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Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0

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A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 February 2022) | Viewed by 49933

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Dr. Concetta Messina

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Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, via Barlotta 4, Trapani, Italy
Interests: fish quality; aquaculture; aquatic ecotoxicology; fish diets; marine lipids; polyunsaturated fatty acids; marine bioactive compounds; marine biotechnology; zero waste; circular economy
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Dr. Andrea Santulli

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Dear Colleagues,

The increasing pressure on natural resources has resulted in an urgent need to optimize their yields by reshaping the destiny of the by-products of the main food supply chains.

The reduction of food loss and waste, as well as their valorization, is crucial to “go circular”, following the principle of a circular economy, and to achieve the goal of “zero waste”. Considering that environmental sustainability is closely linked to economic sustainability, scientific and technical knowledge is essential to outline the road map of more sustainable business models and to optimize the efficiency of aquatic resources utilization, according to the AGENDA 2030 for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), devoted the particular role of the “resources below the water”, targeting SDG 14.

The interest of the scientific community on the "waste for profit" topic in aquatic resources was confirmed by the success of the previous Special Issue on "Fishery Discards, Processing Waste, and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit". Because of this success and the growing interest in these aspects, the editorial office of Marine Drugs is announcing a second version of this Special Issue.

For these reasons, we have enthusiastically embraced the possibilities offered by this new Issue, and we encourage the submission of research papers and reviews on high-value bio-based marine products from aquatic by-products and waste, such as functional foods, food additives, animal feeds, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and materials (e.g., clothes, leathers, and bioplastics). With the conviction that all of this information will contribute to defining a strategy to turn waste and bio-products into profit, we encourage also papers dealing with the mechanisms of action of bio-based products, safe and sustainable extraction systems and processes, and information and results on organisms that produce these bio-based products.

Dr. Concetta Messina
Dr. Andrea Santulli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Bio-based aquatic products
Bioactive compounds
By-products
Marine oils
Protein hydrolysates
Marine antioxidants
Circular economy
Waste to profits
Zero waste

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Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit in Marine Drugs (10 articles)

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Research

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18 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Side Stream Products from Sea Cage Fattened Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus): Production and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Enriched ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

by Concetta Maria Messina, Rosaria Arena, Simona Manuguerra, Laura La Barbera, Eleonora Curcuraci, Giuseppe Renda and Andrea Santulli

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(5), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20050309 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3205

Abstract

The valorization of side streams from fishery and aquaculture value-chains is a valuable solution to address one of the challenges of the circular economy: turning wastes into profit. Side streams produced after filleting of sea cage fattened bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) were analyzed for proximate composition and fatty acid profile to evaluate the possibility of producing tuna oil (TO) as a valuable source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and testing its bioactivity in vitro. Ethyl esters of total fatty acids (TFA), obtained from TO, were pre-enriched by urea complexation (PUFA-Ue) and then enriched by short path distillation (SPD) up to almost 85% of the PUFA fraction (PUFA-SPe). The bioactivity of TFA, PUFA-SPe, and ethyl esters of depleted PUFA (PUFA-SPd) were tested in vitro, through analysis of lipid metabolism genes, in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fibroblast cell line (SAF-1) exposed to oils. TFA and PUFA-SPd upregulated transcription factors (pparβ and pparγ) and lipid metabolism-related genes (D6D, fas, fabp, fatp1, and cd36), indicating the promotion of adipogenesis. PUFA-SPe treated cells were similar to control. PUFA-SPe extracted from farmed bluefin tuna side streams could be utilized in fish feed formulations to prevent excessive fat deposition, contributing to improving both the sustainability of aquaculture and the quality of its products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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18 pages, 4419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel α-Amylase Inhibitor Hemi-Pyocyanin Produced by Microbial Conversion of Chitinous Discards

by Thi Hanh Nguyen, San-Lang Wang, Anh Dzung Nguyen, Manh Dung Doan, Thi Ngoc Tran, Chien Thang Doan and Van Bon Nguyen

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(5), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20050283 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3448

