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Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases

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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 32168

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Prof. Dr. Takashi Watanabe

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Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
Interests: plant inventory; evaluation of growth environments and cultivation hotspots for useful plants using GIS/remote sensing; plant biotechnology; traditional medicine
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Prof. Dr. Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti

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1. International Relations and Research Collaborations
2. Department of Administration, Reva University, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
Interests: medicinal plants; metabolic diseases; nanoparticle research; medicinal chemistry; biotechnology; food security

Prof. Dr. Mikako Fujita

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Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
Interests: biologically active compounds; virus; plant products
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Dr. Yukio Nagano

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Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
Interests: genetic diversity; medicinal and fruit plants; genomics and transcriptomics; plant biotechnology
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Dr. Raju Aedla

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1. Vishnu Educational Development and Innovation Center (VEDIC), Lake View Campus, Aziz Nagar, Hyderabad 500075, India
2. BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women, Bachupally, Nizampet Rd., Hyderabad 500090, India
3. Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
Interests: remote sensing; GIS; satellite/UAV image analysis; IoTs; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of medicinal plants and functional foods has increased to boost the immune system of the human body. Medicinal plants play a vital role in the development of therapeutics for various types of diseases, including metabolic, transmissible, and non-transmissible diseases. Medicinal plants from various regions of the world contain different types of secondary metabolites, which exhibit the ability to directly and indirectly contribute to human wellness. The identification, diversity, conservation, and cultivation of these rare plant resources is useful to protect human life from various harms. In this view, this Special Issue aims to highlight all aspects related to medicinal plants, and the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants for herbal drugs. We invite articles related to studies on the identification and cultivation of various medicinal plants, extraction techniques of metabolites, and qualitative and quantitative techniques to determine their composition and pharmacological profile.

Prof. Dr. Takashi Watanabe
Prof. Dr. Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
Prof. Dr. Mikako Fujita
Dr. Yukio Nagano
Dr. Raju Aedla
Guest Editors

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Keywords

ecological biochemistry
plant chemistry
molecular biology and genetics
structure and bioactivities of phytochemicals
molecular genetics and genomics
protein biochemistry and proteomics
metabolism and metabolomics
chemistry and bioactive products
medicinal plants for high biomass yield and phytochemical content
medicinal plants and diseases

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Related Special Issue

Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases II in Molecules (1 article)

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Research

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18 pages, 2285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Analysis and Habitat Suitability Mapping of Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino Collected at Chiburijima, Oki Islands, Japan

by Fuzuki Momotomi, Aedla Raju, Dongxing Wang, Doaa H. M. Alsaadi and Takashi Watanabe

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8126; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238126 - 22 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1886

Abstract

Cardiocrinum cordatum, known as ubayuri in Japan, has antihypertensive properties and has been shown to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which contributes to the production of angiotensin II, a hypotensive substance in the renin–angiotensin system. C. cordatum has been the subject of various studies as a useful plant and is applied as a functional food. Due to the limited distribution, loss of natural habitat by frequent natural disasters, and environmental conditions, the chemical content and biological activity of C. cordatum have been drastically affected. Obtaining a stable supply of Cardiocrinu cordatum material with high biological activity is still a challenge. Understanding the native habitat environment and suitable cultivation sites could help in solving this issue. Therefore, in the current study we investigated the effect of environmental parameters on the hypertensive and antioxidant activities of C. cordatum collected at Chiburijima, Oki Islands, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. We also predicted the habitat suitability of C. cordatum using a geographic information system (GIS) and MaxEnt model with various conditioning factors, including the topographic, soil, environmental, and climatic factors of the study area. A total of 37 individual plant samples along with soil data were collected for this study. In vitro assays of ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activity were conducted on the collected samples. The results show that plants at 14 out of 37 sites had very strong ACE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ < 1 mg mL⁻¹). However, the collected plants showed no signs of strong antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that BIO05 (F value = 2.93, p < 0.05), nitrate–nitrogen (F value = 2.46, p < 0.05), and silt (F value = 3.443, p < 0.05) significantly affected ACE inhibitory activity. On the other hand, organic carbon content (F value = 10.986, p < 0.01) was found to significantly affect antioxidant activity. The final habitat suitability map shows 3.3% very high and 6.8% high suitability regions, and samples with ACE inhibition activity were located within these regions. It is recommended further investigations and studies are conducted on C. cordatum in these locations. The prediction suitability model showed accuracy with AUC-ROC of 96.7% for the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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11 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Japanese Pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) from Different Growing Regions Based on Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Sensory Evaluation

by Kazuaki Yamasaki, Nami Fukutome, Fumiyo Hayakawa, Nobuo Ibaragi and Yukio Nagano

