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Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy
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Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2022) | Viewed by 25828

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jeeyoung Yoo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Daegu 41566, Korea
Interests: ionic liquid electrolyte; supercapacitor; Li ion battery; multivalent battery; metal air battery; photovoltaic hydrogen generation; DSSC; fuel cell; actuator; sensor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Applications of ionic liquids (ILs) can be broadly divided into reaction solvents and ion conductive materials. As ILs are expensive and difficult to recover, the field of use as an ion conductor is getting more attention than that as a reaction solvent. Electrochemical applications of ILs are mainly focused on energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and batteries. Additionally, ILs are also used for photovoltaic hydrogen generation, DSSC, fuel cells, actuators, and sensors. The role of ILs in energy storage is mostly as electrolytes, especially in the field of supercapacitor fuel due to their high ionic conductivity and wide stability window. In addition, since ILs have negligible vapor pressure and are flame-retardant, they can be a key material that solves the instability of the lithium ion secondary battery. In addition, they are often used in the process of synthesizing the electrode material of the energy storage device. In this session, the various applications of ILs will be presented for energy storage and conversion devices, and this section will provide researchers with new ideas and new challenges for ILs’ applications.

Dr. Jeeyoung Yoo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • ionic liquid electrolyte
  • supercapacitor
  • Li ion battery
  • multivalent battery
  • metal air battery
  • photovoltaic hydrogen generation
  • DSSC
  • fuel cell
  • actuator
  • sensor

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 3287 KiB  
Article
A Non-Flammable Zwitterionic Ionic Liquid/Ethylene Carbonate Mixed Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Battery with Enhanced Safety
by Zeliang Guan, Zhijun Zhang, Binyang Du and Zhangquan Peng
Materials 2021, 14(15), 4225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154225 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1978
Abstract
Today, the requirement for clean, highly efficient, and safe energy seems to be higher and higher due to non-renewable energy and pollution of the environment. At this moment, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) look like a reliable solution for this dilemma since they have huge [...] Read more.
Today, the requirement for clean, highly efficient, and safe energy seems to be higher and higher due to non-renewable energy and pollution of the environment. At this moment, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) look like a reliable solution for this dilemma since they have huge energy density. However, the flammability of the conventional electrolyte used in the LIBs is one of critical disadvantages of LIBs, which compromises the safety issue of LIBs. Herein, we reported a non-flammable zwitterionic ionic liquid-based electrolyte named TLPEC, which was fabricated by simply mixing a novel zwitterionic ionic liquid TLP (93 wt%) and ethylene carbonate (EC, 7 wt%). The TLPEC electrolyte exhibited a wide electrochemical potential window of 1.65–5.10 V and a robust ionic conductivity of 1.0 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 20 °C, which renders TLPEC to be a suitable electrolyte for LIBs with enhanced safety performance. The LIBs, with TLPEC as the electrolyte, exhibited an excellent performance in terms of excellent rate capability, cycling stability, and high specific capacity at 25 and 60 °C, which were attributed to the stability and high ionic conductivity of TLPEC electrolyte during cycling as well as the excellent interface compatibility of TLPEC electrolyte with lithium anode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy)
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14 pages, 2202 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Hydroquinone Sulfonate-Based Redox Active Ionic Liquid
by Farida H. Aidoudi, Alessandro Sinopoli, Muthumeenal Arunachalam, Belabbes Merzougui and Brahim Aïssa
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123259 - 12 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2306
Abstract
Introducing redox-active moieties into an ionic liquid (IL) structure is an exciting and attractive approach that has received increasing interest over recent years for a various range of energy applications. The so-called redox-active ionic liquids (RAILs) provide a highly versatile platform to potentially [...] Read more.
