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Lubricants
Special Issues
Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends
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Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2019) | Viewed by 45605

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Simon C. Tung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Innovation Technology Consulting Inc., Glenview, IL 60026, USA
Interests: automotive lubricants; driveline lubrication; industrial lubricants; EV/hybrid components; thermal management coolants; tribological performance testing; nanofluids; energy storage materials; fuel cell applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Victor Wong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, MA
Dr. George Totten

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
Interests: heat treatment; quenching; tribology and lubrication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Industrial machinery and manufacturing equipment are facing a shift towards more energy efficient systems, higher power densities, and higher loading operations. Industrial lubricants have been formulated to meet the constant demand of higher durability and reliability for more severe conditions such as construction, mining, forestry and manufacturing environments. Thus, durability and reliability are the most important factors for both industrial equipment and its lubricants in those applications. In addition, the operating efficiency and environmental regulation recently play a key role for both original equipment manufacturers, end users and fluid developers. However, operating energy efficiency can be interpreted as reducing fuel/power consumption or greenhouse gases or in terms of increasing productivity and equipment life. The lubrication market is heavily focused on producing higher quality and better performing fluids that meet the everchanging demands of the industrial sectors they serve. Our future industrial lubricant development will also be focuses on either off-high heavy-duty machine reliability or manufacturing process equipment durability for keeping the lubricant clean and operating efficiency to protect the industrial machinery and equipment.

In general, there are four major methods to evaluate industrial lubricant performance. Validation with bench test, an industrial equipment or manufacturing system, the entire vehicle, and field evaluation; all of which confirmed energy efficiency and their durability in terms of friction, and wear or life cycles. Field evaluations are a common way to measure energy efficiency benefits in a real-world application. However, the field test is very expensive and time-consuming. Using a standardized tribo-system or testing equipment; they often give fast screening results if these variables can be controlled consistently. To obtain any long-term information on energy efficiency and durability measurement, it is important to measure the efficiency of the total system by a fast tribo-system or testing in a simulation device. What tribo-system evaluation or testing devices will be necessary for pre-screening both the lubricant and equipment performance. At the same time, it can help users to accelerate the development gap for industrial applications.

Industrial lubricants in the future will have to differ dramatically from those of today to meet the high-performance demand for future industrial machinery or manufacturing equipment. It is apparent that further advancements of industrial lubricants will require more reliable and efficient methods of tribo-system evaluation. Foreseeably, the future will embrace design and implementation of “smart” tribo-system that will automatically control critical lubricant parameters, thereby optimizing lubricant and subsystem performance. The end goal of this Special Issue will provide the current development and future trends of industrial machinery and its lubricants, while at the same time making significant gains in equipment safety, technology advancement and clean environmental manufacturing process.

We call for high quality papers in this Special Issue which will focus on, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Development of Tribo-System for evaluation of industrial lubricant and advanced material performance.
  • Tribochemistry for understanding tribological characteristics of industrial lubricants in their engineering applications.
  • Surface chemistry and mechanisms in industrial tribological systems;
  • Bench test evaluation and interpretation of industrial lubricant performance;
  • Analysis of friction and wear performance in an industrial machinery or manufacturing equipment.
  • Analysis of tribochemical processes during tribo-system for industrial equipment and applications;
  • Friction induced tribochemical process in metallic and non-metallic systems;
  • Friction induced phase transformations and their role in wear;
  • Wear resistant material development and tribo-testing;
  • Future trends for industrial machinery and manufacturing equipment

Dr. Simon C. Tung
Dr. Victor Wong
Prof. Dr. George Totten
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Industrial Lubricant
  • Industrial Machinery
  • Manufacturing Equipment
  • Tribology and Lubrication
  • Tribo-System
  • Friction
  • Wear

