Rural-Urban Interaction in Terms of the Spatial Pattern and Local Development

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2025) | Viewed by 13029

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
Interests: demography and regional sustainable development

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Guest Editor
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
Interests: network of urban agglomeration and metropolitan

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Guest Editor
School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Interests: rural settlements planning; land consolidation; land use; ecological effects
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Interests: transport policy; mobility; planning for the quality of life; transport
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Enhancing rural–urban interactions has been gradually recognised as an overarching strategy to guide spatial interventions towards more sustainable and inclusive development, as well as the fundamental path to achieve rural revitalization, by improving urban–rural synergies, including optimising the management of ecosystems and natural resources, conceiving and implementing long-term plans that promote both the inclusivity for local actors that aim to reduce social, economic, and territorial gaps, as well as the free flow and equal exchange of urban–rural factors. Whilst in the academic discourse, the reflection on new urban–rural relationships and the understanding of their interactions in a new stage of urbanization started long before the global and national strategies. Conceptually, the rural–urban interaction refers to the flows of people, capital, materials, information, and technology between urban and rural areas. In fact, such an interaction is a rather complicated process mainly attributed to the heterogeneous geographical environment, deep and lasting change of socioeconomic system, and complex interaction elements. In this process, rural and urban communities of different geographic conditions, natural resource endowments and social relationship, as well as people's values, attitudes, and institutions will make different responses, which finally lead to different evolution patterns and outcomes. During the process of rapid urbanization and industrialization, new changes have taken place in the divisions of industries and functions between urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, the development of technology and multi-dimensional local and global networks enable the spatial flows of developing factors and population mobilities in a much wider range and higher speed. This has also led to the spatial pattern of rural–urban interactions constantly changing, which promote local development transformation. As rural–urban interactions change in their patterns and contents, the evolution rules, spatial pattern, and influences of the rural–urban interaction remain unclear, which has made rural–urban interactions a subject of significant interest.

This Special Issue aims to present the latest advances in our understanding of the novel findings and perspectives of rural–urban interactions in terms of spatial pattern and local development. Papers may be empirical or theoretical, case studies, reviews, or commentaries.

The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, the following topics:

  • Novel theories and perpectives on rural–urban interactions;
  • Quantification and evaluation methods of rural–urban interactions;
  • Network evolution characteristics and mechanism of rural–urban systems;
  • Changing pattern of population mobilities and resource flows;
  • Networked development of urban agglomeration and metropolitan;
  • Land use transition accordance with rural–urban interactions;
  • Integration of labour, industry, and leisure activity markets;
  • Equalization of infrastructure and public services between rural and urban areas;
  • Practices and policies promoting rural-urban integrated development;
  • Rural transformation development and rural-urban interaction.

We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Dr. Jiaxing Cui
Dr. Rongjun Ao
Dr. Wensheng Zheng
Prof. Dr. Xuesong Kong
Dr. Zihao An
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • rural–urban integration
  • urban agglomeration network
  • population flow network
  • urban and rural transportation network
  • urban-rural land transition
  • innovation network
  • rural revitalization

