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Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition)

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2025 | Viewed by 11904

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Prof. Dr. Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean

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Department of Technology of Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
Interests: dental materials/biomaterials; alloys; ceramics; thermoplastic resins; 3D printing/bioprinting; CAD/CAM milling; corrosion evaluation; welding; scanning; coating; oral health; dental caries
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Prof. Dr. Laura-Cristina Rusu

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Department of Oral Pathology, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
Interests: oral medicine; oral pathology; dental materials; nanomaterials; biomaterials; oral microbiome; oral biofilm; oral cancer; nanomedicine; oral microenvironment; oral biomarkers
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Dear Colleagues,

Enhancing the quality of life for dental patients can be achieved by the development and selection of biocompatible, durable, and high aesthetic materials, able to withstand the conditions of the oral environment for a long time. The physical and chemical properties must be considered to ensure high-resistant results, as well as the maintenance of the original characteristics of the material. The main treatment goal concerns either the regeneration of diseased tissues or their replacement with prosthesis.

The continuous development of dental materials enables dentists and dental technicians to choose from a wide variety. Recent advances enable tailoring dental materials to specific applications, resulting in progressive materials. The introduction of new aesthetic materials, digital devices, processing software, and manufacturing and prototyping tools have radically transformed the dental profession. Bioactive dental materials, which release specific ions, play an important role in the regenerative process, in preventive and restorative dentistry, as well as in endodontics, inducing cell differentiation and stimulation, hard tissue formation, and exerting antimicrobial actions. Smart materials are capable to react to pH changes and induce reparative processes in the oral environment.

Biocompatibility has to be considered, as dental materials must be well tolerated by the human organism. Bacterial colonization of the surface is also important, considering its etiopathogenetic role in initiating different oral pathologies.

This Special Issue “Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition)” aims to focus on the advances in this attractive field of research, encouraging a multidisciplinary approach of the subject.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit your work to this Special Issue. Research papers, reviews, and communications are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean
Prof. Dr. Laura-Cristina Rusu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dental materials
biocompatibility
toxicity
mutagenicity
carcinogens
restorative materials
endodontic materials
ceramics
polymers
alloys
3D printing
CAD/CAM milling
oral lesions
oral cancer
properties
technologies
surface treatment
tissue engineering

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Related Special Issues

Advanced Materials for Oral Application (Volume II) in Materials (27 articles)
Advanced Materials for Oral Application in Materials (15 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

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12 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature-Dependent Effects on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance in Three Reciprocating Endodontic Systems: An In Vitro Study

by Marcela Salamanca Ramos, José Aranguren, Giulia Malvicini, Cesar De Gregorio, Carmen Bonilla and Alejandro R. Perez

Materials 2025, 18(5), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18050952 - 21 Feb 2025

Viewed by 352

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the effect of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution at different temperatures on endodontic file resistance to cyclic fatigue. A total of 90 files, Reciproc NiTi M-Wire^® (REC) (n = 30), WaveOne Gold^® (WOG) (n = 30), and Reciproc Blue^® (RB) (n = 30) were activated under constant irrigation with 1% NaOCl at 5, 37, and 60 °C in a stainless-steel artificial canal (curvature angle = 60°; radius = 5 mm). The time to the fracture and the maximum and minimum load were recorded for each instrument, and data were subjected to statistical analysis. A higher number of cycles to fracture at 5 °C was observed between WOG and RB compared to the REC system (p < 0.05). The RB files were more resistant to cyclic fatigue fracture at 60 °C than WOG and REC (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the mean values of the three file types used at 37 °C. The high temperature of NaOCl significantly affects the lifespan of endodontic files, making them more prone to fractures due to cyclic fatigue. The files manufactured with heat treatment showed a longer life than M-wire reciproc files. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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21 pages, 3260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Cellulose Derivative-, PVA-, and PVP-Based Films with Reynoutria japonica Extract to Improve Periodontal Disease Treatment

by Arleta Dołowacka-Jóźwiak, Izabela Nawrot-Hadzik, Adam Matkowski, Piotr Nowakowski, Ruth Dudek-Wicher, Dorota Markowska, Robert Adamski, Dorota Krzyżanowska-Gołąb and Bożena Karolewicz