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 14005 KiB  
Article
Close-to-Application Test Methodology Validated by a Baseline Study for Novel Bearing Developments in Aircraft Turbines
by Philipp Renhart, Florian Summer, Florian Grün and Andreas Eder
Lubricants 2020, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8010007 - 9 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3183
Abstract
The main objective of the present paper is the validation of new methods concerning experimental investigations of journal bearings under ordinary and extraordinary operational conditions. Derived results should facilitate the determination of damage mechanisms and a qualitative ranking for a prospective coating development. [...] Read more.
The main objective of the present paper is the validation of new methods concerning experimental investigations of journal bearings under ordinary and extraordinary operational conditions. Derived results should facilitate the determination of damage mechanisms and a qualitative ranking for a prospective coating development. Prior investigated scenarios like start/stop and emergency running behavior were extended by starved and unlubricated experiments for an aircraft application. Focusing on thermal stability and reproducibility, two new subscale test strategies were developed derived from generalized operational conditions of journal bearings. For an improved ex-situ wear measurement of bearing shells, a new device was developed successfully. The results showed that the newly designed test methodologies are suitable to investigate unlubricated coatings leading to conclusive and repetitive results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)
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13 pages, 7096 KiB  
Article
Improvement of the Tribological Characteristics of AISI 8620, 8640 and 52100 Steels through Thermo-Reactive Treatments
by Rafael Magalhães Triani, Fábio Edson Mariani, Lucas Fuscaldi De Assis Gomes, Pedro Gabriel Bonella De Oliveira, George Edward Totten and Luiz Carlos Casteletti
Lubricants 2019, 7(8), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7080063 - 26 Jul 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5597
Abstract
The production of vanadium and niobium carbides (VC and NbC) layers on AISI 8620, 8640, and 52100 steels may increase hardness and wear resistance of substrates. Thermochemical treatments were performed at 1000 °C for 2 and 4 h. The characterization of the treated [...] Read more.
The production of vanadium and niobium carbides (VC and NbC) layers on AISI 8620, 8640, and 52100 steels may increase hardness and wear resistance of substrates. Thermochemical treatments were performed at 1000 °C for 2 and 4 h. The characterization of the treated samples was carried out by means of Knoop microhardness tests, “calotest” type microadhesive wear test, layer adhesion test according to VDI 3198 standard, and X-ray diffraction. Compact and uniform layers of VC and NbC were obtained in all treatments, with hardness up to 2500 HK and microadhesive wear resistance far superior to that of the substrates, indicating the great efficiency of these treatments for tribological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)
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18 pages, 3422 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of a Slipper Model with Multi-Lands and Grooves for Hydraulic Piston Pumps and Motors in Mixed Lubrication
by Toshiharu Kazama
Lubricants 2019, 7(7), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7070055 - 27 Jun 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4341
Abstract
A theoretical model of a slipper with multi-lands and multi-grooves for swashplate type axial piston pumps and motors was established, including surface interactions. Further, a numerical simulation was conducted under an unsteady state and mixed lubrication conditions. Four model configurations were considered: A [...] Read more.
A theoretical model of a slipper with multi-lands and multi-grooves for swashplate type axial piston pumps and motors was established, including surface interactions. Further, a numerical simulation was conducted under an unsteady state and mixed lubrication conditions. Four model configurations were considered: A slipper with a single main land; a slipper with inner and main lands and a groove; a slipper with outer and main lands and a groove; and a slipper with inner, main, and outer lands with two grooves. Numerical solutions were obtained across a wide range of operating conditions in terms of center clearance, pad attitude, contact pressure, flow rate, friction torque, power loss, and stiffness. The motion and characteristics were differentiated into two groups: Slippers with a single-land and an annex inner-land; and slippers with an annex outer-land and a triple-land. The single-land and annex inner-land slippers exhibited smaller pad swing, whereas the triple-land and annex outer-land slippers reduced contact pressure and power loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)
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14 pages, 3758 KiB  
Article
Models for Prediction of Surface Roughness in a Face Milling Process Using Triangular Inserts
by Rui Wang, Bingxu Wang, Gary C. Barber, Jie Gu and J.David Schall
Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010009 - 16 Jan 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4061
Abstract
Research was carried out to develop a mathematical model based on the cutting tool surface profile geometry to predict surface roughness in face milling. Previous models were derived using either the simple assumption of a perfectly round tool nose or statistical analysis based [...] Read more.
Research was carried out to develop a mathematical model based on the cutting tool surface profile geometry to predict surface roughness in face milling. Previous models were derived using either the simple assumption of a perfectly round tool nose or statistical analysis based on a large number of experiments. In this research, three milling cases were defined based on the magnitude of the feed rate using a triangular insert with a round corner. In case 1, the machine marks only consisted of a series of arcs. In case 2, the machine marks included a series of an arc and one straight line. In case 3, the machine marks consisted of a series of an arc and two straight lines. Three different equations for surface roughness prediction were obtained based on each of the three cases. Experiments were done to validate the models, and the results showed that the mathematical models had good correlation with experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)
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14 pages, 2958 KiB  
Article
The Transition from Static to Dynamic Boundary Friction of a Lubricated Spreading and a Non-Spreading Adhesive Contact by Macroscopic Oscillatory Tribometry
by Christof Koplin, Sherif Ahmed Abdel-Wahed, Raimund Jaeger and Matthias Scherge
Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010006 - 9 Jan 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4203
Abstract
Lubricated poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and polyamide (PA46)–steel tribosystems were investigated. They show a complex but systematic transition behavior from static to boundary friction, to dynamic friction or to mixed-lubrication. Nonstandard macroscopic oscillatory tribometry as well as gliding experiments were carried out. A [...] Read more.
Lubricated poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and polyamide (PA46)–steel tribosystems were investigated. They show a complex but systematic transition behavior from static to boundary friction, to dynamic friction or to mixed-lubrication. Nonstandard macroscopic oscillatory tribometry as well as gliding experiments were carried out. A previous study showed that the surface and interfacial energies of PEEK, lubricant and steel can indicate trends in the tribological behavior. In the current study, these findings are confirmed for PA46 and a wider range of lubricants. It was shown that a reversal of the order of the work of spreading of two lubricants by switching from PEEK to PA46 as polymer component in the tribological system also resulted in a reversal of the coefficient of friction (COF) at low gliding velocities for these systems. The adhesion threshold of PA46 with the non-spreading lubricants water, glycerine, a water–glycerine mixture, ethylene glycol and poly-1-decene decreased with increasing solving tendency of the lubricants in contrast to the previous results for spreading lubricants for PEEK. Furthermore, the onset of forced wetting was studied for lubricants with different surface and interfacial energies and viscosities η. In general, a 1/η dependency was observed for the velocity which marks the onset of forced wetting. This agrees with theoretical models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)
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Review

