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Materials in Energy Technology

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2022) | Viewed by 20085

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tadeusz Bohdal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Raclawicka 15-17 Street, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
Interests: heat transfer; heat exchangers; two-phase flows; boiling; condensation; minichannels
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Małgorzata Sikora

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, 75-453, Poland
Interests: condensation; two-phase flow structures; mini channels; heat transfer; pressure drops; heat pumps; air condensation; refrigeration; refrigerants; energetic audit
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The energy sector is currently very important for the development of technology. It is a necessary field of science in any branch of technology. Both the materials used to build energy-generating devices and the materials used to obtain energy are of great importance here. The latter may include fuels, biomass, and substances used to transfer and accumulate energy, both heat and electricity. In addition to material intermediaries in energy conversion and transmission, materials from which renewable energy and conventional energy devices are built are important, not only due to their strength parameters but also their impact on the environment. Nowadays, in addition to the development of technology, the protection of the natural environment is also of great importance, which is why biodegradable materials of natural origin—those that can be recycled or have a minimal negative impact on the natural environment—are promoted.

This Special Issue is intended to cover the test results for all materials that fulfill the criteria described above.

Prof. Dr. Tadeusz Bohdal
Dr. Małgorzata Sikora
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy
  • fuels
  • renewable source of energy
  • refrigerants
  • heat transfer
  • electricity
  • energy materials
  • energy conversion
  • cogeneration
  • environmentally friendly

