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Algal Cultivation and Breeding
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Algal Cultivation and Breeding

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2023) | Viewed by 27476

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jianfeng Niu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
Interests: My current research interests are focused on the mechanisms of stress response, and the regulation of growth and development in intertidal Neopyropia yezoensis. I also study the breeding of algae based on gene editing and transgenic techniques.
Dr. Wenjun Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Qingdao, China
Interests: stress resistance physiology, molecular development regulation, genetic breeding and breeding technology of economic seaweed

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Marine algae and seaweed are important marine resources. The breeding, cultivation and utilization of a variety of seaweeds have become essential components of marine agriculture and industry worldwide. The present applications of marine algae and seaweeds are mainly in the fields of food, chemical raw materials, aquatic feed, seaweed fertilizer, medicine, energy, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivation of marine algae at a large scale can also play a positive role in improving marine ecological environments, eutrophication removal and carbon fixation. Without a doubt, China is leading the world in both production capacity and cultivated species. This is attributed to the long-term accumulation of results on phycology and continual innovation in algal cultivation research. With the expansion of the algae industry in China, the government has set up a special project of China Agriculture Research System-50 to support the sustainable development of seaweed agriculture from the aspects of germplasm guarantee, breeding, marine cultivation, product harvesting, utilization, and quality control. Therefore, this Special Issue titled ‘Algal Cultivation and Breeding’ will focus on the regulation mechanisms of growth and development of economic algae, breeding assisted with various molecular techniques, the prevention and control of diseases and harmful algae during cultivation, the investigation of potential cultivated species and the corresponding cultivation techniques, the interaction between algae and the environment, and the application of algal biomass.

Prof. Dr. Jianfeng Niu
Dr. Wenjun Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • marine algae
  • breeding
  • aquatic feed
  • seaweed fertilizer
  • marine ecological environments
  • eutrophication removal
  • carbon fixation
  • germplasm
  • control of diseases and harmful algae
  • potential cultivated species
  • cultivation techniques
  • application

Published Papers (15 papers)

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18 pages, 3583 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting the Quality of Neopyropia yezoensis Cultivated in the Yellow Sea
by Danlin Huang, Zhenjie Sun, Lijun Wang, Zezhong Feng, Jianfeng Niu, Qing Ye and Guangce Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020428 - 16 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1778
Abstract
To investigate the potential influences of nutrients and solar irradiance of the sea area on the laver industry, Neopyropia yezoensis samples and the corresponding surface water were collected at different sites in Haizhou Bay and the Jimo aquafarm, and the solar irradiance was [...] Read more.
To investigate the potential influences of nutrients and solar irradiance of the sea area on the laver industry, Neopyropia yezoensis samples and the corresponding surface water were collected at different sites in Haizhou Bay and the Jimo aquafarm, and the solar irradiance was recorded on-site. Then the cellular compositions and the nutrients of seawater were determined. A comparative experiment was also designed to investigate the effect of strong light on the cellular composition of N. yezoensis. Gray correlation analysis showed that the seawater nutrient levels and solar irradiance had a similar correlation degree of 0.6 to 0.8, which indicated similar effects on algal cellular composition. Compared with those samples collected from Haizhou Bay, the algae cultivated at the Jimo aquafarm had higher contents of total protein and hydrolyzable polysaccharides. In addition, the content of chlorophyll a was relatively lower and that of β-carotene higher in the early-stage samples. The results of the comparative experiment showed that the decrease in light intensity on algae promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll a and R-phycoerythrin. It is speculated that the nutrient deficiency in the seawater and the resulting high transparency of the water make the algae more exposed to strong light conditions. This may be the reason for the poor glossiness and hardness of the laver products made from the cultivated algae in the north Yellow Sea. Thus, it puts forward specific requirements for the modification of N. yezoensis cultivation techniques in the north Yellow Sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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13 pages, 1439 KiB  
Article
Effects of Iron Valence on the Growth, Photosynthesis, and Fatty Acid Composition of Phaeodactylum tricornutum
by Haowen Wang, Qingling Su, Yanmin Zhuang, Chengzong Wu, Shanying Tong, Bo Guan, Yancui Zhao and Hongjin Qiao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020316 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1422
Abstract
Iron is a limiting factor that controls the phytoplankton biomass of the ocean and plays an important role in the lipid production of microalgae. Elucidating the effects of different iron valences on microalgae is helpful for their commercial production. We investigated the growth, [...] Read more.
