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Nutrients
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Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
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Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 September 2025 | Viewed by 2986

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Clinical Dietetics Unit, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
2. Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital in Lublin, al. Krasnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
Interests: nutrition; human nutrition; hypertension; atherosclerosis; blood pressure; metabolic diseases; lipid metabolism; disease prevention; cardiovascular medicine; malnutrition
Dr. Grzegorz Kalisz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
Interests: metabolic syndrome; obesity; diabetes; supplementation; animal models; omics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death globally. Its main risk factors are lifestyle-related, and diet is the most important factor. Despite the recognized association between diet and cardiometabolic health, we are still in need of more effective strategies at all stages—prevention, screening, and treatment. This Special Issue aims to gather the results of high-quality studies focused on the dietary aspects of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes, all of which are types of metabolic syndrome. Diet quality and nutritional pattern data can come from observational studies, while personalized dietary interventions may be investigated in prospective studies. The analyses of the mechanisms and direct associations between nutrition and cardiovascular disease will also be addressed in this Special Issue. This Special Issue welcomes submissions of original research and reviews of the scientific literature, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Dr. Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz
Dr. Grzegorz Kalisz
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • metabolic syndrome
  • cardiovascular risk
  • cardiovascular disease
  • hypertension
  • dyslipidemia

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 1456 KiB  
Article
Relationship Between Dietary Inflammatory Index, Diets, and Cardiovascular Medication
by Teresa Lopez de Coca, Pablo Maya, Victoria Villagrasa and Lucrecia Moreno
Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091570 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 519
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases remain a leading global health challenge, being influenced by diet and systemic inflammation. Adherence to healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean (MED), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Anti-inflammatory (AnMED) diets, may reduce the CV risk. Background/Objectives: We [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases remain a leading global health challenge, being influenced by diet and systemic inflammation. Adherence to healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean (MED), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Anti-inflammatory (AnMED) diets, may reduce the CV risk. Background/Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the association between the adherence to healthy dietary patterns and CV treatments. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Valencian Community, Spain. Nutritional data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire to assess the adherence to MED, DASH, and AnMED dietary patterns. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal–Wallis tests and linear regression models, evaluated dietary adherence, nutrient intake, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and medication use. Results: Of 468 participants initially recruited, were included in the final analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria (88.48% female, mean age: 66.16 ± 9.59 years). A significant association was observed between the DII and antihypertensive use (p-value < 0.001), with higher DII scores correlating with increased antihypertensive consumption. Among dietary patterns, the AnMED diet exhibited the strongest association with the DII (p-adjust < 0.001). Predictive modeling revealed a 14.28% increase in antihypertensive use per unit rise in the DII. The AnMED diet was the only pattern significantly linked to improved micronutrient intake, including calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Conclusions: The DII is a useful tool for assessing the inflammatory potential of diets. Diets with lower DII scores, such as the AnMED diet, may reduce systemic inflammation and improve CV health. Adherence to the AnMED diet may lower blood pressure and reduce reliance on antihypertensive medications, supporting anti-inflammatory dietary patterns for CV disease prevention and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)
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15 pages, 1724 KiB  
Article
Nutritional Status, Uremic Toxins, and Metabo-Inflammatory Biomarkers as Predictors of Two-Year Cardiovascular Mortality in Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Study
by Sylwia Czaja-Stolc, Marta Potrykus, Jakub Ruszkowski, Alicja Dębska-Ślizień and Sylwia Małgorzewicz
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061043 - 16 Mar 2025
Viewed by 657
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality, which cannot be fully accounted for by traditional risk factors. Background/Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of adipokines, myokines, gut-microbiota-derived uremic [...] Read more.
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality, which cannot be fully accounted for by traditional risk factors. Background/Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of adipokines, myokines, gut-microbiota-derived uremic toxins, and nutritional status on the risk of CV mortality in patients undergoing kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Methods: This study includes 84 hemodialysis (HD) patients and 44 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Adipokines and myokines concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), while gut-microbiota-derived uremic toxins were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Nutritional status was assessed using the seven-point Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and anthropometric measurements. The survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves with the log-rank test, along with univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: The mean follow-up period was 18.2 (8) months for the HD group and 14.3 (8) months for the PD group. During the 2-year follow-up, 15.5% of HD patients and 6.8% of PD patients died due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the HD group, age, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), phosphorus, interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-protein (hsCRP), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels were significantly associated with CV mortality. HD patients who died had significantly lower myostatin/IL-6 ratios. CV mortality was significantly associated with age and potassium levels in the PD group. Conclusions: The examined adipokines, myokines, and gut-microbiota-derived uremic toxins exert a less significant direct influence on survival compared to widely recognized indicators, including age, nutritional status, and inflammatory markers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)
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14 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
The Nutritional Status of Patients with Heart Failure and Its Impact on Patient’ Outcomes—The Center’s Own Experience
by Natalia Świątoniowska-Lonc, Marek Aureliusz Mak, Filip Klausa, Krzysztof Ściborski, Waldemar Banasiak and Adrian Doroszko
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050761 - 21 Feb 2025
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Abstract
Background. The nutritional status of patients in hospitals has a significant impact on the effectiveness of treatment, the occurrence of complications, and the length of hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with heart failure [...] Read more.
Background. The nutritional status of patients in hospitals has a significant impact on the effectiveness of treatment, the occurrence of complications, and the length of hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with heart failure (HF) and its impact on patient outcomes. Material and Methods. This study included 213 patients (153 men, 71.8%) aged 74.7 ± 14.3 years treated for HF at the cardiology clinic of the 4th Military Clinical Hospital between 2018 and 2021. Sociodemographics, clinical data, the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), CHILD-PUGH, and the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) were analyzed. Results. Patients at high nutritional risk (NRS ≥ 3 score) were older (85 years vs. 75 years; p < 0.001), had longer hospitalizations (12 days vs. 9 days, p = 0.027), lower hemoglobin (10.5 g/dL vs. 11.7 g/dL, p = 0.001), lower TIBC (292 vs. 336; p = 0.012), and iron (32 mg/nL vs. 39 ng/mL, p = 0.009) compared with patients at low risk (NRS < 3 score). Patients hospitalized ≤7 days had significantly lower CHILD-PUGH score compared with patients hospitalized >7 days. Patients hospitalized ≥14 days were significantly more likely to die compared with other groups of HF patients (10.6% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.004). Conclusions. Abnormal nutritional status among hospitalized HF patients is associated with longer hospitalization duration and higher rates of death. In addition to clinical factors, the CHILD-PUGH scale can be helpful in estimating the length of hospitalization of HF patients. It is necessary to determine the impact of nutritional status on the outcome of patients with heart failure in further multicenter prospective or interventional studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)

