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Artificial Reefs Research
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Artificial Reefs Research

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Environmental Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 16291

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Won-Bae Na

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ocean Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
Interests: marine structures; marine habitat enhancement; fluid-structure-soil interaction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We have considered artificial reefs, which have been importantly built environments to enhance the degraded aquatic habitats and control the aquatic environments. For establishment of effective and efficient artificial reefs, we have increased our understanding in artificial reefs, which interact with not only aquatic natural environments but also the currently shrinking aquatic species, utilizing several scientific and engineering methods, including experimental measurement, numerical simulation, field survey, and monitoring.

However, we know that the research on artificial reefs is not easy at all primarily because we do not exactly know the life history of the natural customers, i.e., marine species, the hostile and mostly unknown marine environments, and the uncertainty in the built environments. Nonetheless, we know that we should continue artificial reefs research because it is extremely important to enhance the degraded aquatic habitats, mitigate environment conditions, and accordingly sustainably support human beings who heavily rely on marine resources and energies. Thus, this Special Issue is prepared for the researchers and practitioners who devote to share research methods and results with colleagues, expect feedbacks from artificial reefs society, and reflect the integrated reviews and critics. We look forward to receiving contributions in the form of research articles and reviews for these Special Issues. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Multi-functional artificial reefs;
  • Artificial reefs as habitat enhancement structures;
  • Estimation and/or prediction of artificial reef stability;
  • Estimation of reef–water flow interaction with new metrics;
  • Green materials and/or structural composition for artificial reefs;
  • Effective design of an artificial reef module with an innovative tool;
  • Effective placement model of artificial reef sets, groups, and complexes;
  • Ecological effects of artificial reefs and their assessment during service life;
  • Morphological changes of natural substrates according to artificial reef installation.

Prof. Dr. Won-Bae Na
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Artificial reefs
  • Ecological effects
  • Aquatic environments
  • Artificial reef stability
  • Morphological changes
  • Reef–water flow interaction
  • Design and placement models
  • Habitat enhancement structures
  • Green materials and structural composition