Iron is a limiting factor that controls the phytoplankton biomass of the ocean and plays an important role in the lipid production of microalgae. Elucidating the effects of different iron valences on microalgae is helpful for their commercial production. We investigated the growth, photosynthesis, and fatty acid profile of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultured with depleted Fe, Fe2+, Fe2+/Fe3+, and Fe3+. Samples were taken every 24 h for 8 days, and their cell density, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence, total fatty acid content, and fatty acid composition were analyzed. The cell densities of the Fe2+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ groups were significantly higher than those of the control and Fe3+ groups (p < 0.05). They were 1.26 times and 1.23 times higher than those in the Fe-depleted group. The contents of chlorophyll a and c in the Fe2+ group were significantly higher than those in the Fe-depleted group (p < 0.05). The chlorophyll fluorescence results show that Fe2+ enhanced the photosynthesis of P. tricornutum to a greater extent than Fe3+. On the eighth day of harvest, Fv/Fm and Y(II) in the Fe2+ group were 0.672 and 0.476, respectively, being 1.10 and 1.19 times greater than those in the Fe3+ group and 1.15 and 1.33 times greater than those in the Fe-depleted group, respectively. Compared with the control group, the levels of saturated fatty acids of the Fe2+/Fe3+ and Fe3+ groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 21.36 ± 1.24% and 21.20 ± 0.13%, respectively. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the Fe2+/Fe3+ group were significantly lower (p < 0.05) at 29.82 ± 2.75%. Our results show that P. tricornutum exhibited physiological plasticity, including changes in photosynthetic activities and shifts in fatty acid composition, in response to different iron valences and that Fe2+ was more beneficial to the biomass production of this species than Fe3+. These findings are applicable to the production of biomass and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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17 pages, 4526 KiB  
Article
Application of Vortex Induced Vibration Systems to Improve Vertical Mixing and Create Light/Dark Cycles for Enhanced Algal Biomass Productivity in Raceway Ponds
by Mehmet Sadik Akca, Gamze Ceylan-Perver, Aytekin Duranay, Omer Kemal Kinaci and Bulent Inanc
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020245 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1589
Abstract
Limited light availability due to insufficient vertical mixing is one of the main drawbacks of raceway ponds (RWPs), the most common type of microalgae cultivation system. In this study, we have investigated the application of vortex induced vibration (VIV) systems to improve vertical [...] Read more.
Limited light availability due to insufficient vertical mixing is one of the main drawbacks of raceway ponds (RWPs), the most common type of microalgae cultivation system. In this study, we have investigated the application of vortex induced vibration (VIV) systems to improve vertical mixing in order to enhance algal biomass productivity. The system consists of a cylinder submerged parallel to the bottom in the pond with two springs attached at its ends. The cylinder oscillates perpendicularly to the flow direction at the pond to increase vertical mixing. A VIV system, which requires no additional energy input, was installed in a 0.3 m deep raceway pond and continuous cylinder oscillation was successfully achieved. Cylinder oscillation frequency of 1.24 s−1 and amplitude of 6.5 cm have been obtained experimentally for 0.3 m s−1 flow velocity. Numerical simulations were carried out with experimental parameters using CFD code and were in good accordance with experimental results. Numerical analysis revealed that it is possible to create high frequency light/dark cycles; mean light/dark cycle frequencies were found to be 2.33 s−1, 5.28 s−1 and 21.17 s−1, at lowermost, middle and uppermost cylinder positions, respectively. Enhanced velocity magnitude of 0.3 m s−1 was achieved in the vertical direction; vertical motion of flow resulting from cylinder oscillation covers about two thirds of pond depth. Effectiveness of the VIV system on biomass growth was also verified by comparative Chlorella vulgaris cultivation under outdoor conditions. It has been observed that the VIV system installed reactor enhanced biomass production capacity by over 20% compared to the control pond. These results indicate that the presented method possesses a potential for enhanced algal biomass production without significant increase in installation and operating costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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13 pages, 2823 KiB  
Article
Effective Chlorella vulgaris Biomass Harvesting through Sulfate and Chloride Flocculants
by Wei Ma, Chenchen Feng, Fachun Guan, Dianrong Ma and Jinling Cai
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010047 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2043
Abstract
Efficient microalgae harvesting is a great challenge hindering diverse industrial applications of microalgae. Flocculation is regarded as an effective and promising technology for microalgae harvesting. In this study, sulfate (Al2(SO4)3 and Fe2(SO4)3) [...] Read more.