Materials 2024, 17(24), 6205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246205 - 19 Dec 2024

Viewed by 742

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop and optimize polymeric films based on cellulose derivatives—hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)—as well as pullulan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glycerol (GLY) as plasticizer incorporating Reynoutria japonica extract for potential use in periodontal and gum disease treatment. Over 80 formulations were fabricated using the solvent-casting method, 6 of which were selected for further investigation based on their mechanical properties, mucoadhesion, and disintegration profiles, including three placebo films (OP1 (PVA/PVP/MC400CP/NaCMC/GLY), OP2 (PVA/PVP/MCA15C/NaCMC/GLY), and OP3 (PVA/PVP/HPMC/NaCMC/GLY)) and three films containing R. japonica extract (OW1, OW2, and OW3). The films demonstrated uniform structural characteristics, with the formulations containing PVA with a high hydrolysis degree (98–99%) and methylcellulose derivatives showing prolonged dissolution times due to physical cross-linking, while the inclusion of NaCMC reduced dissolution time without compromising mucoadhesiveness. The study also described the release kinetics of resveratrol and piceid from the OW2 films using three semi-empirical models: the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, a first-order kinetic model, and a multidimensional approach. The multidimensional model demonstrated a strong fit, with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.909 for resveratrol, compared to 0.894 and 0.908 for the Korsmeyer–Peppas and first-order models, respectively. For piceid, the multidimensional model showed a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.958, outperforming the Korsmeyer–Peppas (0.823) and first-order models (0.932). The active compounds released in sustained-release tests, including resveratrol and piceid, suggest that these films could provide an extended therapeutic effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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16 pages, 4141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical, Mechanical, and Chemical Impact of Brushing with Activated Charcoal Toothpowder and Toothpaste on Dental Enamel: An In Vitro Evaluation

by Eva Aline Costa Cutrim, Karla Janilee de Souza Penha, Patrícia Barbosa da Silva, Edilausson Moreno Carvalho, Mayron Guedes Silva, Cristie Luis Kugelmeier and Leily Macedo Firoozmand

Materials 2024, 17(24), 6104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246104 - 13 Dec 2024

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Abstract

This in vitro study evaluated the effects of brushing with activated charcoal powder or toothpaste on enamel surface properties, including color change (ΔE), Knoop microhardness (HK), roughness (Ra), and the characteristics of the resulting brushing slurry [pH, fluoride (F⁻), and calcium (Ca²⁺) concentration]. A total of 48 enamel samples were stained and divided into 4 groups (n = 12): activated charcoal toothpaste (AC-T), activated charcoal powder (AC-P), hydrogen peroxide-based whitening toothpaste (HP-T), and conventional toothpaste (C-T, positive control). The samples were subjected to a brushing cycling model, and ΔE, HK, Ra and enamel morphology were analyzed at baseline (T0) and after brushing cycle (T1). Additionally, the pH, soluble F⁻, and Ca²⁺ concentrations of the slurry were analyzed. Data were analyzed using ANOVA/Tukey and paired t-tests (α = 0.05). After brushing, AC-T and AC-P (p < 0.05) showed a decrease in HK, an increase in Ra, and no ΔE variation was observed between groups (p = 0.163). All products had alkaline slurries (>7), and AC-P had no detectable F⁻ (p = 0.00) with significantly higher calcium loss (p = 0.015). Fewer enamel topographical changes were observed in C-T. In conclusion, brushing with CA toothpowder and toothpaste does not promote color change, but toothpowder increases surface Ra, decreases enamel HK, lacks F⁻, and causes greater Ca²⁺ loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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12 pages, 5531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substantive Dimethicone-Based Mucoadhesive Coatings

by Sophie Miller, Nicole Omoto, Ryan DeCamp, Gavin Gloeb and Stephen M. Gross

Materials 2024, 17(22), 5590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225590 - 15 Nov 2024

