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Research on Dental Resin Composites
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Research on Dental Resin Composites

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2024) | Viewed by 16309

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Barbara Lapinska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of General Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
Interests: dental materials and techniques; antimicrobial properties; surface analysis; dental restorative treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The primal aim of restorative dentistry is to maintain the biomechanical and aesthetic integrity of dentition, with preservation of tooth vitality and maximum preservation of tooth structure. Nowadays, the most accessible restorative dental treatments are performed with the use of dental resin composites and their derivatives. Due to their high aesthetics and superior mechanical features, they are the most commonly used dental restorative materials. When introduced into an aggressive oral environment, dental resin composites undergo mechanical and chemical degradation; thus, their adhesion to dental tissues and mechanical, wear, and ageing resistance are of great importance. Other issues inherent to these materials such as polymerization shrinkage, water sorption, or substance release also play a role in their survival in the oral environment. Ongoing development of these dental materials and their fabrication and application techniques allow to expand the range of their clinical indications.

This Special Issue welcomes original research articles and reviews that focus on any of the above-mentioned topics, with special indication to chemical and mechanical properties of dental resin composites and adhesives. Experimental studies on enhancing these properties as well as research on the application techniques or fabrication methods of dental resin composites are also welcomed.

Dr. Barbara Lapinska
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dental composites
  • polymers
  • mechanical properties
  • chemical properties
  • surface properties
  • adhesion
  • fabrication methods