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21 pages, 2580 KiB  
Review
Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oil: A Critical Review
by Yan Chen, Peter Renner and Hong Liang
Lubricants 2019, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7010007 - 10 Jan 2019
Cited by 182 | Viewed by 19237
Abstract
Nanolubricants have attracted great interest due to the promise of friction and wear reduction by introducing nanoparticles. To date, the foremost challenge for developing a new nanolubricant is particle suspension. To understand the mechanisms of nanoparticle dispersion and identify bottlenecks, we conducted a [...] Read more.
Nanolubricants have attracted great interest due to the promise of friction and wear reduction by introducing nanoparticles. To date, the foremost challenge for developing a new nanolubricant is particle suspension. To understand the mechanisms of nanoparticle dispersion and identify bottlenecks, we conducted a comprehensive review of published literature and carried out an analysis of dispersion based on available data from the past 20 years. This research has led to three findings. First, there are two primary methods in dispersion: formulation with dispersant and surface modification. Second, surfactant and alkoxysilanes are primary chemical groups used for surface modification. Third, functionalization using surfactant is found to be suitable for nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm. For larger particles (>50 nm), alkoxysilanes are the best. The existence of a critical size has not been previously known. To better understand these three findings, we conducted an analysis using a numerical calculation based on colloidal theory. It revealed that a minimal thickness of the grafted layer in surfactant-modified nanoparticles was responsible for suspending small nanoparticles. For larger nanoparticles (>50 nm), they were suitable for silanization of alkoxysilane due to increased grafting density. This research provides new understanding and guidelines to disperse nanoparticle in a lubricating oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)
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Other

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15 pages, 3858 KiB  
Technical Note
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Tungsten Hot-Work Steel after Boriding and Boroaluminizing
by Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn, Yan Chen, Nikolay Ulakhanov and Hong Liang
Lubricants 2020, 8(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8030026 - 2 Mar 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3969
Abstract
(1) Background: Boron-based diffusion layers possess great application potential in forging and die-casting due to their favorable mechanical and thermophysical properties. This research explores the enhanced wear resistance of tungsten hot-work steel through boriding and boroaluminizing. (2) Methods: Thermal-chemical treatment (TCT) of steel [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Boron-based diffusion layers possess great application potential in forging and die-casting due to their favorable mechanical and thermophysical properties. This research explores the enhanced wear resistance of tungsten hot-work steel through boriding and boroaluminizing. (2) Methods: Thermal-chemical treatment (TCT) of steel H21 was carried out. Pure boriding was introduced to the substrate through heating a paste of boron carbide and sodium fluoride 1050 °C for two hours. As for boroaluminizing, 16% of aluminum powder was added to the boriding paste. (3) Results: It was shown that boriding resulted in the formation of an FeB/Fe2B layer with a tooth-like structure. A completely different microstructure was revealed after boroaluminizing—namely, diffusion layer with heterogeneous structure, where hard components FeB and Mx (B,C) were displaced in the matrix of softer phases—Fe3Al and α-Fe. In addition, the layer thickness increased from 105 μm to 560 μm (compared to pure boriding). The maximum microhardness values reached 2900 HV0.1 after pure boriding, while for boroaluminizing it was about 2000 HV0.1. (4) Conclusions: It was revealed that the mass loss during wear test reduced by two times after boroaluminizing and 13 times after boriding compared to the hardened sample after five-min testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Tribo-Systems and Future Development Trends)
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