Efficient microalgae harvesting is a great challenge hindering diverse industrial applications of microalgae. Flocculation is regarded as an effective and promising technology for microalgae harvesting. In this study, sulfate (Al2(SO4)3 and Fe2(SO4)3) and chloride flocculants (AlCl3 and FeCl3) were used to harvest Chlorella vulgaris. Flocculation conditions, including flocculant dose, flocculation time, stirring speed, stirring time, and flocculation pH, were optimized, and flocculant effects on microalgal cell status, floc characteristics, biomass composition, algal cell re-culture, and media recycling were investigated. All flocculants exhibited efficient flocculation efficiency (93.5–98.8%) with lower doses of sulfate salts (60 mg/L algal culture) and higher doses of chloride salts (100 mg/L algal culture). The tested flocculants had no obvious influence on biomass composition (including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and carotenoids), and microalgal cells in flocs could efficiently regrow. The spent medium of all treatments was successfully recycled for subsequent cell growth, thus reducing dependency on fresh medium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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12 pages, 1803 KiB  
Article
The Structure and Function of the Sargassum fusiforme Microbiome under Different Conditions
by Chunchun Dai and Shengqin Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101401 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1389
Abstract
Brown macroalgae, a key component of the vegetated coastal ecosystems, can sequester a large amount of CO2, which is mainly converted to polysaccharides. These polysaccharides confer complex structures and are difficult to be degraded by microbial communities. On the surface of [...] Read more.
Brown macroalgae, a key component of the vegetated coastal ecosystems, can sequester a large amount of CO2, which is mainly converted to polysaccharides. These polysaccharides confer complex structures and are difficult to be degraded by microbial communities. On the surface of brown macroalgae in which bacteria lived, the diversity and encoded enzymes of these bacteria involved in carbon cycling remain largely unknown. In this study, we used metagenomic sequencing to survey bacteria communities associated with the Sargassum fusiforme under different conditions and investigated the structure and function of these bacteria. A total of 5308 species were discovered in all 15 samples from different conditions. Most of these species belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria. Many S. fusiforme-associated bacteria could decompose algal polysaccharides under different conditions. Our method could enhance the ability to understand the microbiome community. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding metagenomics in S. fusiforme. The co-occurrence network provides insights into the relationship of the polysaccharide degradation enzymes (PDEs). These data provide a reference for the cultivation of S. fusiforme and the understanding of the marine carbon cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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13 pages, 1453 KiB  
Article
Combined Influences of Light and Nitrogen Enrichment on the Physiological Performance of a Golden Tide Alga (Sargassum horneri)
by Fang Yan, Huichao Jiang, Yuanqing Ma, Cuiju Cui, Huawei Qin, Lijuan Liu, Shasha Zang, Hongyan Xing, Zhiguang Xu and Hongyan Wu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091195 - 26 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1224
Abstract
Sargassum golden tides (GT) are common in numerous coastal areas all over the world, and it adversely affects local marine life. Eutrophication is critical for Sargassum GT development. However, its physiological and ecological mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the responses of drifting Sargassum [...] Read more.