Molecules 2022, 27(15), 4946; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154946 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

The Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) is an attractive plant that is highly palatable and benefits human health. There are several lineages of pepper plants in Japan. However, the classification of each lineage by analyzing its volatile compounds and studies on the effects of differences in volatile compounds on human flavor perception have not been performed in detail. Herein, we conducted gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of volatile compounds and sensory evaluation of flavor by an analytical panel using 10 commercially available dry powdered Japanese pepper products from different regions. GC and GC/MS analysis detected limonene, β-phellandrene, citronellal, and geranyl acetate as the major volatile compounds of Japanese peppers. The composition of volatile compounds showed different characteristics depending on the growing regions, and cluster analysis of composition classified the products into five groups. The sensory evaluation classified the products into four groups, and the results of both classifications were in good agreement. Our results provide an important basis for proposing cooking and utilization methods that take advantage of the unique characteristics of each lineage based on scientific evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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19 pages, 5709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Silico Study of Analogs of Plant Product Plastoquinone to Be Effective in Colorectal Cancer Treatment

by Halilibrahim Ciftci, Belgin Sever, Firdevs Ocak, Nilüfer Bayrak, Mahmut Yıldız, Hatice Yıldırım, Hasan DeMirci, Hiroshi Tateishi, Masami Otsuka, Mikako Fujita and Amaç Fatih TuYuN

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030693 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2963

Abstract

Plants have paved the way for the attainment of molecules with a wide-range of biological activities. However, plant products occasionally show low biological activities and/or poor pharmacokinetic properties. In that case, development of their derivatives as drugs from the plant world has been actively performed. As plant products, plastoquinones (PQs) have been of high importance in anticancer drug design and discovery; we have previously evaluated and reported the potential cytotoxic effects of a series of PQ analogs. Among these analogs, PQ2, PQ3 and PQ10 were selected for National Cancer Institute (NCI) for in vitro screening of anticancer activity against a wide range of cancer cell lines. The apparent superior anticancer potency of PQ2 on the HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell line than that of PQ3 and PQ10 compared to other tested cell lines has encouraged us to perform further mechanistic studies to enlighten the mode of anti-colorectal cancer action of PQ2. For this purpose, its apoptotic effects on the HCT-116 cell line, DNA binding capacity and several crucial pharmacokinetic properties were investigated. Initially, MTT assay was conducted for PQ2 at different concentrations against HCT-116 cells. Results indicated that PQ2 exhibited significant cytotoxicity in HCT-116 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 4.97 ± 1.93 μM compared to cisplatin (IC₅₀ = 26.65 ± 7.85 μM). Moreover, apoptotic effects of PQ2 on HCT-116 cells were investigated by the annexin V/ethidium homodimer III staining method and PQ2 significantly induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells compared to cisplatin. Based on the potent DNA cleavage capacity of PQ2, molecular docking studies were conducted in the minor groove of the double helix of DNA and PQ2 presented a key hydrogen bonding through its methoxy moiety. Overall, both in vitro and in silico studies indicated that effective, orally bioavailable drug-like PQ2 attracted attention for colorectal cancer treatment. The most important point to emerge from this study is that appropriate derivatization of a plant product leads to unique biologically active compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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12 pages, 2078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multitarget Approach to Evaluate the Efficacy of Aquilaria sinensis Flower Extract against Metabolic Syndrome

by Hee-Sung Chae, Olivia Dale, Tahir Maqbool Mir, Bharathi Avula, Jianping Zhao, Ikhlas A. Khan and Shabana I. Khan

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030629 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2930