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4234 KiB  
Article
Durability of Resin Bonding to Dental 3Y-TZP Zirconia Using Different Adhesive Systems
by Christine Yazigi, Shila Alawi, Sebastian Wille, Frank Lehmann and Matthias Kern
Materials 2024, 17(2), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020424 - 15 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1644
Abstract
This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate and compare the resin bond strength of different adhesive resin systems in different combinations and the durability of their bonds with zirconia ceramic. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty-eight specimens were milled from 3Y-TZP zirconia [...] Read more.
This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate and compare the resin bond strength of different adhesive resin systems in different combinations and the durability of their bonds with zirconia ceramic. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty-eight specimens were milled from 3Y-TZP zirconia ceramic. The bonding surfaces of all disks were wet polished, steam cleaned, airborne-particle abraded and ultrasonically cleaned in 99% isopropanol. The specimens were randomly divided into four main groups according to the applied resin system; two conventional and two self-adhesive systems were used. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups; the first was conditioned with the specified primer for conventional luting resins or not conditioned for the self-adhesive systems, whereas the second subgroup of each was conditioned with the same phosphate monomer-containing primer (Alloy Primer). The zirconia specimens were adhesively bonded, using the allocated luting resin, to plexiglass tubes filled with self-curing composite resin (Clearfil FII). Half of the specimens of each subgroup were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 3 days, whereas the other half were subjected to artificial aging, 150 days of storage and additional thermal cycling. Thereafter, all specimens were subjected to TBS testing using a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA followed by separate one-way ANOVAs. The Games–Howell post-hoc test was applied for pairwise comparisons. Results: All specimens survived storage with thermal cycling. The mean TBS values ranged from a minimum of 43.4 ± 5.0 MPa to a maximum of 66.4 ± 3.5 after 3 days and from a minimum of 13.6 ± 2.5 MPa to a maximum of 50.1 ± 9.4 MPa after 150 days. Conclusions: Artificial aging had a significantly negative effect on all test groups. The chosen adhesive-resin system had a significant effect on the resulting TBS values. The highest TBS values were achieved for the self-adhesive luting resin G-Cem One but were statistically comparable to the results obtained for the dual-cure luting resin G-Cem LinkForce. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Dental Resin Composites)
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9 pages, 1443 KiB  
Article
Determination of Water Content in Direct Resin Composites Using Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
by André Faria-e-Silva, Lea Heckel, Renan Belli and Ulrich Lohbauer
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238524 - 30 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2308
Abstract
This study evaluated the water content and sorption of direct composites over 60 days using coulometric Karl Fischer titration (KFT). Plate-shaped specimens (10 × 10 × 1 mm3 of thickness) were built up using the composites Clearfil Majesty Posterior (CM), Grandio SO [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the water content and sorption of direct composites over 60 days using coulometric Karl Fischer titration (KFT). Plate-shaped specimens (10 × 10 × 1 mm3 of thickness) were built up using the composites Clearfil Majesty Posterior (CM), Grandio SO (GS), and Filtek Supreme XT (FS). Water contents were determined in non-stored specimens (control) or after storage in distilled water for up to 60 days (n = 5). The amount of water transferred from the specimens heated at 200 °C (isothermal mode) was measured in the Coulometer. The water content of non-stored specimens ranged from 0.28 to 1.69 wt% (5.6 to 31.2 μg/mm3) for GS and FS, respectively. The highest values of water sorption were observed for FS (25.3 μg/mm3 after 60 days). GS and CM showed similar water sorption after 60 days (≈9 μg/mm3), but an ultimate higher water content was observed for CM (0.9 wt%; 22.0 μg/mm3) than GS (0.7 wt%; 14.8 μg/mm3). Except for CM, no significant water sorption was observed between 21 and 60 days of storage. Since all composites presented some base water content, water sorption data alone do not account for the ultimate water content in direct resin-based composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Dental Resin Composites)
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16 pages, 16035 KiB  
Article
Renewal MI Dental Composite Etch and Seal Properties
by Nabih Alkhouri, Wendy Xia, Paul F. Ashley and Anne M. Young
Materials 2022, 15(15), 5438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155438 - 8 Aug 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
This study’s aim was to assess whether the Renewal MI composite can self-etch enamel, seal sound cavities, and stabilize demineralized dentine. Etching was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cavity sealing was quantified using the ISO-11405 dye microleakage test. Demineralized dentine stabilization was [...] Read more.
This study’s aim was to assess whether the Renewal MI composite can self-etch enamel, seal sound cavities, and stabilize demineralized dentine. Etching was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cavity sealing was quantified using the ISO-11405 dye microleakage test. Demineralized dentine stabilization was evaluated by visualizing resin tag formation, enzyme activity and mineral precipitation at the adhesion interface. Renewal MI provided a mild etching of sound enamel in comparison with 37% phosphoric acid. It provided a comparable seal of sound cavities to Z250/Scotchbond Universal adhesive and a superior seal to Activa, Fuji IX and Fuji II LC. With demineralized dentine, Renewal MI formed 300–400 µm resin tags covering 63% of the adhesion interface compared with 55 and 39% for Z250/Scotchbond and Activa. Fuji IX and Fuji II LC formed no resin tags. A higher tag percentage correlated with lower surface enzyme activity. Unlike Activa and Fuji II LC, Renewal MI promoted mineral precipitation from simulated body fluid, occluding adjacent dentinal tubules within 6 months. These novel etching and sealing properties may facilitate Renewal MI’s application in minimally invasive dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Dental Resin Composites)
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16 pages, 7614 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of the Hydrolytic Stability of Selected Experimental Dental Matrices and Composites
by Agata Szczesio-Wlodarczyk, Karolina Kopacz, Malgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jozwik, Jerzy Sokolowski and Kinga Bociong
Materials 2022, 15(14), 5055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145055 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1947
Abstract
Materials with potential use as dental restoration should be evaluated in an aggressive environment. Such accelerated aging is widely used in other industries and allows the assessment of service life. In the presented study, three neat resins (UDMA/Bis-GMA/TEGDMA 70/10/20 wt.%, UDMA/Bis-GMA/TEGDMA 40/40/20 wt.% [...] Read more.
Materials with potential use as dental restoration should be evaluated in an aggressive environment. Such accelerated aging is widely used in other industries and allows the assessment of service life. In the presented study, three neat resins (UDMA/Bis-GMA/TEGDMA 70/10/20 wt.%, UDMA/Bis-GMA/TEGDMA 40/40/20 wt.% and UDMA/Bis-EMA/TEGDMA 40/40/20 wt.%) and three composites based on these matrices were tested before and after aging protocols (I-7500 cycles, 5 °C and 55 °C, water and 7 days, 60 °C, 0.1 M NaOH; II-5 days, 55 °C, water and 7 days, 60 °C, 0.1 M NaOH). Flexural strength (FS), diametral tensile strength (DTS) and hardness (HV) were determined. Applied aging protocols resulted in a decrease in the value of the FS, DTS and HV. Larger changes were noticed for the neat resins. Materials in which the content of bis-GMA was lower or substituted by bis-EMA showed better resistance to degradation. The choice of mixtures with monomers characterized by lower sorption values may favorably affect hydrolytic stability. It was shown that for composites there was a drastic decrease in hardness, which suggests a more superficial effect of the used protocols. However, degradation of the surface layer can result in a growing problem over time given that the mastication processes are an inherent element in the oral environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Dental Resin Composites)
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Figure A1