Sargassum golden tides (GT) are common in numerous coastal areas all over the world, and it adversely affects local marine life. Eutrophication is critical for Sargassum GT development. However, its physiological and ecological mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the responses of drifting Sargassum horneri, the species causing GT in the western Pacific, to light and enriched nitrogen, we set three light conditions (Low-light (LL), 10 μmol photons m−2 s−1; Middle-light (ML), 60 μmol photons m−2 s−1; and High-light (HL), 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and three nitrogen conditions (Natural seawater, the final concentration of N was 31.8 μmol L−1, including 30.5 μmol L−1 of NO3− and 1.3 μmol L−1 of NH4+; Enrichment of NO3−, final concentration of N was 200 μmol L−1; and Enrichment of NH4+, the final concentration of N was 200 μmol L−1), and grew the thalli under varying conditions for 10 days before determining the growth and utilization of carbon and nitrogen. Based on the accumulated data, the elevated light level led to a higher growth rate of alga. In the LL culture, the higher capacity for carbon utilization, which was reflected by the higher maximum photosynthetic carbon fixation rate (Vmax), resulted in the elevated growth rates of thalli in the nitrogen-enriched media as compared with the natural seawater. Furthermore, a higher growth rate was found in the enrichment of NH4+ despite a low affinity for inorganic carbon indicated by a higher value of the half-saturation constant (K0.5). In the ML treatment, an insignificant difference in growth rate was found in three nitrogen cultures, except for a slight increase in the enrichment of NH4+ than the enrichment of NO3−. In the HL treatment, compared with natural seawater culture, enrichment of NO3− or NH4+ accelerated the growth of alga, with no significant difference between the two nitrogen sources. Such enhancement in growth was related to the more photosynthetic carbon fixation, indicated by the higher value of Vmax and soluble carbohydrates content of alga cultured with NO3− and NH4+ enrichments. Additionally, the uptake and assimilation products of nitrogen, such as pigments and soluble proteins, remained unaffected by nitrogen source enrichment of NO3− or NH4+ at all three light levels. In conclusion, enrichment of NO3− and NH4+ exhibited different influences on the growth of S. horneri at different light levels, which was mainly associated with the capacity and efficiency of photosynthetic carbon utilization. At the HL level, both the enrichment of NO3− and NH4+ dramatically accelerate the growth of alga by stimulating the photosynthetic carbon fixation. Accordingly, we speculated that drifting S. horneri, exposed to HL level on the surface of the sea, were likely to develop rapidly to form GT in eutrophic oceanic areas with upwelled and river plume NO3− or NH4+ nutrients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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20 pages, 1050 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Solvents on the Extraction of Compounds from Different Parts of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar
by Hyun-Hwa Lee, Jin-Sol Kim, Jun-Han Jeong, Su Mi Park, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Sook Young Lee and Chun Sung Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091193 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1582
Abstract
Asian kelp (Undaria pinnatifida) is a brown alga mainly grown and consumed in East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. To date, studies on the various biological activities of Asian kelp have been conducted; however, studies focusing on the [...] Read more.
Asian kelp (Undaria pinnatifida) is a brown alga mainly grown and consumed in East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. To date, studies on the various biological activities of Asian kelp have been conducted; however, studies focusing on the different parts of Asian kelp and their use for other than food are limited. Therefore, in this study, different parts of Asian kelp, namely, whole U. pinnatifida (UP), U. pinnatifida blade (UPB), U. pinnatifida stipe (UPS), and U. pinnatifida sporophylls (UPSP), were extracted by using different solvents including ethanol, methanol, and hot water. The antioxidant activity, antiaging effect, and phenolic content of the extracts were investigated. The results revealed that the UPB methanolic extract had significantly higher polyphenol and flavonoid contents, with the respective values of 5.61 mg TAN/g and 7.80 mg QUE/g, than the other extracts. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and FRAP values were the highest in the 95% ethanolic (IC50 12.73 mg/mL), methanolic (63.83%), and ethanolic (75.75%) extracts of UPB, respectively. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymatic activities were also measured, and the results showed that the activities of these enzymes were higher in the UPB methanolic extract than in the other extracts. Similarly, the highest elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was observed in the UPB methanolic extract. The highest phenolic content was found in the hot water extract of UP (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) and the ethanolic extracts of all parts (naringin and naringenin). The phenolic content of the Asian kelp differed depending on the parts and extraction solvents used. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the UPB extract showed a close correlation with the polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The methanol extract of UPB exhibited excellent antioxidant and antiaging activities, indicating its potential use in the development of functional materials using Asian kelp and in other new applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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9 pages, 1814 KiB  
Article
ddRAD Sequencing-Based Scanning of Genetic Variants in Sargassum fusiforme
by Lidong Lin, Fei Wang, Mingjiang Wu and Shengqin Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070958 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1765
Abstract
Sargassum fusiforme is a commercially important brown seaweed that has experienced significant population reduction both from heavy exploitation and degradation of the environment. Cultivated breed strains are also in a state of population mixing. These population stressors make it necessary to investigate the [...] Read more.