Review

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29 pages, 1500 KiB  
Review
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Supplementation to Alleviate Heart Failure: A Mitochondrial Dysfunction Perspective
by Fan Yu, Huiying Zhao, Lu Luo and Wei Wu
Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111855 - 29 May 2025
Abstract
Heart failure represents the terminal stage in the development of many cardiovascular diseases, and its pathological mechanisms are closely related to disturbances in energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. In recent years, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a core coenzyme involved [...] Read more.
Heart failure represents the terminal stage in the development of many cardiovascular diseases, and its pathological mechanisms are closely related to disturbances in energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. In recent years, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a core coenzyme involved in cellular energy metabolism and redox homeostasis, has been shown to potentially ameliorate heart failure through the regulation of mitochondrial function. This review systematically investigates four core mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure: imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative stress injury, dysfunction of mitochondrial autophagy, and disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis. These abnormalities collectively exacerbate the progression of heart failure by disrupting ATP production and inducing apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. NAD+ has been shown to regulate mitochondrial biosynthesis and antioxidant defences through the activation of the deacetylase family (e.g., silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and SIRT3) and to increase mitochondrial autophagy to remove damaged mitochondria, thus restoring energy metabolism and redox balance in cardiomyocytes. In addition, the inhibition of NAD+-degrading enzymes (e.g., poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)) increases the tissue intracellular NAD+ content, and supplementation with NAD+ precursors (e.g., β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside, etc.) also significantly elevates myocardial NAD+ levels to ameliorate heart failure. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the central role of NAD+ in mitochondrial homeostasis and for the development of targeted therapies for heart failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)
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20 pages, 725 KiB  
Review
CONUT Score as a Predictor of Mortality Risk in Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analytic Review
by Diana Andreea Fărcaș, Anda Cerghizan, Raluca Maior, Andreea-Cornelia Mîndrilă and Monica Tarcea
Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101736 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 709
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major global health burden and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Nutritional status has emerged as an essential factor influencing outcomes in HF, with the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score gaining attention as a simple, objective marker [...] Read more.
Heart failure (HF) is a major global health burden and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Nutritional status has emerged as an essential factor influencing outcomes in HF, with the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score gaining attention as a simple, objective marker derived from serum albumin, total cholesterol, and lymphocyte count. This meta-analysis evaluated the prognostic value of the CONUT score in predicting all-cause mortality in patients with acute and chronic heart failure. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases for the past ten years, using combinations of keywords such as “heart failure”, “CONUT score”, “malnutrition”, and “mortality”. Studies were included if they reported hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality in relation to CONUT score categories in adult HF populations. Eight eligible studies comprising 15,761 patients were included. Pooled analysis showed that higher CONUT scores were significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality (pooled HR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.30–1.66). Despite substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 80%), the direction of effect was consistent across studies. The CONUT score is a useful prognostic marker in acute and chronic heart failure patients. Further research should explore the effects of targeted nutritional interventions in high-risk HF patients identified by elevated CONUT scores and efforts to standardize malnutrition cut-offs in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)
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