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 165 KiB  
Editorial
Artificial Reefs Research
by Won-Bae Na
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010166 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1340
Abstract
Human intervention is required to preserve wild animals due to human-induced problems such as climate change and altered habitats [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Reefs Research)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 6250 KiB  
Article
Accumulation and Dispersion of Microplastics near A Submerged Structure: Basic Study Using A Numerical Wave Tank
by Le Duc Quyen and Jun Myoung Choi
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121934 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1502
Abstract
The presence of microplastics has been reported in most marine environments. Their accumulation can affect the marine ecosystem, and their consumption by small organisms of various sizes can indirectly affect human beings who consume them. Recent observations have reported the pathways and fates [...] Read more.
The presence of microplastics has been reported in most marine environments. Their accumulation can affect the marine ecosystem, and their consumption by small organisms of various sizes can indirectly affect human beings who consume them. Recent observations have reported the pathways and fates of microplastics surrounding man-made coastal structures, such as artificial reefs. However, basic research elucidating the physical behavior near the structure is scarce. We implemented a two-dimensional numerical wave flume simulating intermediate waves with a weak current in a coastal area to investigate the behaviors of microplastics corresponding to parameters such as particle size (0.2, 1, and 5 mm), particle density (900, 1000, and 1100 kg/m3), and submerged artificial structure. The results showed that smaller particles had a stronger horizontal dispersion but a weaker horizontal advection. Installing a submerged structure increased the flow rate above the structure. It also increased particle accumulation upstream and downstream near the edge and corner of the structure. The accumulation was significantly affected by the installation of the structure when the resuspension of microplastics occurred intermittently. This work elucidates the mechanisms underlying the distribution, accumulation, and dispersion of microplastics that are important in predicting the fate of microplastics in the vicinity of artificial structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Reefs Research)
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12 pages, 2336 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Heavy Metals Eluted from Materials Utilized in Artificial Reefs Implemented in South Korea
by Seongsik Park, Jong Ryol Kim, Young Ryun Kim, Seokjin Yoon and Kyunghoi Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111720 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1474
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of artificial reefs (ARs) made from concrete, steel, and steel slag on the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in marine ecosystems. We conducted a field investigation [...] Read more.
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of artificial reefs (ARs) made from concrete, steel, and steel slag on the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in marine ecosystems. We conducted a field investigation of the concentration of heavy metals (HMs) in seawater and marine organisms in the East Sea, South Korea and complemented it with an indoor elution experiment. The concentrations of the eight HMs in the field investigation and elution experiment satisfied the environmental standards. In the elution experiment, elution of Cr6+ from the concrete models was confirmed; however, it may be insignificant in marine ecosystems. These results revealed that the effect of ARs made from concrete, steel, and steel slag on the concentration of HMs in the marine environment was insignificant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Reefs Research)
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13 pages, 10621 KiB  
Article
Identifying Hydraulic Characteristics Related to Fishery Activities Using Numerical Analysis and an Automatic Identification System of a Fishing Vessel
by Sung-Chul Jang, Jin-Yong Jeong, Seung-Woo Lee and Dongha Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111619 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1571
Abstract
Many countries worldwide promote artificial reef projects to increase and preserve fishery resources; however, how artificial reefs form fisheries is unclear. Nevertheless, specific hydraulic features of artificial reefs may attract fish. We selected an underwater reef as a research site to clarify this [...] Read more.
Many countries worldwide promote artificial reef projects to increase and preserve fishery resources; however, how artificial reefs form fisheries is unclear. Nevertheless, specific hydraulic features of artificial reefs may attract fish. We selected an underwater reef as a research site to clarify this hypothesis. In this study, environmental conditions around the underwater reef were modeled and quantitatively assessed using numerical analysis. We identified two hydraulic features related to fish attraction: the wake region and the local upwelling region. Their spatial distributions were superimposed on the path of a fishing vessel that was monitored using an automatic identification system (AIS). We showed that various hydraulic characteristics (such as wake region, local upwelling region, and flow velocity) identified in the path of the fishing vessel can be quantitatively evaluated. Increasing amounts of information from the AIS can be used to identify the hydraulic features that attract the most fish and therefore improve the productivities of artificial reefs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Reefs Research)
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22 pages, 5276 KiB  
Article
Engineering, Ecological and Social Monitoring of the Largest Underwater Sculpture in the World at John Brewer Reef, Australia
by Adam Smith, Al Jayson Songcuan, Nathan Cook, Rachelle Brown, Kailash Cook and Reuben Richardson
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111617 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3042
Abstract
The largest underwater sculpture in the world, the ‘Coral Greenhouse’ by artist Jason deCaires Taylor, was commissioned by the Museum of Underwater Art and installed at John Brewer Reef, Australia, in December 2019. The planning process required certified engineering design drawings associated with [...] Read more.
The largest underwater sculpture in the world, the ‘Coral Greenhouse’ by artist Jason deCaires Taylor, was commissioned by the Museum of Underwater Art and installed at John Brewer Reef, Australia, in December 2019. The planning process required certified engineering design drawings associated with design life, durability and suitability of materials, and baseline ecological surveys. Following approval, the operational phase required annual monitoring of substrate, ecology, social values, and marine debris. We geo-referenced three permanent transects and designed a before/after rapid monitoring assessment of substrate, fish, and invertebrates. Substrate surveys indicated 11% concrete and 89% sand. Fish surveys indicated significant increases of diversity and abundance, with 12 species and 65 individuals recorded in 2018 compared to 46 species and 365 individuals recorded in 2022. Macroinvertebrate species maintained no significant trends in abundance, species richness, and diversity with respect to time between 2018 and 2022. We monitored coral restoration and natural recruitment at the site, measuring aesthetics, survivorship of planted corals, and coral recruitment. Of 131 corals transplanted in March 2020, survivorship was 100% at 1 month, 92% at 6 months, and 91.6% at 12 months. Hard and soft corals were recruited to the structure at a density of 8.35 hard corals/m2 and 10.9 soft corals/m2 over 26 months. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Reefs Research)
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18 pages, 12888 KiB  
Article
Side-Scan Sonar Coupled with Scuba Diving Observation for Enhanced Monitoring of Benthic Artificial Reefs along the Coast of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia
by Azizi Ali, Muhammad Ruzi Abdullah, Che Din Mohd Safuan, Aminudin Muhammad Afiq-Firdaus, Zainudin Bachok, Mohd Fadzil Mohd Akhir, Roslan Latif, Azri Muhamad, Tan Hock Seng, Adina Roslee and Khaira Ismail
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091309 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
Since the 1970s, artificial reef (AR) deployment has been one of the common approaches to augment the local production of coastal fish in Malaysia. However, there is a lack of strategy to assess and evaluate the success of pre-deployed AR. Realizing the need [...] Read more.
Since the 1970s, artificial reef (AR) deployment has been one of the common approaches to augment the local production of coastal fish in Malaysia. However, there is a lack of strategy to assess and evaluate the success of pre-deployed AR. Realizing the need for an effective qualitative and quantitative monitoring and evaluation of AR, this study proposes side-scan sonar coupled with scuba diving observation for the enhanced monitoring of pre-deployed Bioceramic Korean (BK) AR along the coast of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. This method employs an integrated side-scan sonar with a data acquisition system for the detection of the precise location of the BK AR which were deployed at Tukun Telaga Batin off the Terengganu coastline in 2003 by the Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (FDAM). Following the determination of the exact location of three BK AR areas, a scuba diving team was sent to survey the physical conditions of the AR and assess the feasibility of the AR as an artificial habitat for marine life. The scan sonar images were compared with the captured photographs and videos acquired during the scuba diving session for a comprehensive value-added assessment. The collected data from the scuba diving session were also processed to measure the fish diversity, the fish biomass, and identify the fish community surrounding the AR. Based on the results, the BK AR remained in extremely good condition, physically intact, without significant breakage or damage, and with no major subsidence into the sediment after 19 years of deployment. A total of 108 BK AR modules were detected in three large groups using the mosaicked sonar images. Following cross-examination to validate the AR measurements using the AR’s shadows on the seafloor, the height of the BK AR consistently ranged from 1.7 m to 1.8 m. In addition, 34 species of fish from 14 families and 26 genera were identified, with most species classified as reef-associated (RA) fish with a biomass value of 1173.31 ± 1136.69 kg m−3, indicating the successfulness of the BK AR as fish-aggregating devices (FADs). The growth of hard corals on top of the bioceramic plate of the AR module further supported the diversified community of marine life surrounding the BK AR. In conclusion, the side-scan sonar coupled with scuba diving observation demonstrates an effective qualitative and quantitative technique for the monitoring and evaluation of pre-deployed AR. This strategy is recommended to be utilized to determine the success of pre-deployment AR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Reefs Research)
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Review