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3397 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Durability of Gaskets in Contact with Bio- and Aviation Fuels
by Grzegorz Romanik, Janusz Rogula and Paweł Regucki
Materials 2022, 15(18), 6288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186288 - 09 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1115
Abstract
Care for the natural environment, which can be observed in the tightening of emission standards, has enforced the search for new fuels, especially renewable sources of natural origin. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental considerations on the impact of aviation [...] Read more.
Care for the natural environment, which can be observed in the tightening of emission standards, has enforced the search for new fuels, especially renewable sources of natural origin. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental considerations on the impact of aviation biofuels on the materials used for sealing flange joints. The fuel type selected for the test is compatible with aviation fuels. Fuels have been enriched with a bio-additive that changes the technical and physical properties of the fuel. The tested gaskets were made of soft, aramid-elastomeric materials that were flat in shape and without reinforcement. Their commercial names are AFO and AFM. Tests were carried out with the use of a simple flange joint with a fuel reservoir at 373 K. Both fuel loss and the pressure drop on the gasket were measured during a 1000 h period of time. The experiments showed that the seals preserved the technical parameters in the presence of the tested fuels. The fuel loss did not exceed the accepted limits, which demonstrates the suitability of the tested materials for utilization with new types of fuel. However, no unequivocal conclusions can be drawn about the positive or negative impact of bio-additives on the sealing material due to the fact that both an improvement and deterioration in tightness under certain circumstances were observed. Based on the experimental data, a mathematical model was proposed that makes it possible to predict the service life of the gaskets in flange joints in contact with the investigated types of fuel. The potential application of the research results is practical information about the impact of biofuel on the gasket, and hence the information about the possibility of using traditional sealing materials in a new application—for sealing installations for the production, transmission and storage of biofuels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Energy Technology)
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21 pages, 7583 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Condensation Process of Low-Pressure Refrigerants in Mini-Channels
by Małgorzata Sikora and Tadeusz Bohdal
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134646 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1177
Abstract
The measure of the energy efficiency of the non-adiabatic two-phase condensation process of refrigerants in mini-channels is both the value of the heat transfer coefficient α and the flow resistance expressing the external energy input required to realize the flow. The modelling of [...] Read more.
The measure of the energy efficiency of the non-adiabatic two-phase condensation process of refrigerants in mini-channels is both the value of the heat transfer coefficient α and the flow resistance expressing the external energy input required to realize the flow. The modelling of this very complex process is effective if the condensation mechanism in mini-channels is correctly identified. It has been proven that the effects of changes in the condensation mechanism are the different structures of the two-phase flow resulting from process interactions both in the channel cross-section and along the flow path. The research aimed to connect the value of the heat transfer coefficient with the flow structures occurring during condensation. Thermal and visualization studies of the condensation process of low-pressure refrigerants were carried out: Novec649, HFE7100 and HFE7000 in tubular mini-channels with diameters dh = 0.5; 0.8; 1.2; 2.0 mm. Based on visualization studies, flow structures were proposed to be divided into 3 main groups: dispersive, stratified and intermittent. Based on this, a computational correlation was derived for determining the heat transfer coefficient and frictional resistance depending on the type of flow structure. The research shows that the highest values of the heat transfer coefficient occur during the mist flow and the lowest during the bubble flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Energy Technology)
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11 pages, 3678 KiB  
Article
Mass/Heat Transfer Analogy Method in the Research on Convective Fluid Flow through a System of Long Square Mini-Channels
by Joanna Wilk, Sebastian Grosicki and Robert Smusz
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4617; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134617 - 30 Jun 2022
Viewed by 983
Abstract
The paper presents the results of experimental investigations of mass transfer processes with the use of the limiting current technique. This experimental work analyzed the not fully developed entrance laminar region. The tested case refers to the convective fluid flow through a system [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of experimental investigations of mass transfer processes with the use of the limiting current technique. This experimental work analyzed the not fully developed entrance laminar region. The tested case refers to the convective fluid flow through a system of nine long, square mini-channels that are 2 mm wide and 100 mm long. The method used in the measurements allows one to determine mass transfer coefficients during the electrolyte flow by utilizing electrochemical processes. The received mass transfer coefficients were applied to the analogous heat transfer case. The Chilton–Colburn analogy between mass and heat transfer was applied. The obtained results, in the form of the dependence of Nusselt number within the function of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, can be a useful formula in the design and analysis of heat transfer processes in mini heat exchangers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Energy Technology)
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12 pages, 2506 KiB  
Article
Experimental Studies of the Effect of Microencapsulated PCM Slurry on the Efficiency of a Liquid Solar Collector
by Tadeusz Bohdal, Krzysztof Dutkowski and Marcin Kruzel
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4493; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134493 - 25 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1234
Abstract
A phase change material (PCM) is used as a substance filling in a heat store, due to the possibility of accumulating a significant amount of latent heat—the heat of phase transformation. Knowledge about the practical use of the working fluid, with the addition [...] Read more.
A phase change material (PCM) is used as a substance filling in a heat store, due to the possibility of accumulating a significant amount of latent heat—the heat of phase transformation. Knowledge about the practical use of the working fluid, with the addition of a phase change substance, in heat exchange systems is limited The paper presents the results of preliminary research aimed at determining the possibility of using microencapsulated phase change material slurry (mPCM) as a working fluid in installations with a flat liquid solar collector, and the potential benefits as a result. The following were used as the working fluid during the tests: water (reference liquid), and a slurry of microencapsulated PCM. The mass fraction of mPCM in the working liquids is 4.3% and 8.6%, respectively. The research was carried out in laboratory conditions, in the range of radiation intensity G = 270–880 W/m2. The mass flux of each of the three working fluids in the collector is 30 kg/h, 40, kg/h, 60 kg/h, and 80 kg/h. Two main advantages of using mPCM as an additive to the working liquid are found: 1. in the entire range of thermal radiation intensity, the increase in the thermal efficiency of the collector fed with slurries is 4% with 4.3% mPCM in the slurry, and 6% with 8.6% mPCM in the slurry (for m˙ = 80 kg/h); 2. the slurry is characterized by a lower temperature at the outlet from the collector as compared to the water with the same thermal and flow parameters, which reduces heat losses to the environment both from the collector and other elements of the installation, as a result of excessive heating of the working liquid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Energy Technology)
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15 pages, 17237 KiB  
Article
Stress Calculations of Heat Storage Tanks
by Weronika Wiśniewska and Robert Matysko
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051647 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2776
Abstract
Stress calculations are necessary to determine the feasibility and profitability of a heat storage tank’s construction. The article presented normative methods of stress calculations for a heat storage tank. Results were verified by finite element analysis. These stress calculations enabled us to determine [...] Read more.
Stress calculations are necessary to determine the feasibility and profitability of a heat storage tank’s construction. The article presented normative methods of stress calculations for a heat storage tank. Results were verified by finite element analysis. These stress calculations enabled us to determine wall and weld thickness. The calculations were made on the example of a tank with a nominal pressure of 10 bar. The work undertook an extensive analysis of the stresses occurring in a pressure tank, described the finite element method and showed examples of ways in which it could be used. During stress analysis, three types of materials were compared: carbon steel St0 (S185), stainless steel (304) and boiler steel (P 265 GH). A brief overview of types of thermal energy storages was also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Energy Technology)
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Review

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29 pages, 2867 KiB  
Review
Root Causes and Mechanisms of Failure of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview
by Leon Mishnaevsky, Jr.
Materials 2022, 15(9), 2959; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15092959 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 11693
Abstract
A review of the root causes and mechanisms of damage and failure to wind turbine blades is presented in this paper. In particular, the mechanisms of leading edge erosion, adhesive joint degradation, trailing edge failure, buckling and blade collapse phenomena are considered. Methods [...] Read more.
A review of the root causes and mechanisms of damage and failure to wind turbine blades is presented in this paper. In particular, the mechanisms of leading edge erosion, adhesive joint degradation, trailing edge failure, buckling and blade collapse phenomena are considered. Methods of investigation of different damage mechanisms are reviewed, including full scale testing, post-mortem analysis, incident reports, computational simulations and sub-component testing. The most endangered regions of blades include the protruding parts (tip, leading edges), tapered and transitional areas and bond lines/adhesives. Computational models of different blade damage mechanisms are discussed. The role of manufacturing defects (voids, debonding, waviness, other deviations) for the failure mechanisms of wind turbine blades is highlighted. It is concluded that the strength and durability of wind turbine blades is controlled to a large degree by the strength of adhesive joints, interfaces and thin layers (interlaminar layers, adhesives) in the blade. Possible solutions to mitigate various blade damage mechanisms are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Energy Technology)
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