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 2286 KB  
Article
Measuring the Degree of Residents’ Integration in Heritage Site Conservation and Utilization—A Case Study of Han Chang’an City Heritage Area
by Jingxuan Wu, Dingqing Zhang, Yilin Wang, Jieru Ji, Yufei Li, Yiqing Zhao, Yingtao Qi, Ding Ma and Jing Ying
Land 2025, 14(12), 2351; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122351 - 30 Nov 2025
Viewed by 229
Abstract
A persistent conflict exists between heritage site conservation and local residents’ livelihood development, often described as “site conservation restricting regional development, and regional development damaging site conservation”. As key stakeholders, residents often have insufficient participation and limited benefits. This issue weakens their connection [...] Read more.
A persistent conflict exists between heritage site conservation and local residents’ livelihood development, often described as “site conservation restricting regional development, and regional development damaging site conservation”. As key stakeholders, residents often have insufficient participation and limited benefits. This issue weakens their connection with the heritage site and also hinders the realization of its social value. In response to the lack of quantitative analysis in this field, this study introduces the concept of “degree of residents’ integration” and constructs an evaluation model based on participation and benefit. The model was applied to four villages within the Han Chang’an City Site in Xi’an, China. Through literature analysis and field investigations, characteristic elements of residents’ integration were identified and classified into five dimensions, comprising 17 indicators. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) method, a quantitative index system is constructed and applied to survey data to assess the residents’ integration degree. Results show an overall integration score of 64.31, indicating a moderate level. Dimensions related to industry and economy, and culture and leisure scored higher, while social welfare and subjective consciousness scored lower, reflecting weaker benefit perception and engagement. Its main contribution is proposing and operationalizing the “degree of residents’ integration” concept, providing a quantitative, replicable framework. Full article
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32 pages, 16310 KB  
Article
AI-Driven Multi-Model Classification of Rural Settlements for Targeted Rural Revitalization: A Case Study of Gaoqing County, Shandong Province, China
by Jing He, Xinlei Wang, Yingtao Qi, Jinghan Jiang, Dian Zhou, Ding Ma and Jing Ying
Land 2025, 14(12), 2298; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122298 - 21 Nov 2025
Viewed by 416
Abstract
Rural settlements are the fundamental socio-economic units of China’s countryside. In line with national strategies that emphasize place-based and category-specific pathways for rural revitalization, accurate classification of rural settlements is essential for differentiated planning and policy delivery. However, given the sheer number of [...] Read more.
Rural settlements are the fundamental socio-economic units of China’s countryside. In line with national strategies that emphasize place-based and category-specific pathways for rural revitalization, accurate classification of rural settlements is essential for differentiated planning and policy delivery. However, given the sheer number of settlements, manual classification is time-consuming and resource-intensive, limiting scalability. This study proposes an AI-driven, multi-model framework to automate rural settlement classification with high stability and accuracy. First, informed by a rigorous literature review, we construct a multidimensional indicator system that integrates natural conditions, socio-economic attributes, and land-use factors to capture spatial and functional characteristics at the settlement scale. Using Gaoqing County (Shandong Province) as the study area, we collect and curate survey data and apply outlier detection for preprocessing. We then benchmark multiple machine learning models and find that algorithms with native handling of missing values perform markedly better—a critical advantage given the prevalence of missingness in survey-based datasets. Finally, we assemble the three best-performing models—LightGBM, CatBoost, and XGBoost—into a weighted-voting ensemble, achieving an overall classification accuracy of approximately 88%. The results demonstrate that the refined indicator system, coupled with a multi-model ensemble, substantially improves both accuracy and robustness. This work provides a methodological foundation and empirical evidence to support differentiated planning and targeted rural revitalization at the settlement level, offering a scalable blueprint for broader regional and national implementation. Full article
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20 pages, 9469 KB  
Article
Urban–Agricultural–Ecological Interactions and Land Surface Temperature—A Spatiotemporal Study of the Middle Yangtze River Region
by Zishun Zhang, Mashiyi Luo, Wenzhu Tao, Haiyin Huang, Liming Bo and Junnan Xia
Land 2025, 14(11), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112192 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
The land use dynamics of urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces are critical factors influencing land surface temperature (LST); however, the existing methods for describing the spatial carriers of land surface temperature evolution face issues such as granularity effects and projection sensitivity, which hinder [...] Read more.
The land use dynamics of urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces are critical factors influencing land surface temperature (LST); however, the existing methods for describing the spatial carriers of land surface temperature evolution face issues such as granularity effects and projection sensitivity, which hinder effective comparisons across different regions and categories, thus limiting the progress of current research. This study introduces a quadtree-based spatial framework to achieve unified measurements of scale and fragmentation across Urban–Agricultural–Ecological spaces, with an empirical analysis of the Middle Yangtze River Region. Results show that between 2000 and 2020, urban and agricultural spaces expanded while ecological spaces declined, with all three types becoming increasingly fragmented. Urban agglomeration and expansion significantly elevated LST; agricultural spaces exerted relatively limited effects; and ecological fragmentation generated localized cooling but weakened core regulatory functions, ultimately leading to warming within ecological spaces themselves. This study proposes a robust method for spatial identification and fragmentation quantification, revealing the dual role of scale and morphology in regulating regional thermal environments and underscoring the importance of balanced Urban–Agricultural–Ecological configurations for climate-adaptive land use planning. Full article
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22 pages, 27580 KB  
Article
Reconstruction of Ethnic Villages Under the Intervention of Relocation: Functional Improvement and Suitability Enhancement: A Case Study of Yongcong Township in Liping County
by Xiaojian Chen, Fangqin Yang, Jianwei Sun, Lingling Deng, Jing Luo and Jiaxing Cui
Land 2025, 14(11), 2138; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112138 - 27 Oct 2025
Viewed by 545
Abstract
Ethnic villages are a multidimensional interactive space between cultural inheritance and modernization; analyzing their spatial reconstruction is fundamental for promoting agricultural and rural modernization and sustainable ethnic development. This study examined ethnic villages in Yongcong Township, Liping Country, from 2016 to 2022, focusing [...] Read more.