15 pages, 3490 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Nano-Apatite Grafted Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Orthodontic Application: Mechanical and In Vitro Biofilm Analysis
by Abdul Samad Khan, Alaa Alshaia, AlAnood AlDubayan, Sundus Alarifi, Abdulaziz Alamri, Hanan Aldossary, Syed Zubairuddin Ahmed, Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq, Abbas Saeed Hakeem and Suriya Rehman
Materials 2022, 15(10), 3504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103504 - 13 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2367
Abstract
This study aimed to fabricate nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) grafted/non-grafted E-glass-fiber-based (nHA/EG) and E-glass fiber (EG) orthodontic retainers and to compare their properties with commercially available retainers. Stainless-steel (SS) retainers and everStick Ortho (EST) were used as control groups. The retainers were evaluated with Raman [...] Read more.
This study aimed to fabricate nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) grafted/non-grafted E-glass-fiber-based (nHA/EG) and E-glass fiber (EG) orthodontic retainers and to compare their properties with commercially available retainers. Stainless-steel (SS) retainers and everStick Ortho (EST) were used as control groups. The retainers were evaluated with Raman spectroscopy and bonded to bovine teeth. The samples were fatigued under cyclic loading (120,000 cycles) followed by static load testing. The failure behavior was evaluated under an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The strain growth on the orthodontic retainers was assessed (48h and 168h) by an adhesion test using Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The characteristic peaks of resin and glass fibers were observed, and the debonding force results showed a significant difference among all of the groups. SS retainers showed the highest bonding force, whereas nHA/EG retainers showed a non-significant difference from EG and EST retainers. SS retainers’ failure mode occurred mainly at the retainer–composite interface, while breakage occurred in glass-fiber-based retainers. The strains’ adhesion to EST and EG was reduced with time. However, it was increased with nHA/EG. Fabrication of nHA/EG retainers was successfully achieved and showed better debonding force compared to other glass-fiber-based groups, whereas non-linear behavior was observed for the strains’ adhesion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Dental Resin Composites)
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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 581 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Low-Molecular-Weight Monomers (TEGDMA, HDDMA, HEMA) on the Properties of Selected Matrices and Composites Based on Bis-GMA and UDMA
by Agata Szczesio-Wlodarczyk, Aleksander Polikowski, Michał Krasowski, Magdalena Fronczek, Jerzy Sokolowski and Kinga Bociong
Materials 2022, 15(7), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072649 - 4 Apr 2022
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4218
Abstract
Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (bis-GMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) are usually combined with low-viscosity monomers to obtain more desirable viscosity, handling characteristics and general properties. The present study determined the flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), diametral tensile strength (DTS), and hardness (HV) of [...] Read more.
Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (bis-GMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) are usually combined with low-viscosity monomers to obtain more desirable viscosity, handling characteristics and general properties. The present study determined the flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), diametral tensile strength (DTS), and hardness (HV) of five matrices and composites based on these resins. The polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS) was also studied for the composites. The polymer matrices were formed using bis-GMA and UDMA. TEGDMA, HEMA and HDDMA acted as co-monomers. The composites had 45 wt.% of filler content. The highest FS and FM were obtained from the UDMA/bis-GMA/TEGDMA/HEMA matrix and the composite (matrix + filler). The best DTS values were obtained from the UDMA/bis-GMA/HEMA matrix and the composite. One of the lowest values of FS, FM, and DTS was obtained from the UDMA/bis-GMA/HDDMA matrix and the composite. All the composites demonstrated similar hardness values. The lowest polymerization shrinkage stress was observed for the UDMA/bis-GMA/TEGDMA/HEMA composite, and the highest PSS was observed for the UDMA/bis-GMA/TEGDMA/HDDMA composite. The addition of HEMA had a positive effect on the properties of the tested materials, which may be related to the improved mobility of the bis-GMA and UDMA monomers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Dental Resin Composites)
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