Sargassum fusiforme is a commercially important brown seaweed that has experienced significant population reduction both from heavy exploitation and degradation of the environment. Cultivated breed strains are also in a state of population mixing. These population stressors make it necessary to investigate the population genetics to discover best practices to conserve and breed this seaweed. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of S. fusiforme were investigated by the genome-wide SNP data acquired from double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq). We found a low genetic diversity and a slight population differentiation within and between wild and cultivated populations, and the effective population size of S. fusiforme had experienced a continuous decline. Tajima’s D analysis showed the population contraction in wild populations may be related to copper pollution which showed a consistent trend with the increase of the sea surface temperature. The potential selection signatures may change the timing or level of gene expression, and further experiments are needed to investigate the effect of the mutation on relevant pathways. These results suggest an urgent need to manage and conserve S. fusiforme resources and biodiversity considering the accelerating change of the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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19 pages, 2020 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Ecological Factors on the Contents of Nutritional Components and Minerals in Laver Based on Open Sea Culture System
by Zhourui Liang, Wenjun Wang, Lulei Liu and Guoliang Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070864 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1484
Abstract
Laver is a popular food for its high nutritional value, which can change among culture areas and along with the progression of harvest. Neopyropia yezoensis and Neoporphyra haitanensis were cultured in succession in Taoluo and Muping, north China. The chemical composition of laver [...] Read more.
Laver is a popular food for its high nutritional value, which can change among culture areas and along with the progression of harvest. Neopyropia yezoensis and Neoporphyra haitanensis were cultured in succession in Taoluo and Muping, north China. The chemical composition of laver samples together with some ecological factors in the farms were investigated. From September to December, salinity increased while water temperature decreased in both areas. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and N:P decreased in Taoluo while increasing in Muping. Both N. yezoensis and N. haitanensis contained high levels of protein (26.90–41.38% DW) and low contents of fat (0.36–0.74% DW). High levels of minerals were detected in both species. The contents of protein, total amino acids, and total minerals in N. haitanensis increased significantly, while sugar content decreased significantly from September to December. The gray correlation analysis result implied that the typical ecological factors (DIN, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, N:P, pH, salinity, temperature, and transparency) have a great influence on accumulation of the crude nutrient, amino acid, fatty acid components, and mineral components in laver. The coefficient of variation analysis result also showed that environmental heterogeneity obviously enhanced differences in the contents of protein, amino acid, and trace elements in N. yezoensis. In addition, the principal component analysis result showed that the N. yezoensis strain ‘Huangyou No. 1’ had the highest comprehensive evaluation score in the four tested N. yezoensis strains, indicating that it has the best comprehensive quality and greatest exploitable value. We hope these findings will help to improve future laver breeding and farming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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12 pages, 1874 KiB  
Article
The Identification of Filamentous Cyanobacteria Isolated from Neopyropia Germplasm Bank Illustrates the Pattern of Contamination
by Yinyin Deng, Cuicui Tian, Chuanming Hu, Guangping Xu, Lien Yang, Qinqin Lu and Wei Zhou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060838 - 20 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1651
Abstract
The germplasm bank of economic algae provides biological insurance against environmental changes and pressures for the cultivation industry. However, the red algal free-living conchocelis germplasm of Neopyropia was easily contaminated with filamentous cyanobacteria, which severely affected the growth of Neopyropia germplasm. To date, [...] Read more.
The germplasm bank of economic algae provides biological insurance against environmental changes and pressures for the cultivation industry. However, the red algal free-living conchocelis germplasm of Neopyropia was easily contaminated with filamentous cyanobacteria, which severely affected the growth of Neopyropia germplasm. To date, what and how the filamentous cyanobacteria contaminated Neopyropia germplasm remained unknown. Here, we combined cytological observations with light and electron microscopes and molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene to elucidate the pattern of cyanobacteria contamination. Nine filamentous cyanobacteria samples isolated from the Neopyropia germplasm bank were selected. Integrating microscopy observations and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, nine cyanobacteria samples were divided into three groups, including two Leptolyngbya with red pigments (YCR1 and YCR2) and one Nodosilinea with green pigments (YCG3). They had the same asexual reproduction mode, releasing hormogonia to grow new filaments. Due to the high reproductive ability, Leptolyngbya and Nodosilinea were easy to spread in the Neopyropia germplasm. Based on 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing analyses, we found the thallus of Neopyropia (NP1, NP2, and NP3) and surrounding seawater (SW1, SW2, and SW3) were enriched with cyanobacteria, especially with Leptolyngbya and Nodosilinea, indicating the filamentous cyanobacteria contaminated Neopyropia germplasm came from the thallus of Neopyropia or seawater. The results provided a better understanding of the prevention and control of cyanobacteria contamination in the Neopyropia germplasm bank. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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15 pages, 2369 KiB  
Article
Alterations in Epiphytic Bacterial Communities during the Occurrence of Green Rot Disease in Saccharina japonica Seedlings
by Yongwei Yan, Shanshan Wang, Jie Li, Fuli Liu and Zhaolan Mo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060730 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1290
Abstract
Bacteria are one of the causes of green rot disease (GRD) in Saccharina japonica mariculture, which may lead to complete failure of seedling production. However, the association between bacterial community and host disease severity remains largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, the bacterial [...] Read more.