Abstract

α-Amylase inhibitors (aAIs) have been applied for the efficient management of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to search for potential aAIs produced by microbial fermentation. Among various bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa TUN03 was found to be a potential aAI-producing strain, and shrimp heads powder (SHP) was screened as the most suitable C/N source for fermentation. P. aeruginosa TUN03 exhibited the highest aAIs productivity (3100 U/mL) in the medium containing 1.5% SHP with an initial pH of 7–7.5, and fermentation was performed at 27.5 °C for two days. Further, aAI compounds were investigated for scaled-up production in a 14 L-bioreactor system. The results revealed a high yield (4200 U/mL) in a much shorter fermentation time (12 h) compared to fermentation in flasks. Bioactivity-guided purification resulted in the isolation of one major target compound, identified as hemi-pyocyanin (HPC) via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Its purity was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. HPC demonstrated potent α-amylase inhibitory activity comparable to that of acarbose, a commercial antidiabetic drug. Notably, HPC was determined as a new aAI. The docking study indicated that HPC inhibits α-amylase by binding to amino acid Arg421 at the biding site on enzyme α-amylase with good binding energy (−9.3 kcal/mol) and creating two linkages of H-acceptors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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16 pages, 2826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) Protein Hydrolysates Increase GLP-1 Secretion and Proglucagon Production in STC-1 Cells Whilst Maintaining Caco-2/HT29-MTX Co-Culture Integrity

by Shauna Heffernan, Leo Nunn, Pádraigín A. Harnedy-Rothwell, Snehal Gite, Jason Whooley, Linda Giblin, Richard J. FitzGerald and Nora M. O’Brien

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20020112 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4179

Abstract

Inducing the feeling of fullness via the regulation of satiety hormones presents an effective method for reducing excess energy intake and, in turn, preventing the development of obesity. In this study, the ability of blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs) and simulated gastrointestinal digested (SGID) BWSPHs, to modulate the secretion and/or production of satiety hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY), was assessed in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. All BWSPHs (BW-SPH-A to BW-SPH-F) (1.0% w/v dw) increased active GLP-1 secretion and proglucagon production in STC-1 cells compared to the basal control (Krebs–Ringer buffer) (p < 0.05). The signaling pathway activated for GLP-1 secretion was also assessed. A significant increase in intracellular calcium levels was observed after incubation with all BWSPHs (p < 0.05) compared with the control, although none of the BWSPHs altered intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations. The secretagogue effect of the leading hydrolysate was diminished after SGID. Neither pre- nor post-SGID hydrolysates affected epithelial barrier integrity or stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in differentiated Caco-2/HT-29MTX co-cultured cells. These results suggest a role for BWSPH-derived peptides in satiety activity; however, these peptides may need to be protected by some means to avoid loss of activity during gastrointestinal transit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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13 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lipid Indexes and Quality Evaluation of Omega-3 Rich Oil from the Waste of Japanese Spanish Mackerel Extracted by Supercritical CO₂

by Vikash Chandra Roy, Jin-Seok Park, Truc Cong Ho and Byung-Soo Chun

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20010070 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3548

Abstract

Japanese Spanish mackerel (JSM) (Scomberomorus niphonius) is a marine fish species containing health-beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In the present study, the quality of JSM by-products oils extracted by supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) and organic solvent extraction was compared in terms of physico-chemical properties of the oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of the important polyunsaturated fatty acids present in SC-CO₂-extracted skin and muscle oil 5.81 ± 0.69% and 4.93 ± 0.06%, respectively. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in SC-CO₂-extracted skin and muscle oil was 12.56 ± 0.38% and 15.01 ± 0.28%, respectively. EPA and DHA are considered as important PUFAs for the development of brain function and the prevention of coronary heart diseases. Extracted oils showed considerable antioxidant activity. In the obtained oils, atherogenic index (AI) values varied from 0.72 to 0.93 and thrombogenic index (TI) ranged from 0.75 to 0.92, which is considered an acceptable level. Fatty acid composition, bio potentiality, thermogravimetric, and vitamin D analysis showed that oils extracted from JSM by-products can be a good source of oil for application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the present research revealed the potentiality of green valorisation of S. niphonius by-products as a possible sustainable approach for targeting the era of zero waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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14 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Bioactivity of Extracts from Beach Cast Leaves of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile

by Concetta Maria Messina, Rosaria Arena, Simona Manuguerra, Yann Pericot, Eleonora Curcuraci, Fanny Kerninon, Giuseppe Renda, Claire Hellio and Andrea Santulli

Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(10), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100560 - 30 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3382

Abstract

The marine environment is a generous source of biologically active compounds useful for human health. In 50 years, about 25,000 bioactive marine compounds have been identified, with an increase of 5% per year. Peculiar feature of algae and plants is the production of secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, synthesized as a form of adaptation to environmental stress. Posidonia oceanica is a Mediterranean endemic and dominant seagrass and represents a biologically, ecologically and geologically important marine ecosystem. Within this study, methanolic and ethanolic extracts were generated from fresh and dried Posidonia oceanica leaves, with the aim to employ and valorize the beach cast leaves. The best yield and antioxidant activity (polyphenols content equal to 19.712 ± 0.496 mg GAE/g and DPPH IC50 of 0.090 µg/µL.) were recorded in 70% ethanol extracts (Gd-E4) obtained from leaves dried for two days at 60 °C and ground four times. HPLC analyses revealed the presence of polyphenols compounds (the most abundant of which was chicoric acid) with antioxidant and beneficial properties. Bioactive properties of the Gd-E4 extracts were evaluated in vitro using fibroblast cells line (HS-68), subjected to UV induced oxidative stress. Pre-treatment of cells with Gd-E4 extracts led to significant protection against oxidative stress and mortality associated with UV exposure, thus highlighting the beneficial properties of antioxidants compounds produced by these marine plants against photo damage, free radicals and associated negative cellular effects. Beach cast leaves selection, processing and extraction procedures, and the in vitro assay results suggested the potentiality of a sustainable approach for the biotechnological exploitation of this resource and could serve a model for other marine resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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19 pages, 3062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production and Physicochemical Characterization of Gelatin and Collagen Hydrolysates from Turbot Skin Waste Generated by Aquaculture Activities

by Jesus Valcarcel, Javier Fraguas, Carolina Hermida-Merino, Daniel Hermida-Merino, Manuel M. Piñeiro and José Antonio Vázquez

Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(9), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090491 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4129

Abstract

Rising trends in fish filleting are increasing the amount of processing by-products, such as skins of turbot, a flatfish of high commercial value. In line with circular economy principles, we propose the valorization of turbot skins through a two-step process: initial gelatin extraction described for the first time in turbot, followed by hydrolysis of the remaining solids to produce collagen hydrolysates. We assayed several methods for gelatin extraction, finding differences in gelatin properties depending on chemical treatment and temperature. Of all methods, the application of NaOH, sulfuric, and citric acids at 22 °C results in the highest gel strength (177 g), storage and loss moduli, and gel stability. We found no relation between mechanical properties and content of pyrrolidine amino acids, but the best performing gelatin displays higher structural integrity, with less than 30% of the material below 100 kDa. Collagen hydrolysis was more efficient with papain than alcalase, leading to a greater reduction in Mw of the hydrolysates, which contain a higher proportion of essential amino acids than gelatin and show high in vitro anti-hypertensive activity. These results highlight the suitability of turbot skin by-products as a source of gelatin and the potential of collagen hydrolysates as a functional food and feed ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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15 pages, 3199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proteases Production and Chitin Preparation from the Liquid Fermentation of Chitinous Fishery By-Products by Paenibacillus elgii

by Dan-Hsin Lee, Chien Thang Doan, Thi Ngoc Tran, Van Bon Nguyen, Anh Dzung Nguyen, Chuan-Lu Wang and San-Lang Wang

Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(9), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090477 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3256