Ethnic villages are a multidimensional interactive space between cultural inheritance and modernization; analyzing their spatial reconstruction is fundamental for promoting agricultural and rural modernization and sustainable ethnic development. This study examined ethnic villages in Yongcong Township, Liping Country, from 2016 to 2022, focusing on changes in function and suitability under relocation through a function and suitability evaluation index. Case comparisons were made between administrative villages with high functional and suitability levels and those with resettlement sites. In 2016, ethnic villages followed a growth pattern of Yongcong–Dundong–Guantuan, with low patch density, dispersed distribution, and simple shapes. By 2022, functionality and suitability significantly improved, with an increase in village patches and larger patch areas shifting toward spatial aggregation. Horizontally, land use within reconstruction boundaries diversified by function, whereas vertically, housing structures were reorganized: non-settlement villages retained traditional and modern types while settlement villages combined both, leading to a shift from functional singularity to multifunctionality. Relocation-induced reconstruction may lag local knowledge systems and reduce well-being. Initially, government-led suitability enhancement dominates; gradually, villages increasingly internalize regional identity and competitiveness. By analyzing post-relocation village reconstruction, this study supports the integration of ethnic and regional dynamics, achieving high-quality sustainable development in minority regions. Full article
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17 pages, 696 KB  
Article
Newcomers in Remote Rural Areas and Their Impact on the Local Community—The Case of Poland
by Jerzy Bański
Land 2025, 14(9), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091904 - 18 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 754
Abstract
The phenomenon of counterurbanization, understood as the migration of urban residents to rural areas beyond the suburbanization zone, includes both permanent relocation to the countryside and seasonal migration. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between newcomers or people temporarily [...] Read more.
The phenomenon of counterurbanization, understood as the migration of urban residents to rural areas beyond the suburbanization zone, includes both permanent relocation to the countryside and seasonal migration. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between newcomers or people temporarily staying in rural areas and their permanent residents, with particular emphasis on the impact of the former group on the local community. The research was conducted in 2023 in 18 villages from different regions of Poland. It was assumed that the villages studied were located outside the zones of strong influence of large urban centers, including outside metropolitan areas. Surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted aimed at both permanent residents of the villages living there from birth and newcomers. The group of newcomers was divided into two categories—new residents who settled in the village in the last few years and owners of second homes who stay in the village temporarily. It can be generally stated that the newcomers from the city, when organizing their life in the countryside, are more active and more frequently initiate contact with the permanent residents than this takes place in the opposite direction. The purpose of the contact is to acquire information, useful for settling down or maintaining the estate, as well as for daily functioning in the countryside. The interactions between the representatives of the two groups considered are usually short-lived and momentary, and they take place usually in the central square of the village, in the street, or in a shop. Conversations concern daily life in the village and private matters. Encounters at home or in other places, which might be conducive to deeper exchange of knowledge and experiences and which might establish conditions for undertaking joint initiatives, are much rarer. Full article
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19 pages, 4809 KB  
Article
Methodology for Wildland–Urban Interface Mapping in Anning City Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing
by Feng Jiang, Xinyu Hu, Xianlin Qin, Shuisheng Huang and Fangxin Meng
Land 2025, 14(6), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061141 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 847
Abstract
The wildland–urban interface (WUI) has been a global phenomenon, yet parameter threshold determination remains a persistent challenge in this field. In China, a significant research gap exists in the development of WUI mapping methodology. This study proposes a novel mapping approach that delineates [...] Read more.
The wildland–urban interface (WUI) has been a global phenomenon, yet parameter threshold determination remains a persistent challenge in this field. In China, a significant research gap exists in the development of WUI mapping methodology. This study proposes a novel mapping approach that delineates the WUI by integrating both vegetation and building environment perspectives. GaoFen 1 Panchromatic Multi-spectral Sensor (GF1-PMS) imagery was leveraged as the data source. Building location was extracted using object-oriented and hierarchical classification techniques, and the pixel dichotomy method was employed to estimate fractional vegetation coverage (FVC). Building location and FVC were used as input for the WUI mapping. In this methodology, the threshold of FVC was determined by incorporating the remote sensing characteristics of the WUI types, whereas the buffer range of vegetation was refined through sensitivity analysis. The proposed method demonstrated high applicability in Anning City, achieving an overall accuracy of 88.56%. The total WUI area amounted to 49,578.05 ha, accounting for 38.08% of Anning City’s entire area. Spatially, the intermix WUI was predominantly distributed in the Taiping sub-district of Anning City, while the interface WUI was mainly concentrated in the Bajie sub-district of Anning City. MODIS fire spots from 2003 to 2022 were primarily clustered in the Qinglong sub-district, Wenquan sub-district, and Caopu sub-district of Anning City. Our findings indicated a spatial overlap between the WUI and fire-prone areas in Anning City. This study presents an effective methodology for threshold determination and WUI mapping, making up for the scarcity of mapping methodologies in China. Moreover, our approach offers valuable insights for a wise decision in fire risk. Full article
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19 pages, 2135 KB  
Article
Research on the Construction and Practice of an Urban–Rural Integration Planning Model from the Perspective of Element Flow: A Case Study of Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City
by Sen Zhang, Keke Sun, Haoge Zhao, Hong Yao and Lei Shen
Land 2025, 14(5), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051067 - 14 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1235
Abstract
Ensuring the healthy movement of urban and rural factors is a key aspect in promoting urban–rural integration. Defining the mechanisms of factor movement and constructing an urban–rural integration planning model are important for the practice of urban–rural integration work. This study considers the [...] Read more.