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Abstract

It is challenging to deliver therapeutics in the oral environment due to the wet surfaces, the nature of the mucosa and the potential for saliva washout. In this study, the development of a mucoadhesive dimethicone-based oral carrier system for adhesion to the hard tissue and mucosa in the mouth was examined. This study reports the viscosity and mucoadhesion of dimethicone based polymer blends. The viscosity of the materials was measured using a rheometer. The mucoadhesion of these materials was determined as the work of adhesion and peak tack force using the tensile test method with a texture analyzer. Materials were prepared with either calcium and phosphate salts or sodium fluoride as potential therapeutics for promoting remineralization and treating dentin hypersensitivity by mechanical occlusion. Scanning electron microscopy was used to look at mineral deposition on the surface of dental hard tissue after the application of the dimethicone-based formulations. The results of this study confirm the potential for using these dimethicone-based materials as mucoadhesive therapeutic delivery systems in the oral environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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14 pages, 6492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Treatments for Zirconium Oxide to Compare Commonly Used Surface Treatments to Determine Which Has the Least Effect on the Phase Transformation

by Beata Śmielak and Leszek Klimek

Materials 2024, 17(21), 5175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215175 - 24 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Traditional mechanical processing of zirconium leads to an unfavorable transformation, from a metastable tetragonal phase to a monoclinic phase (t→m), which weakens the structure of the material and subsequently leads to damage to the prosthetic restoration. The aim of this research is to compare commonly used surface treatments to determine which has the least effect on t→m. Thirty cylindrical samples made of sintered zirconium were divided into six groups based on the following treatments: polishing, grinding, sandblasting, chemical etching, laser structuring or dry plasma etching. After surface treatment, the samples were subjected to the following tests: X-Ray Diffraction, microscopic examination, surface wettability and surface roughness measurements. Chemical etching, laser structuring and plasma etching significantly reduce the content of the monoclinic phase. All surface treatments significantly reduced the final amount of the monoclinic phase. However, chemical etching did not provide sufficient surface roughness. Both laser and plasma processing offer the advantage of creating structural patterns on the surface of elements. However, as plasma etching requires a mask to obtain the appropriate pattern on the surface, it seems that laser processing offers more and varied structuring possibilities. Laser structuring is easier to control and more economical than the other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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12 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Speed Sintering on Translucency, Opalescence and Microstructure of Dental Zirconia with a Combination of 5 mol% and 3 mol% Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

by Mi-Hyang Cho and Hyo-Joung Seol

Materials 2024, 17(21), 5148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215148 - 22 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Optical characteristics and microstructure of multilayered zirconia with different yttria contents in each layer can be influenced differently with a layer after speed sintering. The layer-wise translucency and opalescence of dental zirconia (E.max, E.max ZirCAD prime; Cercon, Cercon ht ML) after conventional (control) and speed sintering were analyzed using a spectrophotometer (n = 5). Specimens were subjected to microstructural analyses (n = 2) using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and phase analyses (n = 1) using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and Rietveld refinement. The translucency parameter (TP) and opalescence parameter (OP) were analyzed using a 3-way ANOVA, followed by Scheffé’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). The average grain size was analyzed using the Welch’s t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc test (α = 0.05). Changes to the TP and OP after speed sintering were only observed in the dentin layers. Although the TP of E.max increased (p < 0.05), the difference was below the 50:50% perceptibility threshold (ΔE₀₀ = 0.8). The OP of E.max decreased slightly, whereas that of Cercon increased slightly (p < 0.05). The microstructure and phase fraction of both zirconia barely changed. Therefore, speed sintering is considered to have a negligible clinical impact on the optical characteristics and microstructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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15 pages, 9219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of Speed Sintering and Glazing Effects on the Flexural Strength and Microstructure of Highly Translucent Multilayered 5 mol% Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

by Ji-In Jeong, Yong-Hoon Kwon and Hyo-Joung Seol

Materials 2024, 17(18), 4634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184634 - 21 Sep 2024