Abstract

Chitinous fishery by-products have great application in the production of various bioactive compounds. In this study, Paenibacillus elgii TKU051, a protease-producing bacterial strain, was isolated using a medium containing 1% squid pens powder (SPP) as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source. P. elgii TKU051 was found to produce at least four proteases with molecular weights of 100 kDa, 57 kDa, 43 kDa, and 34 kDa (determined by the gelatin zymography method). A P. elgii TkU051 crude enzyme cocktail was optimally active at pH 6–7 and 60 °C. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the hydrolysates obtained from the hydrolysis of shrimp shell powder, shrimp head powder, shrimp meat powder, fish head powder and soya bean powder catalyzed by the P. elgii TkU051 crude enzyme cocktail were also evaluated. P. elgii TKU051 exhibited a high deproteinization capacity (over 94%) on different kinds of shrimp waste (shrimp heads and shells; fresh and cooked shrimp waste; shrimp waste dried by oven and lyophilizer), and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy profile of the chitin obtained from the deproteinization process displayed the characteristic of chitin. Finally, the obtained chitin exhibited an effect comparable to commercial chitin in terms of adsorption against Congo Red (90.48% and 90.91%, respectively). Thus, P. elgii TKU051 showed potential in the reclamation of chitinous fishery by-products for proteases production and chitin extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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16 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical, Nutritional and In Vitro Antidiabetic Characterisation of Blue Whiting (Micromesistiuspoutassou) Protein Hydrolysates

by Pádraigín A Harnedy-Rothwell, Neda Khatib, Shaun Sharkey, Ryan A Lafferty, Snehal Gite, Jason Whooley, Finbarr PM O’Harte and Richard J FitzGerald

Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19070383 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

Protein hydrolysates from low-value underutilised fish species are potential sources of high-quality dietary protein and health enhancing peptides. Six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BW-SPH-A_F), generated at industrial scale using different hydrolysis conditions, were assessed in terms of their protein equivalent content, amino acid profile and score and physicochemical properties in addition to their ability to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and stimulate the secretion of insulin from BRIN-BD11 cells. Furthermore, the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) on the stability of the BW-SPHs and their associated in vitro antidiabetic activity was investigated. The BW-SPHs contained between 70–74% (w/w) protein and all essential and non-essential amino acids. All BW-SPHs mediated DPP-IV inhibitory (IC₅₀: 2.12–2.90 mg protein/mL) and insulin secretory activity (2.5 mg/mL; 4.7 to 6.4-fold increase compared to the basal control (5.6 mM glucose alone)). All BW-SPHs were further hydrolysed during SGID. While the in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory and insulin secretory activity mediated by some BW-SPHs was reduced following SGID, the activity remained high. In general, the insulin secretory activity of the BW-SPHs were 4.5–5.4-fold higher than the basal control following SGID. The BW-SPHs generated herein provide potential for anti-diabetic related functional ingredients, whilst also enhancing environmental and commercial sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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21 pages, 1858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams as a Bioresource to Obtain Potential Antioxidant Peptides after Applying Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)

by Beatriz de la Fuente, Noelia Pallarés, Houda Berrada and Francisco J. Barba

Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(6), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060323 - 3 Jun 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4487

Abstract

The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant capacity from salmon muscle remains, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins. A protein recovery percentage ≈28% was obtained for all samples except for viscera, which was ≈92%. These values represented an increase of 1.5–4.8-fold compared to stirring extraction (control). Different SDS-PAGE profiles in control and PLE extracts revealed that extraction conditions affected the protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. Both TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and ORAC (oxygen radical antioxidant capacity) assays showed an outstanding antioxidant activity for viscera PLE extract. Through liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple time-of-flight (nanoESI qQTOF) mass spectrometry, 137 and 67 peptides were identified in control and PLE extracts from salmon viscera, respectively None of these peptides was found among the antioxidant peptides inputted in the BIOPEP-UMP database. However, bioinformatics analysis showed several antioxidant small peptides encrypted in amino acid sequences of viscera extracts, especially GPP (glycine-proline-proline) and GAA (glycine-alanine-alanine) for PLE extracts. Further research on the relationship between antioxidant activity and specific peptides from salmon viscera PLE extracts is required. In addition, the salmon side streams studied presented non-toxic levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb, as well as the absence of mycotoxins or related metabolites. Overall, these results confirm the feasible use of farmed salmon processing side streams as alternative sources of protein and bioactive compounds for human consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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18 pages, 2146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Bioactivity of Astaxanthin and Peptides from Hydrolisates of Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) By-Products: From the Extraction Process to Biological Effect Evaluation, as Pilot Actions for the Strategy “From Waste to Profit”

by Concetta Maria Messina, Simona Manuguerra, Rosaria Arena, Giuseppe Renda, Giovanna Ficano, Mariano Randazzo, Stefano Fricano, Saloua Sadok and Andrea Santulli

Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(4), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19040216 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3950

Abstract

Non-edible parts of crustaceans could be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid astaxanthin and peptides, which have well-recognized beneficial effects. These compounds are widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and their market is rapidly growing, suggesting the need to find alternative sources. The aim of this work was to set up a pilot-scale protocol for the reutilization of by-products of processed shrimp, in order to address the utilization of this valuable biomass for nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals application, through the extraction of astaxanthin-enriched oil and antioxidant-rich protein hydrolysates. Astaxanthin (AST) was obtained using “green extraction methods,” such as using fish oil and different fatty acid ethyl esters as solvents and through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), whereas bioactive peptides were obtained by protease hydrolysis. Both astaxanthin and bioactive peptides exhibited bioactive properties in vitro in cellular model systems, such as antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities (IA). The results show higher astaxanthin yields in ethyl esters fatty acids (TFA) extraction and significant enrichment by short-path distillation (SPD) up to 114.80 ± 1.23 µg/mL. Peptide fractions of <3 kDa and 3–5 kDa exhibited greater antioxidant activity while the fraction 5–10 kDa exhibited a better ACE-IA. Lower-molecular-weight bioactive peptides and astaxanthin extracted using supercritical fluids showed protective effects against oxidative damage in 142BR and in 3T3 cell lines. These results suggest that “green” extraction methods allow us to obtain high-quality bioactive compounds from large volumes of shrimp waste for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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15 pages, 2351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Pulsed Electric Fields for Valorization of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Sole (Dover sole) By-Products: Protein Content, Molecular Weight Distribution and Antioxidant Potential of the Extracts

by Min Wang, Jianjun Zhou, Maria Carmen Collado and Francisco J. Barba

Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(4), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19040207 - 7 Apr 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4850

Abstract

Fishery by-products are rich in biologically active substances and the use of green and efficient extraction methods to recover these high-added-value compounds is of particular importance. In this study, head, skin and viscera of rainbow trout and sole were used as the target matrices and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (45–55 °C, 15 min, pH 5.2–6.8, 103.4 bars) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) (1–3 kV/cm, 123–300 kJ/kg, 15–24 h) were applied as extraction technologies. The results showed that ASE and PEF significantly increased the protein extract efficiency of the fish by-products (p < 0.05) by up to 80%. SDS-PAGE results showed that ASE and PEF treatments changed the molecular size distribution of the protein in the extracts, which was specifically expressed as the change in the area or number of bands between 5 and 250 kDa. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total antioxidant capacity (ABTS) assays. The results showed that both ASE and PEF treatments significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout and sole skin and head extracts (p < 0.05). ASE and PEF extraction processes can be used as new technologies to extract high-added-value compounds from fish by-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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14 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessReview

Jellyfish from Fisheries By-Catches as a Sustainable Source of High-Value Compounds with Biotechnological Applications

by Isabella D’Ambra and Louise Merquiol

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(4), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20040266 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5896

Abstract

The world’s population growth and consequent increased demand for food, energy and materials together with the decrease of some natural resources have highlighted the compelling need to use sustainably existing resources and find alternative sources to satisfy the needs of growing and longer-aging populations. In this review, we explore the potential use of a specific fisheries by-catch, jellyfish, as a sustainable source of high-value compounds. Jellyfish are often caught up with fish into fishing gear and nets, then sorted and discarded. Conversely, we suggest that this by-catch may be used to obtain food, nutraceutical products, collagen, toxins and fluorescent compounds to be used for biomedical applications and mucus for biomaterials. These applications are based on studies which indicate the feasibility of using jellyfish for biotechnology. Because jellyfish exhibit seasonal fluctuations in abundance, jellyfish by-catches likely follow the same pattern. Therefore, this resource may not be constantly available throughout the year, so the exploitation of the variable abundances needs to be optimized. Despite the lack of data about jellyfish by-catches, the high value of their compounds and their wide range of applications suggest that jellyfish by-catches are a resource which is discarded at present, but needs to be re-evaluated for exploitation within the context of a circular economy in the era of zero waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products Valorization in the Era of Zero Waste: From Discovery to Profit 2.0)

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