Water, Energy, Land, and Food (WELF) Nexus: An Ecosystems Perspective

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Water, Energy, Land and Food (WELF) Nexus".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 427

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Energy and Sustainability, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
Interests: environmental education and policy; water resources; energy policy; sustainable development goals (SDGs)

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Guest Editor
School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
Interests: environmental policy; energy policy; sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Water–Energy–Land–Food (WELF) Nexus highlights the complex interdependencies among these critical resources. Climate change, population growth, and urbanization are intensifying pressures on resource availability, necessitating integrated approaches for sustainable management. Traditionally, these resources have been managed in isolation, leading to inefficiencies and conflicts all over the world.

An ecosystem perspective enhances WELF Nexus analysis by incorporating ecological processes, biodiversity conservation, and natural resource flows. Ecosystem-based approaches help reveal trade-offs and synergies, informing strategies that balance human needs with environmental sustainability. This is particularly relevant in addressing issues such as land-use changes affecting water availability, energy production influencing food security, and climate change exacerbating resource scarcity.

The WELF Nexus is crucial for achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 6 (Clean Water), SDG 7 (Clean Energy), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). By integrating ecosystem services into Nexus assessments, decision-makers can develop adaptive policies that enhance resilience and optimize resource use.

Understanding WELF interconnections across spatial and temporal scales supports sustainable land management, promotes renewable energy, ensures food security, and balances water allocation. This interdisciplinary approach is essential for addressing emerging environmental and socio-economic challenges in an era of rapid global change.

The goal of this Special Issue is to collect papers (original research articles and review papers) to give insights into the Water–Energy–Land–Food (WELF) Nexus from an ecosystem perspective.

This Special Issue will welcome manuscripts that link the following themes:

  • Theoretical Frameworks: Integrating ecosystem services into WELF Nexus analysisl;
  • Modeling Approaches: GIS-based tools and system dynamics modeling;
  • Case Studies: Regional perspectives across urban and rural landscapes;
  • Policy and Governance: Sustainable land-use planning and/or resource management;
  • Technological Innovations: Renewable energy, precision agriculture, smart cities.

We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Dr. Reginaldo Geremias
Dr. Naoki Masuhara
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • sustainable resource management
  • climate change adaptation
  • land-use planning
  • water–energy–food interactions
  • biodiversity conservation
  • renewable energy and sustainability
  • integrated policy and governance
  • synergies and tradeoffs

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 18307 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Changes in Supply and Demand of Ecosystem Services in the Sanjiangyuan Region and the Main Driving Factors from 2000 to 2020
by Wenming Gao, Qian Song, Haoxiang Zhang, Shiru Wang and Jiarui Du
Land 2025, 14(7), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071427 - 7 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Research on the supply–demand relationships of ecosystem services (ESs) in alpine pastoral regions remains relatively scarce, yet it is crucial for regional ecological management and sustainable development. This study focuses on the Sanjiangyuan Region, a typical alpine pastoral area and significant ecological barrier, [...] Read more.
Research on the supply–demand relationships of ecosystem services (ESs) in alpine pastoral regions remains relatively scarce, yet it is crucial for regional ecological management and sustainable development. This study focuses on the Sanjiangyuan Region, a typical alpine pastoral area and significant ecological barrier, to quantitatively assess the supply–demand dynamics of key ESs and their spatial heterogeneity from 2000 to 2020. It further aims to elucidate the underlying driving mechanisms, thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing regional ecological management. Four key ES indicators were selected: water yield (WY), grass yield (GY), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ). ES supply and demand were quantified using an integrated approach incorporating the InVEST model, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and spatial analysis techniques. Building on this, the spatial patterns and temporal evolution characteristics of ES supply–demand relationships were analyzed. Subsequently, the Geographic Detector Model (GDM) and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model were employed to identify key drivers influencing changes in the comprehensive ES supply–demand ratio. The results revealed the following: (1) Spatial Patterns: Overall ES supply capacity exhibited a spatial differentiation characterized by “higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest.” Areas of high ES demand were primarily concentrated in the densely populated eastern region. WY, SC, and HQ generally exhibited a surplus state, whereas GY showed supply falling short of demand in the densely populated eastern areas. (2) Temporal Dynamics: Between 2000 and 2020, the supply–demand ratios of WY and SC displayed a fluctuating downward trend. The HQ ratio remained relatively stable, while the GY ratio showed a significant and continuous upward trend, indicating positive outcomes from regional grass–livestock balance policies. (3) Driving Mechanisms: Climate and natural factors were the dominant drivers of changes in the ES supply–demand ratio. Analysis using the Geographical Detector’s q-statistic identified fractional vegetation cover (FVC, q = 0.72), annual precipitation (PR, q = 0.63), and human disturbance intensity (HD, q = 0.38) as the top three most influential factors. This study systematically reveals the spatial heterogeneity characteristics, dynamic evolution patterns, and core driving mechanisms of ES supply and demand in an alpine pastoral region, addressing a significant research gap. The findings not only provide a reference for ES supply–demand assessment in similar regions regarding indicator selection and methodology but also offer direct scientific support for precisely identifying priority areas for ecological conservation and restoration, optimizing grass–livestock balance management, and enhancing ecosystem sustainability within the Sanjiangyuan Region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water, Energy, Land, and Food (WELF) Nexus: An Ecosystems Perspective)
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19 pages, 1441 KiB  
Article
Water–Energy–Land–Food Nexus to Assess the Environmental Impacts from Coal Mining
by Reginaldo Geremias and Naoki Masuhara
Land 2025, 14(7), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071360 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 183
Abstract
The water–energy–land–food (WELF) nexus is an established framework that allows for a more holistic, systemic and integrated analysis of resources and territorial planning. The main objective of this study was to apply the WELF nexus approach to assess the environmental impacts from coal [...] Read more.
The water–energy–land–food (WELF) nexus is an established framework that allows for a more holistic, systemic and integrated analysis of resources and territorial planning. The main objective of this study was to apply the WELF nexus approach to assess the environmental impacts from coal mining. Data on the water resource, electricity sector, food production and land occupation in the coal region of the Urussanga River basin (Brazil) were described and compared with the area without the coal industry (Canoas/Pelotas basin, Brazil). Indicators evaluating reliability, robustness, equilibrium and diversity (Shannon index-H) were used to evaluate the impacts of mining on the WELF system. The results indicate that coal provides socioeconomic development in the region; however, it has several negative environmental effects. WELF indicators showed that the Urussanga basin has less robustness in the subsystem of water consumption per capita (0.19), installed electrical capacity (0.01) and agricultural production per capita (0.22) compared to Canoas/Pelotas at 0.73, 1.0 and 1.0, respectively. The basin also presented lower diversity in the water consumption sector (H = 0.81) and in the variety of agricultural products (H = 1.58) compared to Canoas/Pelotas (H = 1.0; H = 1.69, respectively). It was concluded that coal mining can affect the WELF system globally, revealing the need to propose alternatives to prevent and mitigate its effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water, Energy, Land, and Food (WELF) Nexus: An Ecosystems Perspective)
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