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impact of speed sintering and glazing on the flexural strength and microstructure of multilayered 5 mol% yttria-stabilized (5Y-) zirconia, which remains unknown. Bar-shaped specimens (N = 600) were fabricated from 5Y-zirconia (FX; Ceramill Zolid FX ML, ST; Katana STML) by cutting, polishing, sintering (conventional and speed sintering), and then glazing. A flexural strength test (n = 30/group), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observation (n = 2/group), and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) study with Rietveld refinement (n = 1/group) were performed. The flexural strength was analyzed using three-way ANOVA and a post hoc Scheffé test. The grain size was analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test and Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc test. Flexural strength slightly decreased in the nonglazed FX after speed sintering (p < 0.05). Glazing with and without glazing paste did not affect flexural strength at both sintering speeds (p > 0.05). Speed sintering and glazing minimally changed the Weibull modulus and phase fraction, and did not affect grain size (p > 0.05). ST had a larger grain size and lower tetragonal phase content than FX and had a lower flexural strength than FX in most groups (p < 0.05). Overall, the multilayered 5Y-zirconia is considered suitable for dental application using speed sintering and glazing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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13 pages, 4323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calcium Sulfate Disks for Sustained-Release of Amoxicillin and Moxifloxacin for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis

by Riddhi Gangolli, Smruti Pushalkar, Bryan G. Beutel, Natalie Danna, Simone Duarte, John L. Ricci, Kenneth Fleisher, Deepak Saxena, Paulo G. Coelho, Lukasz Witek and Nick Tovar

Materials 2024, 17(16), 4086; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164086 - 17 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The purpose of this in vitro study was to develop calcium sulfate (CS)-based disks infused with an antimicrobial drug, which can be used as a post-surgical treatment modality for osteomyelitis. CS powder was embedded with 10% antibiotic, amoxicillin (AMX) or moxifloxacin (MFX), to form composite disks 11 mm in diameter that were tested for their degradation and antibiotic release profiles. For the disk degradation study portion, the single drug-loaded disks were placed in individual meshes, subsequently submerged in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and incubated at 37 °C. The disks were weighed once every seven days and analyzed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. During the antibiotic release analysis, composite disks were placed in PBS solution, which was changed every 3 days, and analyzed for antibiotic activity and efficacy. The antibacterial effects of these sustained-release composites were tested by agar diffusion assay using Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) UA 159 as an indicator strain. The degradation data showed significant increases in the degradation of all disks with the addition of antibiotics. Following PBS incubation, there were significant increases in the amount of phosphate and decreases in the amount of sulfate. The agar diffusion assay demonstrated that the released concentrations of the respective antibiotics from the disks were significantly higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration exhibited against S. mutans over a 2–3-week period. In conclusion, CS-antibiotic composite disks can potentially serve as a resorbable, osteoconductive, and antibacterial therapy in the treatment of bone defects and osteomyelitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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17 pages, 7180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Cerium Oxide-Laden GelMA/PCL Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering

by Sahar Aminmansour, Lais M. Cardoso, Caroline Anselmi, Ana Beatriz Gomes de Carvalho, Maedeh Rahimnejad and Marco C. Bottino

Materials 2024, 17(16), 3904; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163904 - 7 Aug 2024

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Abstract

This study investigated gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blend scaffolds incorporating cerium oxide (CeO) nanoparticles at concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10% w/w via electrospinning for periodontal tissue engineering. The impact of photocrosslinking on these scaffolds was evaluated by comparing crosslinked (C) and non-crosslinked (NC) versions. Methods included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for fiber morphology/diameters, and assessments of swelling capacity, degradation profile, and biomechanical properties. Biological evaluations with alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBMSCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) encompassed tests for cell viability, mineralized nodule deposition (MND), and collagen production (CP). Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis or ANOVA/post-hoc tests (α = 5%). Results indicate that C scaffolds had larger fiber diameters (~250 nm) compared with NC scaffolds (~150 nm). NC scaffolds exhibited higher swelling capacities than C scaffolds, while both types demonstrated significant mass loss (~50%) after 60 days (p < 0.05). C scaffolds containing CeO showed increased Young’s modulus and tensile strength than NC scaffolds. Cells cultured on C scaffolds with 10% CeO exhibited significantly higher metabolic activity (>400%, p < 0.05) after 7 days among all groups. Furthermore, CeO-containing scaffolds promoted enhanced MND by aBMSCs (>120%, p < 0.05) and increased CP in 5% CeO scaffolds for both variants (>180%, p < 0.05). These findings underscore the promising biomechanical properties, biodegradability, cytocompatibility, and enhanced tissue regenerative potential of CeO-loaded GelMA/PCL scaffolds for periodontal applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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10 pages, 1181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trueness of Extraoral Digital Impressions for Full-Arch Implant Impressions—In Vitro Study

by Manuel António Sampaio-Fernandes, Ricardo Pinto, Paulo Rocha Almeida, Maria Margarida Sampaio-Fernandes, Duarte Marques and Maria Helena Figueiral