Bacteria are one of the causes of green rot disease (GRD) in Saccharina japonica mariculture, which may lead to complete failure of seedling production. However, the association between bacterial community and host disease severity remains largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, the bacterial communities associated with GRD-infected seedlings with naturally varying disease severity from two seedling hatcheries in Northern China were analyzed to investigate the interactions between bacterial communities and GRD. The results indicated incorrect nutrient supply in both sites. Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were prevalent in all samples. Significant structural alterations were detected for epibacterial communities, which were further evidenced by differently abundant bacterial taxa associated with seedlings with varying disease severity. The predicted pathways of bacterial adhesion and antimicrobial compounds biosynthesis were significantly enriched in less severely diseased seedlings, whereas glutathione metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were significantly increased in more severely diseased seedlings. The predicted categories of a two-component system, flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, and biofilm formation were significantly enriched in the bacterioplankton in more severely infected seawater. The differential bacterial community compositions and predicted functions provide new clues to elucidate the mechanism underlying the interaction between GRD occurrence and bacterial communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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13 pages, 2693 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Planktonic Microbial Community Associated with Saccharina japonica Seedling
by Shanshan Wang, Yongwei Yan, Hao Qian, Jie Li, Tao Liu and Zhaolan Mo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060726 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1900
Abstract
Macroalgae interact with planktonic microbes in seawater. It remains unclear how planktonic microbes interact with the environment and each other during the cultivation processes of commercially important algal species. Such an interaction is important for developing environment-friendly mariculture methods. In this study, the [...] Read more.
Macroalgae interact with planktonic microbes in seawater. It remains unclear how planktonic microbes interact with the environment and each other during the cultivation processes of commercially important algal species. Such an interaction is important for developing environment-friendly mariculture methods. In this study, the dynamics of the planktonic microbial community associated with Saccharina japonica were profiled during the seedling production stage, with its environmental correlation and co-occurrence pattern determined simultaneously. Microbial richness increased and positively correlated with light intensity and contents of NO3− and PO43−. A clear temporal succession of the community was observed, which coincided with changes in light intensity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and NO3− content. α-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, γ-Proteobacteria, and the genera prevalent in these taxa dominated the planktonic microbial community, and their relative abundance temporally changed. A profile of keystone taxa that is different from prevalent genera was identified based on betweenness centrality scores. A modularized co-occurrence pattern was determined, in addition to intensified species-to-species interactions at the core of the co-occurrence network. These findings expanded our cognization of the planktonic microbial community in response to S. japonica cultivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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15 pages, 2072 KiB  
Article
Influence of Commercial-Scale Seaweed Cultivation on Water Quality: A Case Study in a Typical Laver Culture Area of the Yellow Sea, North China
by Zhourui Liang, Wenjun Wang, Lulei Liu, Guoliang Li and Bin Xia
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050681 - 17 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2207
Abstract
Seaweeds are important to marine ecosystems through biogeochemical processes. Laver are the most widely farmed seaweeds with the largest culture area in China. This study analyzes the water quality characteristics in a large-scale laver culture area (Taoluo) by comparing a small-scale laver culture [...] Read more.