Ensuring the healthy movement of urban and rural factors is a key aspect in promoting urban–rural integration. Defining the mechanisms of factor movement and constructing an urban–rural integration planning model are important for the practice of urban–rural integration work. This study considers the movement of urban and rural factors as its entry point and explores the resource endowments and movement paths of urban and rural factors based on the city–town–village spatial system. The urban–rural integration planning model was constructed using spatial and policy dimensions, and six integration design strategies for ecological, population, industrial, land, transportation, and public service factors were defined. Next, considering the Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City as a case study, this study combines the current characteristics and integration directions of urban and rural factors to propose integration design goals and measures for six key factors. The movement paths of urban and rural factors were delineated, and the specific tasks of each administrative entity in urban–rural integration development were identified at each level to achieve the breakdown and transmission of the overall urban–rural integration strategy. The study integrated current status assessment, integration design, path construction, and goal breakdown, exploring the formulation of urban–rural integration strategies and work pathways. The aim was to address the current gap between urban–rural integration theory and practice, thus providing a reference and inspiration for related research. Full article
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24 pages, 4270 KB  
Article
Digital Economy Development and Urban–Rural Integration in Northeast China: An Empirical Analysis
by Shibo Gao, Jing Zhang, Zuopeng Ma, Guolei Zhou, Yanjun Liu and Yuliang Liu
Land 2025, 14(5), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050993 - 4 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3002
Abstract
The imbalance between urban and rural development has increased socio-economic challenges. Urban–rural integration has become an important strategy for addressing disparities in development between urban and rural areas in China. The digital economy offers new opportunities to advance urban–rural integration. This study constructs [...] Read more.
The imbalance between urban and rural development has increased socio-economic challenges. Urban–rural integration has become an important strategy for addressing disparities in development between urban and rural areas in China. The digital economy offers new opportunities to advance urban–rural integration. This study constructs an evaluation index system to assess the degree of urban–rural integration and examines the development of the digital economy in Northeast China from 2010 to 2020. It also studies the impact of the digital economy industry on urban–rural integration. The findings are as follows: (1) The development of the digital economy industry in Northeast China has a significant positive effect on urban–rural integration. (2) The influence of the digital economy industry on urban–rural integration varies across regions, with a stronger effect in areas with a moderate concentration of digital economy industries, non-border regions, and Jilin Province. (3) The facilitative effect of digital economy industries on urban–rural integration diminishes as urban economic levels rise, with two critical thresholds; after surpassing the first threshold, the promoting effect of the digital economy weakens noticeably, and after crossing the second threshold, the effect further declines. Based on these findings, the study offers policy recommendations. The research findings of this paper enrich the theoretical framework for urban–rural integration driven by the digital economy, provide a strong foundation for promoting the digital economy and urban–rural integration in Northeast China, and offer valuable empirical references for other regions exploring urban–rural integration pathways. Full article
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25 pages, 7898 KB  
Article
A Method for Delineating Urban Development Boundaries Based on the Urban–Rural Integration Perspective
by Mengjing Wang, Walter Timo de Vries, Wanchen Sang, Haijun Bao, Yuefeng Lyu and Sheng Liu
Land 2025, 14(4), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040859 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 2020
Abstract
Urban development boundaries are efficient tools for coordinating urban–rural relations and ensuring sustainable development. From 2000 to 2020, the expansion rate of the built-up area in cities and towns throughout China reached 177%, far exceeding the urban population growth rate of 96.5% in [...] Read more.
Urban development boundaries are efficient tools for coordinating urban–rural relations and ensuring sustainable development. From 2000 to 2020, the expansion rate of the built-up area in cities and towns throughout China reached 177%, far exceeding the urban population growth rate of 96.5% in the same period. As this spatial expansion seems to continue, there is a need to intervene and control urban boundaries. We believe using the urban–rural integration perspective to set (or reset) and maintain urban development boundaries will help manage urban expansion more effectively than present methods. This research, therefore, develops an urban development boundary delineation method from a macroscopic view for China. A new model for defining boundaries was developed based on the four dimensions of urban–rural interaction: economic demand, environmental protection, urban carrying capacity, and urban development resistance. And an empirical study was conducted in Guiyang City as an example. The results show that the resultant urban boundary can provide a more comprehensive and realistic growth model than current methods, making it more applicable for controlling and fostering sustainable urban and rural development. Full article
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17 pages, 8341 KB  
Article
The Impact of Street-Edge Scales on Everyday Activities in Wuhan’s Urban Village Streets
by Jie Xiong, James Simpson, Kevin Thwaites and Yichao He
Land 2025, 14(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020252 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1468
Abstract
Despite extensive research on what draws people to urban streets, most existing insights originate from Western contexts, offering limited perspectives from wider urban contexts. This study addresses this gap by examining everyday street activities in Chinese urban villages, focusing specifically on how two [...] Read more.
Despite extensive research on what draws people to urban streets, most existing insights originate from Western contexts, offering limited perspectives from wider urban contexts. This study addresses this gap by examining everyday street activities in Chinese urban villages, focusing specifically on how two spatial scales, the entire street edge and territorial segments, influence necessary, optional, and social engagements. Drawing on video recordings and walk-by observations in two urban villages in Wuhan, China, the research systematically measured the type and duration of activities across 110 territorially defined segments. The findings reveal that territorial segments, i.e., smaller-scale personalised subdivisions at a micro-scale often shaped by bottom–up adaptations, exert a significantly stronger influence upon how people use and linger in street space rather than entire street edges at a macro-scale, which shows only limited impact. This underscores the importance of fine-grained socio-spatial design and local ownership in fostering vibrant people-centred streets. By demonstrating the decisive role of micro-scale features, which span storefront layouts, semi-public alcoves, and adaptive uses, these results carry important implications for urban practitioners seeking to balance top–down redevelopment with bottom–up initiatives. Ultimately, the study enriches the global discourse on street-edge understanding and design, emphasising that territorial segments can be powerful catalysts for promoting activity and community life in dense urban contexts. Full article
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Review