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34 pages, 1640 KiB  
Review
Artificial Seaweed Reefs That Support the Establishment of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Beds and Facilitate Ocean Macroalgal Afforestation: A Review
by Somi Jung, Than Van Chau, Minju Kim and Won-Bae Na
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091184 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4028
Abstract
Macroalgae are invaluable constituents of marine forest environments and important sources of material for human needs. However, they are currently at risk of severe decline due to global warming and negative anthropogenic factors. Restoration efforts focus on beds where macroalgae previously existed, as [...] Read more.
Macroalgae are invaluable constituents of marine forest environments and important sources of material for human needs. However, they are currently at risk of severe decline due to global warming and negative anthropogenic factors. Restoration efforts focus on beds where macroalgae previously existed, as well as the creation of new marine forests. Some artificial seaweed reefs (ASRs) have succeeded but others have failed; the contributions of ASRs to marine forest formation have been not fully determined. Here, we review ASRs, the benefits of macroalgal forests, threats to macroalgae, restoration, and marine forest formation to explore the current status of ASRs. The published literature indicates that ASRs have played critical roles in marine forest formation; notably, they support the establishment of submerged aquatic vegetation beds that allow ocean macroalgal afforestation. ASRs have evolved in terms of complexity and the materials used; they can sustainably mitigate marine deforestation. However, continuous reviews of ASR performance are essential, and performance improvements are always possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Reefs Research)
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