Seaweeds are important to marine ecosystems through biogeochemical processes. Laver are the most widely farmed seaweeds with the largest culture area in China. This study analyzes the water quality characteristics in a large-scale laver culture area (Taoluo) by comparing a small-scale laver culture area and non-culture areas, thereby assessing the changes in water quality due to large-scale laver cultivation. Particulate organic carbon and/or dissolved organic carbon decreased while the total suspended solid increased seasonally or with the distance from the coast. The concentrations of total nitrogen as well as dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were generally higher near the shore and decreased seasonally in Taoluo. Substantial spatial variation in nutrient parameters between culture and non-culture sites was observed. Moreover, significant variations between culture and non-culture sites on a spatio-temporal scale were mostly observed in December compared with September and October. Furthermore, more clusters were found in December based on the water quality characteristics in various sampling sites using a hierarchical clustering analysis. These results suggested that more spatial deviation in water quality parameters between culture and non-culture sites were found in December; thus it can be hypothesized that the changes in water quality due to large-scale cultivation for laver was likely to occur in northern China in winter, i.e., the period of best growth status for the cold-temperate species of laver (e.g., Neopyropia yezoensis). We hope that this study can help to further understand the effects of seaweed farming on marine environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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16 pages, 31344 KiB  
Article
Control of Reactive Oxygen Species through Antioxidant Enzymes Plays a Pivotal Role during the Cultivation of Neopyropia yezoensis
by Zezhong Feng, Lingjuan Wu, Zhenjie Sun, Jiali Yang, Guiyan Liu, Jianfeng Niu and Guangce Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010109 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1604
Abstract
Neopyropia yezoensis is an economically important marine crop that can survive dehydrating conditions when nets are lifted from seawater. During this process, production of oxygen radicals and the resulting up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes mediated by the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway played an [...] Read more.
Neopyropia yezoensis is an economically important marine crop that can survive dehydrating conditions when nets are lifted from seawater. During this process, production of oxygen radicals and the resulting up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes mediated by the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway played an important role. However, there were no reports about the significance regarding the protection of seaweed throughout the entire production season. Especially, in new aquatic farms in Shandong Province that were formed when traditional N. yezoensis cultivation moved north. Here, we determined the levels of ABA, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), soluble protein, chlorophyll, and cell wall polysaccharides in samples collected at different harvest periods from Jimo aquatic farm, Shandong Province. The activities and expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and antioxidant enzymes in the corresponding samples were also determined. Combined with the monitoring data of sea surface temperature and solar light intensity, we proposed that the cultivation of N. yezoensis in Shandong Province was not affected by high-temperature stress. However, photoinhibition in N. yezoensis usually occurs at noon, especially in March. Both the activities and the expression of NOX and antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated continuously. It is reasonable to speculate that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NOX induced the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes through the ABA signaling pathway. Although antioxidant enzymes play a pivotal role during the cultivation of N. yezoensis, the production of ROS also caused a shift in gene expression, accumulation of secondary metabolites, and even decreased the chlorophyll pool size, which eventually led to a decrease in algae assimilation. Accordingly, we suggest that the dehydration of N. yezoensis nets should be adopted when necessary and the extent of dehydration should be paid special consideration to avoid an excessive cellular response caused by ROS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 13362 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Abiotic Factors on the Induction of Seaweed Callus
by Gabriel Tirtawijaya, Bertoka Fajar Surya Perwira Negara, Jin-Hwa Lee, Man-Gi Cho, Hye Kyung Kim, Yun-Sik Choi, Sang-Hoon Lee and Jae-Suk Choi
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040513 - 07 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2810
Abstract
Seaweeds are a major source of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Seaweed can be sustainably harvested through callus culture, which yields homogenous cells and bioproducts under controlled conditions. Callus induction is a crucial early step in callus culture and is influenced by several [...] Read more.
Seaweeds are a major source of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Seaweed can be sustainably harvested through callus culture, which yields homogenous cells and bioproducts under controlled conditions. Callus induction is a crucial early step in callus culture and is influenced by several abiotic factors. This review aims to discuss the influence of abiotic factors on callus induction in seaweeds, a prerequisite for the application and development of seaweed callus culture. We used three online databases (Springer, Science Direct, and Wiley) to search for the literature on seaweed callus induction published between 1987 and 2020. Thirty-three articles for review were identified and analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The analysis covers 56 seaweed species (3% Chlorophyta, 44% Phaeophyta, and 53% Rhodophyta) under various abiotic treatments, including light irradiance (23%), temperature (15%), media type (21%), plant growth regulators (26%), gelling conditions (9%), and other factors (6%). The information on these abiotic factors is intended to be a practical reference and to foster the further study of the callus culture of seaweed. More studies are needed to determine how to maintain and increase callus mass in suspension culture for the industrial production of seaweed and its metabolites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation and Breeding)
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