Introducing redox-active moieties into an ionic liquid (IL) structure is an exciting and attractive approach that has received increasing interest over recent years for a various range of energy applications. The so-called redox-active ionic liquids (RAILs) provide a highly versatile platform to potentially create multifunctional electroactive materials. Ionic liquids are molten salts consisting of ionic species, often having a melting point lower than 100 °C. Such liquids are obtained by combining a bulky asymmetric organic cation and a small anion. Here, we report on the synthesis of a novel RAIL, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroquinone sulfonate ((BMIM)(HQS)). (BMIM)(HQS) was synthesized in a two-step procedure, starting by the quaternization of methylimidazole using butylchloride to produce 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ((BMIM)(Cl)), and followed by the anion exchange reaction, where the chloride anion is exchanged with hydroquinone sulfonate. The resulting product was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, themogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, and shows a high stability up to 340 °C. Its electrochemical behavior was investigated using cyclic voltammetry at different temperatures and its viscosity analysis was also performed at variable temperatures. The electrochemical response of the presented RAIL was found to be temperature dependent and diffusion controlled. Overall, our results demonstrated that (BMIM)(mix of HQS and HSQ) is redox active and possesses high stability and low volatility, leading to the employment of this RAIL without any additional supporting electrolyte or additives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy)
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13 pages, 3767 KiB  
Article
Ultrasonically Processed WSe2 Nanosheets Blended Bulk Heterojunction Active Layer for High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells and X-ray Detectors
by Hailiang Liu, Sajjad Hussain, Jehoon Lee, Dhanasekaran Vikraman and Jungwon Kang
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123206 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2504
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) tungsten diselenide (WSe2) has attracted considerable attention in the field of photovoltaic devices owing to its excellent structure and photoelectric properties, such as ordered 2D network structure, high electrical conductivity, and high mobility. For this test, we firstly prepared [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) tungsten diselenide (WSe2) has attracted considerable attention in the field of photovoltaic devices owing to its excellent structure and photoelectric properties, such as ordered 2D network structure, high electrical conductivity, and high mobility. For this test, we firstly prepared different sizes (NS1–NS3) of WSe2 nanosheets (NSs) through the ultrasonication method and characterized their structures using the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Moreover, we investigated the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells based on 5,7-Bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione(PBDB-T):(6,6)-phenyl-C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with different WSe2 NSs as the active layer. The fabricated PBDB-T:PCBM active layer with the addition of NS2 WSe2 NSs (1.5 wt%) exhibited an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.2%, which is higher than the pure and NS1 and NS3 WSe2 blended active layer-encompassing devices. The improved PCE is attributed to the synergic enhancement of exciton dissociation and an improvement in the charge mobility through the modified active layer for polymer solar cells. Furthermore, the highest sensitivity of 2.97 mA/Gy·cm2 was achieved for the NS2 WSe2 NSs blended active layer detected by X-ray exposure over the pure polymer, and with the NS1 and NS2 WSe2 blended active layer. These results led to the use of transition metal dichalcogenide materials in polymer solar cells and X-ray detectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy)
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17 pages, 2793 KiB  
Article
Electrolyte Tuning in Iron(II)-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Different Ionic Liquids and I2 Concentrations
by Mariia Becker, Catherine E. Housecroft and Edwin C. Constable
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113053 - 3 Jun 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2567
Abstract
The effects of different I2 concentrations and different ionic liquids (ILs) in the electrolyte on the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) containing an iron(II) N-heterocyclic carbene dye and containing the I–/I3– redox shuttle have been investigated. [...] Read more.
The effects of different I2 concentrations and different ionic liquids (ILs) in the electrolyte on the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) containing an iron(II) N-heterocyclic carbene dye and containing the I–/I3– redox shuttle have been investigated. Either no I2 was added to the electrolyte, or the initial I2 concentrations were 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 M. The short-circuit current density (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), and the fill factor (ff) were influenced by changes in the I2 concentration for all the ILs. For 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodide (HMII), low VOC and low ff values led to poor DSC performances. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed the causes to be increased electrolyte diffusion resistance and charge transfer resistance at the counter electrode. DSCs containing 1,3-dimethylimidazole iodide (DMII) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole iodide (EMII) showed the highest JSC values when 0.10 M I2 was present initially. Short alkyl substituents (Me and Et) were more beneficial than longer chains. The lowest values of the transport resistance in the photoanode semiconductor were found for DMII, EMII, and 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazole iodide (PDMII) when no I2 was added to the initial electrolyte, or when [I2] was less than 0.05 M. Higher [I2] led to decreases in the diffusion resistance in the electrolyte and the counter electrode resistance. The electron lifetime and diffusion length depended upon the [I2]. Overall, DMII was the most beneficial IL. A combination of DMII and 0.1 M I2 in the electrolyte produced the best performing DSCs with an average maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.65% for a series of fully-masked cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy)
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Review

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16 pages, 2688 KiB  
Review
Progress in Novel Electrodeposited Bond Coats for Thermal Barrier Coating Systems
by Kranthi Kumar Maniam and Shiladitya Paul
Materials 2021, 14(15), 4214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154214 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2736
Abstract
The increased demand for high performance gas turbine engines has resulted in a continuous search for new base materials and coatings. With the significant developments in nickel-based superalloys, the quest for developments related to thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems is increasing rapidly and [...] Read more.
