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Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts: Implications...
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Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts: Implications for the Reconstruction of the Paleo-Ocean Environment

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 4458

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kiho Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Interests: X-ray diffraction; X-ray florescence; transmission election microscopy; paleo climate change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yongmoon Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Interests: X-ray diffraction; synchrotron radiation; crystallography; 2-D minerals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jaewoo Jung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ocean Georesources Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
Interests: biogeochemistry; marine mineralogy; deepsea minerals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts have been extensively studied for their potential to reconstruct the paleo–ocean environment, as they possess properties that reflect environmental changes.

This Special Issue will focus on the diverse analytical methods employed in the analysis of mineralogical and geochemical ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts and their implications for paleo–ocean environment reconstruction. Please see the list of potential topics below.

  • Section 1. Reconstruction of the Paleo–ocean Environments.
    - The paleo–ocean environmental relationship between geochemical and mineralogical properties of ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts.
    - New approaches to unravel the genesis and formation mechanisms of ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts.
    - Comparative analysis of ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts with various seafloor deposits.
  • Section 2. Biogeochemistry of deep-sea environments.
    - Microbe–mineral interaction in deep-sea
    - Tracking the microbial mineral alteration in deep-sea and hydrothermal systems.
    - Environmental monitoring and baseline studies.
  • Section 3. Crystallography of ferromanganese oxide.
    - Methods and case studies on crystal structure evolution and the formation of minerals by enriching Ni, Co, etc., elements into lattice during paleo–environmental change.
  • Section 4. General properties of ferromanganese nodule
    - Novel analytical methods for analyzing the geochemical and mineralogical properties of ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts.
    - Advances in qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques for ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts.

Dr. Kiho Yang
Dr. Yongmoon Lee
Dr. Jaewoo Jung
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • paleo–ocean environment reconstruction
  • ferromanganese nudole
  • ferromanganese crust
  • seafloor mineral resources
  • structural refinement of ferromanganese oxides
  • advances in qualitative and quantitative analysis technique