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32 pages, 5320 KB  
Review
The Associative Effects and Design Implications of Urban Built Environment on the Physical and Mental Recovery of Older Adults in China: Bibliometric and Meta-Analysis
by Jing He, Yixinyu Hou, Yingtao Qi, Wenqiang Jing, Ding Ma, Jing Ying and Wei Feng
Land 2025, 14(10), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14101952 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 753
Abstract
Against the backdrop of global population aging, the impact of urban built environments on the physical and mental health of older adults is receiving increasing attention. As the world’s largest developing nation, China, is simultaneously undergoing rapid urbanization and significant demographic aging. This [...] Read more.
Against the backdrop of global population aging, the impact of urban built environments on the physical and mental health of older adults is receiving increasing attention. As the world’s largest developing nation, China, is simultaneously undergoing rapid urbanization and significant demographic aging. This dual trend makes it particularly imperative to investigate the relationship between the built environment and senior health. This study employs a meta-analysis methodology to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between urban built environment characteristics and physical and mental rehabilitation among older adults. Empirical studies were systematically screened from the CNKI and Web of Science databases using weighted Z-scores. Methodological quality, sample size, and heterogeneity were assessed to ensure the robustness of the analysis. Thirteen environmental indicators were categorized into objective built environment attributes and perceived environmental attributes. Results indicate that land use diversity and green coverage significantly correlate positively with better physical health outcomes, while safety, road quality, and environmental aesthetics significantly correlate positively with mental health. In contrast, some indicators, such as intersection density and NDVI, did not show significant correlations. This study explores the synergistic and complex effects of objective and perceived environmental characteristics in Chinese cities on the physical and mental rehabilitation of older adults within the context of dual-trend superposition. The findings not only provide scientific evidence for future urban planning and renewal in China but also offer valuable references for addressing the tension between urbanization and the health of older adults in Asia and other developing regions. Full article
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