The increased demand for high performance gas turbine engines has resulted in a continuous search for new base materials and coatings. With the significant developments in nickel-based superalloys, the quest for developments related to thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems is increasing rapidly and is considered a key area of research. Of key importance are the processing routes that can provide the required coating properties when applied on engine components with complex shapes, such as turbine vanes, blades, etc. Despite significant research and development in the coating systems, the scope of electrodeposition as a potential alternative to the conventional methods of producing bond coats has only been realised to a limited extent. Additionally, their effectiveness in prolonging the alloys’ lifetime is not well understood. This review summarises the work on electrodeposition as a coating development method for application in high temperature alloys for gas turbine engines and discusses the progress in the coatings that combine electrodeposition and other processes to achieve desired bond coats. The overall aim of this review is to emphasise the role of electrodeposition as a potential cost-effective alternative to produce bond coats. Besides, the developments in the electrodeposition of aluminium from ionic liquids for potential applications in gas turbines and the nuclear sector, as well as cost considerations and future challenges, are reviewed with the crucial raw materials’ current and future savings scenarios in mind. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy)
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31 pages, 7151 KiB  
Review
Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
by Eunhwan Kim, Juyeon Han, Seokgyu Ryu, Youngkyu Choi and Jeeyoung Yoo
Materials 2021, 14(14), 4000; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144000 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5005
Abstract
For decades, improvements in electrolytes and electrodes have driven the development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Generally, electrodes and electrolytes should not be developed separately due to the importance of the interaction at their interface. The energy storage ability and safety of energy [...] Read more.
For decades, improvements in electrolytes and electrodes have driven the development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Generally, electrodes and electrolytes should not be developed separately due to the importance of the interaction at their interface. The energy storage ability and safety of energy storage devices are in fact determined by the arrangement of ions and electrons between the electrode and the electrolyte. In this paper, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors using ionic liquids (ILs) as an electrolyte are reviewed. Additionally, the energy storage device ILs developed over the last decade are introduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy)
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21 pages, 6291 KiB  
Review
Application of Ionic Liquids for Batteries and Supercapacitors
by Apurba Ray and Bilge Saruhan
Materials 2021, 14(11), 2942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112942 - 29 May 2021
Cited by 70 | Viewed by 7698
Abstract
Nowadays, the rapid development and demand of high-performance, lightweight, low cost, portable/wearable electronic devices in electrical vehicles, aerospace, medical systems, etc., strongly motivates researchers towards advanced electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices and technologies. The electrolyte is also one of the most significant components [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the rapid development and demand of high-performance, lightweight, low cost, portable/wearable electronic devices in electrical vehicles, aerospace, medical systems, etc., strongly motivates researchers towards advanced electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices and technologies. The electrolyte is also one of the most significant components of EES devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. In addition to rapid ion transport and the stable electrochemical performance of electrolytes, great efforts are required to overcome safety issues due to flammability, leakage and thermal instability. A lot of research has already been completed on solid polymer electrolytes, but they are still lagging for practical application. Over the past few decades, ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolytes have been of considerable interest in Li-ion batteries and supercapacitor applications and could be an important way to make breakthroughs for the next-generation EES systems. The high ionic conductivity, low melting point (lower than 100 °C), wide electrochemical potential window (up to 5–6 V vs. Li+/Li), good thermal stability, non-flammability, low volatility due to cation–anion combinations and the promising self-healing ability of ILs make them superior as “green” solvents for industrial EES applications. In this short review, we try to provide an overview of the recent research on ILs electrolytes, their advantages and challenges for next-generation Li-ion battery and supercapacitor applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy)
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