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 19276 KiB  
Article
Geochemistry of REE and Other Critical Elements in Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodules from Interoceanmetal (IOM) Exploration Area in Eastern Part of Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone, NE Pacific
by Atanas Hikov, Zlatka Milakovska, Irena Peytcheva, Valcana Stoyanova, Elitsa Stefanova, Tomasz Abramowski, Milen Kadiyski, Silvia Chavdarova, Milen Stavrev and Dimitrina Dimitrova
Minerals 2025, 15(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15020154 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 613
Abstract
Deep-sea Fe-Mn polymetallic nodules formed nowadays at the deep-sea ocean floor were evaluated as promising critical raw materials (CRMs). Here, we report results of polymetallic nodules from the H22_NE block of the Interoceanmetal (IOM) exploration area in the eastern part of the Clarion–Clipperton [...] Read more.
Deep-sea Fe-Mn polymetallic nodules formed nowadays at the deep-sea ocean floor were evaluated as promising critical raw materials (CRMs). Here, we report results of polymetallic nodules from the H22_NE block of the Interoceanmetal (IOM) exploration area in the eastern part of the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ), NE Pacific Ocean. The polymetallic nodules were studied with X-ray Diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and LA-ICP-MS (bulk nodules and in situ nodule layers). Additionally, we combine geochemical data of polymetallic nodules with the previously reported data of pore waters and sediments from six stations. Our study aims to define the mineral composition and determine the content of CRMs in the polymetallic nodules and to assess the main factors controlling metal deposition and nodule enrichment in some CRMs. Mn content and the Mn/Fe ratio of the nodules classify them mostly as mixed hydrogenetic–diagenetic type. They are also enriched in Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Mo, W, Li, Tl, and REE. The in situ REE patterns exhibit MREE and HREE enrichment and a variable Ce anomaly that argues for a changing oxic/suboxic environment and periodically changing of diagenetic and hydrogenetic nodule growth. The results of the joint study of the bottom sediments, pore waters, and polymetallic nodules show a complexity of processes that influence the formation of these deposits. The changing oxic and anoxic conditions are well documented in the chemistry of the nodule layers. Probably the most important controlling factors are sedimentation rate, bioturbation, adsorption, desorption, and oxidation. In addition, growth rates, water depth variations, electro-chemical speciation, phosphatization, and the structures of the Fe-Mn adsorbents are also considered. The polymetallic nodule deposits in the IOM contract area are estimated for future mining for Ni, Cu, Co, and Mn resources. They, however, contain additional metals of economic importance, such as REE and other trace elements (referred to as CRMs) that are potential by-products for metal mining. They can significantly increase the economic importance of exploited polymetallic nodules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts: Implications for the Reconstruction of the Paleo-Ocean Environment)
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13 pages, 11144 KiB  
Article
Semi-Quantitative Analyses of Ferromanganese Nodules from the Pacific Ocean Using Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction
by Jaewoo Jung, Soojin Lee, Kiho Yang, Jonguk Kim, Kiseong Hyeong, Youngtak Ko, Hyeonho An, Jinsub Park, Donghoon Seoung and Yongmoon Lee
Minerals 2023, 13(12), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121555 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1569
Abstract
The geochemistry and mineralogy of Mn nodules offer crucial insights into the origins, environmental changes, and distribution of abyssal resources. However, the conventional laboratory X-ray diffractometer, usually employed for semi-quantitative analysis of mineral composition in Mn nodules, often fails to sufficiently detect minor [...] Read more.
The geochemistry and mineralogy of Mn nodules offer crucial insights into the origins, environmental changes, and distribution of abyssal resources. However, the conventional laboratory X-ray diffractometer, usually employed for semi-quantitative analysis of mineral composition in Mn nodules, often fails to sufficiently detect minor phases due to beam flux limitations and high background signals. In this study, we investigated differences in manganate composition, even when comprising around 1% of the phase fraction, in two manganese nodules (KC-8 and KODOS-10) using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The Mn/Fe ratios of KC-8 and KODOS-10 were 1.32 and 6.24, respectively, indicating that KC-8 and KODOS-10 were predominantly formed in hydrogenetic and diagenetic environments. Both samples contained quartz, vernadite, buserite, and feldspar. Todorokite and illite were exclusively observed in KODOS-10. In KC-8, the phase fractions of vernadite and buserite among manganates ranged from 94(5)%–100(4)% and 6(1)%–0%, respectively. However, in KODOS-10, the fractions of vernadite, buserite, and todorokite ranged from 47(1)%–56(2)%, 33.6(4)%–40.1(3)%, and 10(3)%–16.3(8)%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts: Implications for the Reconstruction of the Paleo-Ocean Environment)
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12 pages, 1441 KiB  
Article
New Approach for Direct Determination of Manganese Valence State in Ferromanganese Nodules by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
by Victor M. Chubarov
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101329 - 14 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1501
Abstract
A new X-ray fluorescence technique is proposed as an alternative to the labor-consuming volumetric method for the estimation of manganese valence state in ferromanganese nodules. The approach is based on the measurement of the relative intensities of some X-ray fluorescence spectrum characteristic spectral [...] Read more.
A new X-ray fluorescence technique is proposed as an alternative to the labor-consuming volumetric method for the estimation of manganese valence state in ferromanganese nodules. The approach is based on the measurement of the relative intensities of some X-ray fluorescence spectrum characteristic spectral lines and satellites (MnKβ5 and MnKβ′) preconditioned by electron transfer from the valence shell. Calibration curves were created using manganese oxide samples (MnO, Mn2O3, MnO2) and 12 certified reference materials of ferromanganese nodules, cobalt-bearing ferromanganese crusts, and manganese ores with certified (or determined by approved methods) total and tetravalent manganese content. The presence of high iron content was taken into account. A set of oceanic ferromanganese nodules samples collected in the Magellan Seamounts (Pacific Ocean) were analyzed. Differences between the results of the X-ray fluorescence method and volumetric techniques for tetravalent manganese content were 4.9 rel.%, which is comparable with the accuracy of the volumetric technique (3.6 rel.%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Ferromanganese Nodules & Crusts: Implications for the Reconstruction of the Paleo-Ocean Environment)
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