Abstract

Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng is known for its resinous secretion (agarwood), often secreted in defense against injuries. We investigated the effects of A. sinensis flower extract (AF) on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARγ), liver X receptor (LXR), glucose uptake, and lipid accumulation (adipogenesis). Activation of PPARα, PPARγ and LXR was determined in hepatic (HepG2) cells by reporter gene assays. Glucose uptake was determined in differentiated muscle (C2C12) cells using 2-NBDG (2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-D-glucose). Adipogenesis was determined in adipocytes (3T3-L1 cells) by Oil red O staining. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, AF caused 12.2-fold activation of PPARα and 5.7-fold activation of PPARγ, while the activation of LXR was only 1.7-fold. AF inhibited (28%) the adipogenic effect induced by rosiglitazone in adipocytes and increased glucose uptake (32.8%) in muscle cells at 50 μg/mL. It was concluded that AF acted as a PPARα/γ dual agonist without the undesired effect of adipogenesis and exhibited the property of enhancing glucose uptake. This is the first report to reveal the PPARα/γ dual agonistic action and glucose uptake enhancing property of AF along with its antiadipogenic effect, indicating its potential in ameliorating the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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12 pages, 3146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Emulsions Based on Modified Watermelon Seed Oil, Stabilized with Orange Fibres

by Małgorzata Kowalska, Anna Żbikowska, Magdalena Woźniak and Aleksandra Amanowicz

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020513 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1775

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate emulsion systems prepared on the basis of blended fat in different ratios (watermelon seed oil and mutton tallow) stabilised by orange fibres and xanthan gum. Emulsions were subjected to stability testing by Turbiscan and were assessed in terms of mean droplet size, colour, viscosity, texture, skin hydration and sensory properties. The most stable systems were found to be the ones containing a predominance of mutton tallow in a fat phase. For these emulsions the lowest increase in mean particle size during storage was observed. The study also confirmed the synergistic effect of the thickeners used. The presented emulsions despite favourable physicochemical parameters, did not gain acceptance in sensory evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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12 pages, 2286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Promising Chemotherapeutic Candidates from Plants against Human Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (VII): Active Principles from Thuja occidentalis L.

by Daisuke Nakano, Kenji Ishitsuka, Madoka Ishihara, Ryota Tsuchihashi, Masafumi Okawa, Kazuo Tamura and Junei Kinjo

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7619; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247619 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2286

Abstract

During the screening of novel chemotherapeutic candidates from plants against adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, we identified that the extracts of Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) showed potent anti-proliferative activity in MT-1 and MT-2 cells. Therefore, we attempted to isolate the active components from this plant. We isolated and identified 32 compounds (1–32; eight lignans, 18 terpenoids, and six flavonoids) from the extracts of the leaves and cones. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. Several of the isolated compounds inhibited the growth of both cell lines. Lignans showed more potent activity than other classes of compounds. A comparison of the activities of compounds 1–8 revealed that the presence of a trans-lactone (linkage of C-6 to C-7) correlated with increased activity. Diterpenes showed moderate activity, and the presence of a ketone moiety at the C-7 position correlated with increased activity in compounds 12–21. In addition, biflavones showed moderate activity, and the presence of methoxy functions appeared to influence the activity of these compounds. Several lignans were lead compound of anti-cancer reagent (etoposide). In conclusion, not only lignans, but also diterpenes and/or biflavones, may be promising candidates for the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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12 pages, 1161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatiles Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Areca Nut Extracts Obtained by Simultaneous Distillation–Extraction and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction

by Martina Machová, Tomáš Bajer, David Šilha, Karel Ventura and Petra Bajerová

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7422; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247422 - 7 Dec 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3431

Abstract

The volatile components of areca nuts were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber extraction) and simultaneous hydrodistillation–extraction (SHDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Furthermore, all SHDE fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity using the disk diffusion method on nine Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Candida albicans). In total, 98 compounds (mainly alcohols, carbonyl compounds, fatty acids, esters, terpenes, terpenoids, and aliphatic hydrocarbons) were identified in SHDE fractions and by using SPME extraction Fatty acids were the main group of volatile constituents detected in all types of extracts. The microorganism most sensitive to the extract of the areca nut was Streptococcus canis. The results can provide essential information for the application of different treatments of areca nuts in the canning industry or as natural antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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14 pages, 5982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Fibrotic and Anti-Angiogenic Activities of Osbeckia octandra Leaf Extracts in Thioacetamide-Induced Experimental Liver Cirrhosis

by Sudarma Bogahawaththa, Suranga P. Kodithuwakku, Kavindra K. Wijesundera, Eranga H. Siriweera, Lalith Jayasinghe, Waruna L. Dissanayaka, Jayanthe Rajapakse, Chandana B. Herath, Tadayuki Tsujita and Missaka P. B. Wijayagunawardane