Materials 2024, 17(12), 2932; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122932 - 15 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1111

Abstract

Direct scanning of silicone impressions is a valid technique. However, studies in implant-supported rehabilitations are lacking. This in vitro study aims to compare the trueness of impressions obtained with two types of silicone and their corresponding stone casts, using two laboratory scanners in a full-arch implant rehabilitation. A master cast with six dental implants was scanned with a 12-megapixel scanner to obtain a digital master cast. Ten implant impressions were made using two silicones (Zhermack and Coltene) with the open-tray technique. The impressions and stone casts were scanned by two extraoral scanners (Identica T500, Medit; and S600 ARTI, Zirkonzhan). Trueness was assessed by comparing linear and angular distances in digital casts with the master cast. A p < 0.05 significance level was considered. The results showed that for the linear measurements, 72% were higher than the master cast measurements, and no consistent pattern was observed in the angular measurements. The greatest deviations were detected between the most posterior implants, with mean values ranging between 173 and 314 µm. No significant differences were found between scanners. However, differences were observed in the distances between silicones (46.7%) and between impressions and stone casts (73.3%). This work demonstrates that the direct scanning of silicone impressions yields results comparable to those obtained from scanning gypsum casts in full-arch implant-supported rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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20 pages, 6668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Efficient Photoinitiation Systems Based on Dibenzo[a,c]phenazine Sensitivity to Visible Light for Dentistry

by Ilona Pyszka and Beata Jędrzejewska

Materials 2024, 17(11), 2597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112597 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 826

Abstract

In this work, photoinitiation systems based on dibenzo[a,c]phenazine sensitivity to visible light were designed for their potential application in dentistry. Modification of the structure of dibenzo[a,c]phenazine consisted of introducing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents and heavy atoms into position 11. The synthesized compounds are able to absorb radiation emitted by dental lamps during photoinitiation of the polymerization process. In the presence of acrylates, dibenzo[a,c]phenazines show excellent photoinitiating abilities in systems containing an electron donor or a hydrogen-atom donor as a second component. The developed systems initiate the polymerization process comparable to a commercial photoinitiator, i.e., camphorquinone. Moreover, the performed studies showed a significant shortening of the polymerization time and a reduction in the amount of light absorber. This indicates that polymeric materials are obtained at a similar rate despite a significant reduction in the concentration of the newly developed two-component photoinitiating systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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22 pages, 2825 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Recent Use of Hyaluronic Acid in Dental Medicine

by Giuseppina Malcangi, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Irma Trilli, Laura Ferrante, Lucia Casamassima, Paola Nardelli, Francesco Inchingolo, Andrea Palermo, Marco Severino, Angelo Michele Inchingolo and Gianna Dipalma

Materials 2025, 18(8), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081863 - 18 Apr 2025

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Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the clinical effectiveness of hyaluronic acid (HA) in periodontal therapy, oral surgery, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Background. HA, a biocompatible glycosaminoglycan with anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, is increasingly used in dentistry to enhance healing, reduce pain, and support periodontal regeneration. However, its efficacy compared to conventional treatments remains debated. Materials and Methods. A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (2015–2025). Twenty-one clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case-control studies, were analyzed for outcomes related to pain reduction, tissue regeneration, and functional recovery. HA improved clinical attachment levels, reduced probing depth, and enhanced wound healing in periodontal therapy and oral surgery. It accelerated healing after extractions and frenectomies. However, TMJ disorder studies showed mixed results, with some reporting pain relief and functional improvement, while others found no significant advantage over platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or corticosteroids. Variability in HA formulations and protocols influenced outcomes. HA is a promising adjunct for periodontal therapy and wound healing. However, its role in TMJ treatment remains uncertain. Further RCTs with standardized protocols are needed to determine its optimal clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (3rd Edition))

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