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Minerals
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Hydration and Microstructural Characteristics of Clay-Based Binders
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Hydration and Microstructural Characteristics of Clay-Based Binders

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Clays and Engineered Mineral Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 21 June 2024 | Viewed by 2598

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vineet Shah

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Callaghan Innovation, P.O. Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
Interests: cement chemistry; concrete durability; low carbon construction materials; sustainability
Dr. Anuj Parashar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Interests: clay minerals; cementitious materials; cement hydration; reactivity; durability

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The estimated global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for 2022 are approximately 58Gt CO2 equivalent, with cement production contributing 8% of these emissions. In order to limit global warming to 1.5 °C, emissions from the cement industry must be cut by 30% by 2030. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is a well-established strategy to reduce emissions from the cement industry. However, the future availability of conventional SCMs such as fly ash and slag remains uncertain due to the growing focus on renewable energy generation and steel recycling, respectively.

Clay, on the other hand, is a natural material that is abundant and widely available worldwide, making it a promising solution for producing low-carbon-footprint binders at scale. The hydration characteristics of clay-based binders are governed by several key factors, including the source, reactivity, and processing of the clay. The chemical reaction between the clay and other components of the binder results in the precipitation of hydration products and developing the microstructure matrix, which in turn affect the mechanical and durability performance of the binder.

This Special Issue of the journal aims to expand our understanding of the hydration behaviour and microstructural characteristics of clay in various binders, including but not limited to Portland cement, lime-based, alkali-activated and magnesium oxide. Additionally, this Special Issue will cover topics on the hydration behaviour of various types of clay, advanced characterization techniques for studying the microstructure of clay-based systems, reaction kinetics of clay in the presence of different additives, thermodynamic modelling of clay-binders, and the potential applications of clay-based binders in sustainable construction.

Dr. Vineet Shah
Dr. Anuj Parashar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydration
  • metakaolin
  • clay
  • compressive strength
  • durability
  • low-carbon binder
  • sustainability calcination

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 14332 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils
by Sanaz Soltaninejad, Seyed Morteza Marandi and Naveen B.P.
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101317 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1189
Abstract
Although the interaction between clay minerals and lime is the most effective factor in lime stabilization techniques, it has not been deeply evaluated. This research study investigated the microstructural characteristics of lime-stabilized Bentonite and Kaolin soils using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope [...] Read more.
Although the interaction between clay minerals and lime is the most effective factor in lime stabilization techniques, it has not been deeply evaluated. This research study investigated the microstructural characteristics of lime-stabilized Bentonite and Kaolin soils using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. To consider the variation in clay mineralogy, these soils were mixed at varied ratios, stabilized, and then subjected to a durability process. The microstructural findings showed that the pozzolanic reactions with lime did not occur or occurred at a low level for Bentonite soil. However, they occurred at a very high level for Kaolin soil. The durability test confirmed the microstructural results and showed that the samples in which Bentonite soil had a share of 40 to 100% by dry weight of the soil did not last with any percent of lime. When the Kaolin soil content reached 100% by dry weight of the soil, the specimens lasted in the best possible way, even with 4% of the lime. This study concluded that the determination of optimum lime content based on the amounts and types of soil clay minerals is an important innovation for geotechnical projects and may be very cost-effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydration and Microstructural Characteristics of Clay-Based Binders)
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19 pages, 2354 KiB  
Article
On the Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement: A Random Forest Approach Tailored to Cement Chemistry
by Taihao Han, Bryan K. Aylas-Paredes, Jie Huang, Ashutosh Goel, Narayanan Neithalath and Aditya Kumar
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101261 - 27 Sep 2023
Viewed by 922
Abstract
Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement, capable of reducing the binder’s carbon footprint by 40% while satisfying all key performance metrics. The inherent compositional heterogeneity in select components of LC3, combined with [...] Read more.
Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement, capable of reducing the binder’s carbon footprint by 40% while satisfying all key performance metrics. The inherent compositional heterogeneity in select components of LC3, combined with their convoluted chemical interactions, poses challenges to conventional analytical models when predicting mechanical properties. Although some studies have employed machine learning (ML) to predict the mechanical properties of LC3, many have overlooked the pivotal role of feature selection. Proper feature selection not only refines and simplifies the structure of ML models but also enhances these models’ prediction performance and interpretability. This research harnesses the power of the random forest (RF) model to predict the compressive strength of LC3. Three feature reduction methods—Pearson correlation, SHapley Additive exPlanations, and variable importance—are employed to analyze the influence of LC3 components and mixture design on compressive strength. Practical guidelines for utilizing these methods on cementitious materials are elucidated. Through the rigorous screening of insignificant variables from the database, the RF model conserves computational resources while also producing high-fidelity predictions. Additionally, a feature enhancement method is utilized, consolidating numerous input variables into a singular feature while feeding the RF model with richer information, resulting in a substantial improvement in prediction accuracy. Overall, this study provides a novel pathway to apply ML to LC3, emphasizing the need to tailor ML models to cement chemistry rather than employing them generically. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydration and Microstructural Characteristics of Clay-Based Binders)
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