneficial effects of UA. In mice and rats, administration of UA appears to slow down the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Upregulation of endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cystathionine-λ-lyase (CSE) by UA may suggest its vasorelaxant property. Inhibition of metalloproteinases activity by UA may contribute to better outcomes in aneurysms management. UA influence on lipid and glucose metabolism remains inconsistent, and additional studies are essential to verify its efficacy. Furthermore, UA derivatives appear to have a beneficial impact on the cardiovascular system. This review aims to summarize recent findings on beneficial effects of UA that may make it a promising candidate for clinical trials for the management of CVDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health)

18 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association between Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Caucasian Women Stratified According to Glycemic Status

by Justyna Kubacka, Paulina Cembrowska, Grazyna Sypniewska and Anna Stefanska

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103307 - 22 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2187

Abstract

We examined the glycemic status-stratified relationships between total serum branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged Caucasian women. The study included 349 women divided into 2 subgroups: a normoglycemic group (NG, n = 184) and a dysglycemic group (DG, n = 165). Blood samples, anthropometric parameters, and blood pressure were measured. HOMA-IR, albumin-corrected calcium (CCa), and fatty liver index (FLI) were calculated. BCAA concentrations were higher in the women with dysglycemia. BCAAs moderately correlated with BMI and FLI in the NG group and with BMI, FLI, total calcium (TCa), CCa, HbA1c, TG/HDL-C, and HDL-C in the DG group. After adjusting for age and BMI, correlations for TCa, CCa, HbA1c, HDL-C, and TG/HDL-C remained significant. The coexistence of increased BCAAs with dysglycemic status was associated with markedly higher concentrations of TCa, CCa, HbA1c, and TG, which were not observed in the DG women with low level of BCAAs. Multiple regression showed that TCa or CCa, age and BCAAs were significantly associated with HbA1c independently of BMI only in the DG group. We conclude that dysglycemia in particular predisposes women to a significant relationship between total BCAAs and circulating calcium and HbA1c, and that these relationships are independent of BMI and may reflect the pathophysiological calcium-dependent mechanisms connecting BCAAs with metabolic disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health)

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12 pages, 462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Causal Effects of Serum Levels of n-3 or n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Coronary Artery Disease: Mendelian Randomization Study

by Sehoon Park, Soojin Lee, Yaerim Kim, Yeonhee Lee, Min Woo Kang, Kwangsoo Kim, Yong Chul Kim, Seung Seok Han, Hajeong Lee, Jung Pyo Lee, Kwon Wook Joo, Chun Soo Lim, Yon Su Kim and Dong Ki Kim

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051490 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3868

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the causal effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. This MR study utilized a genetic instrument developed from previous genome-wide association studies for various serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels. First, we calculated the allele scores for genetic predisposition of PUFAs in individuals of European ancestry in the UK Biobank data (N = 337,129). The allele score-based MR was obtained by regressing the allele scores to CAD risks. Second, summary-level MR was performed with the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D data for CAD (N = 184,305). Higher genetically predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels were significantly associated with a lower risk of CAD both in the allele-score-based and summary-level MR analyses. Higher allele scores for linoleic acid level were significantly associated with lower CAD risks, and in the summary-level MR, the causal estimates by the pleiotropy-robust MR methods also indicated that higher linoleic acid levels cause a lower risk of CAD. Arachidonic acid showed significant causal estimates for a higher risk of CAD. This study supports the causal effects of certain n-3 and n-6 PUFA types on the risk of CAD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health)

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Review

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29 pages, 470 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cardiovascular Effects of Chocolate and Wine—Narrative Review

by Beata Sperkowska, Joanna Murawska, Anna Przybylska, Marcin Gackowski, Stefan Kruszewski, Maciej Durmowicz and Dorota Rutkowska

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124269 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6697

Abstract

The consumption of food for pleasure is mainly associated with adverse health effects. This review was carried out to verify recent reports on the impact of chocolate and wine consumption on cardiovascular health, with a particular focus on atherosclerosis. On one side, these products have proven adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, but on the other hand, if consumed in optimal amounts, they have cardiovascular benefits. The submitted data suggest that the beneficial doses are 30–50 g and 130/250 mL for chocolate and wine, respectively, for women and men. The accumulated evidence indicates that the active ingredients in the products under consideration in this review are phenolic compounds, characterized by anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiplatelet properties. However, there are also some reports of cardioprotective properties of other compounds such as esters, amines, biogenic amines, amino acids, fatty acids, mineral ingredients, and vitamins. Our narrative review has shown that in meta-analyses of intervention studies, consumption of chocolate and wine was positively associated with the beneficial outcomes associated with the cardiovascular system. In contrast, the assessment with the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) scale did not confirm this phenomenon. In addition, mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds present in chocolate and wine depend on some factors, such as age, sex, body weight, and the presence of additional medical conditions. Patients using cardiovascular drugs simultaneously with both products should be alert to the risk of pharmacologically relevant interactions during their use. Our narrative review leads to the conclusion that there is abundant evidence to prove the beneficial impact of consuming both products on cardiovascular health, however some evidence still remains controversial. Many authors of studies included in this review postulated that well-designed, longitudinal studies should be performed to determine the effects of these products and their components on atherosclerosis and other CVD (Cardiovascular Disease) disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Coronary Artery Disease: Searching for the Best Solution for Cardiovascular Health)

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