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4836; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164836 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4339

Abstract

Chronic liver inflammation has become a major global health concern. In the absence of clinical surrogate markers to diagnose inflammatory liver disease, the intervention with effective drugs in modern medicine tends to be late. In Sri Lanka, traditional medical practitioners prescribe herbal preparations from Osbeckia octandra for the prevention and treatment of liver disorders. To test the efficacy of such treatments, we have administered thioacetamide (TAA) to male Wistar rats to induce chronic liver damage (disease control; DC) and examined how various leaf extracts: crude leaf suspension (CLS), boiled leaf extract (BLE), sonicated leaf extract (SLE), methanol leaf extract (MLE) and hexane leaf extract (HLE) of O. octandra ameliorate TAA-induced liver disease. The CLS, BLE and SLE treatments in cirrhotic rats significantly attenuated disease-related changes, such as liver weight and hepato-enzymes. The mRNA levels of Tnf-α were significantly decreased by 3.6, 10 and 3.9 times in CLS, BLE and SLE compared to DC. The same treatments resulted in significantly lower (19.5, 4.2 and 2.4 times) α-Sma levels compared to DC. In addition, Tgf-β1 and Vegf-R2 mRNA expressions were significantly lower with the treatments. Moreover, BLE expressed a strong anti-angiogenic effect. We conclude that CLS, BLE and SLE from O. octandra have potent hepatic anti-fibrotic effects in TAA-induced liver cirrhosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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Review

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11 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Natural Compound Hydrophobic Usnic Acid and Hydrophilic Potassium Usnate Derivative: Applications and Comparisons

by Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo, Hianna Arely Milca Fagundes Silva, José Guedes da Silva Júnior, Mônica Camelo Pessoa de Azevedo Albuquerque, Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso Coelho and André de Lima Aires

Molecules 2021, 26(19), 5995; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195995 - 2 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2852

Abstract

Usnic acid is the best-studied lichen metabolite, presenting several biological activities, such as antibacterial, immunostimulating, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic agents; despite these relevant properties, it is a hydrophobic and toxic molecule. In this context, scientific research has driven the development of innovative alternatives, considering usnic acid as a source of raw material in obtaining new molecules, allowing structural modifications (syntheses) from it. The purpose is to optimize biological activities and toxicity, with less concentration and/or response time. This work presents a literature review with an analogy of the hydrophobic molecule of usnic acid with its hydrophilic derivative of potassium usnate, emphasizing the elucidation and structural characteristics, biological activities, and toxicological aspects of both molecules, and the advantages of using the promising derivative hydrophilic in different in vitro and in vivo assays when compared to usnic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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Other

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16 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in Preclinical In Vivo Models of Inflammation

by Catarina Gonçalves, Daniela Fernandes, Inês Silva and Vanessa Mateus

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030609 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4713

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in preclinical in vivo models of inflammation. A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with related keywords. The inclusion criteria were inflammation, plant, and studies on rats or mice; while, the exclusion criteria were reviews, studies with in vitro models, and associated plants. The predominant animal models were paw edema, acute liver injury, and asthma. Rosemary was more commonly used in its entirety than in compounds, and the prevalent methods of extraction were maceration and hydrodistillation. The most common routes of administration reported were gavage, intraperitoneal, and oral, on a route-dependent dosage. Treatment took place daily, or was single-dose, on average for 21 days, and it more often started before the induction. The most evaluated biomarkers were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The best results emerged at a dose of 60 mg/kg, via IP of carnosic acid, a dose of 400 mg/kg via gavage of Rosmarinus officinalis, and a dose of 10 mg/kg via IP of rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinus officinalis L. showed anti-inflammatory activity before and after induction of treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants and Industrial Crops: Phytochemistry and Metabolic Diseases)

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