Journal of Functional Biomaterials

23 pages, 18194 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microporous Hydroxyapatite-Based Ceramics Alter the Physiology of Endothelial Cells through Physical and Chemical Cues

by Julie Usseglio, Adeline Dumur, Esther Pagès, Émeline Renaudie, Alice Abélanet, Joël Brie, Éric Champion and Amandine Magnaudeix

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090460 - 5 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1925

Abstract

Incorporation of silicate ions in calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) and modification of their multiscale architecture are two strategies for improving the vascularization of scaffolds for bone regenerative medicine. The response of endothelial cells, actors for vascularization, to the chemical and physical cues of [...] Read more.

Incorporation of silicate ions in calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) and modification of their multiscale architecture are two strategies for improving the vascularization of scaffolds for bone regenerative medicine. The response of endothelial cells, actors for vascularization, to the chemical and physical cues of biomaterial surfaces is little documented, although essential. We aimed to characterize in vitro the response of an endothelial cell line, C166, cultivated on the surface CPCs varying either in terms of their chemistry (pure versus silicon-doped HA) or their microstructure (dense versus microporous). Adhesion, metabolic activity, and proliferation were significantly altered on microporous ceramics, but the secretion of the pro-angiogenic VEGF-A increased from 262 to 386 pg/mL on porous compared to dense silicon-doped HA ceramics after 168 h. A tubulogenesis assay was set up directly on the ceramics. Two configurations were designed for discriminating the influence of the chemistry from that of the surface physical properties. The formation of tubule-like structures was qualitatively more frequent on dense ceramics. Microporous ceramics induced calcium depletion in the culture medium (from 2 down to 0.5 mmol/L), which is deleterious for C166. Importantly, this effect might be associated with the in vitro static cell culture. No influence of silicon doping of HA on C166 behavior was detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Development and Application of Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

36 pages, 3810 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Natural and Synthetic Polymeric Biomaterials for Application in Wound Management

by Sabrina Prete, Marco Dattilo, Francesco Patitucci, Giuseppe Pezzi, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi and Francesco Puoci

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090455 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 8598

Abstract

Biomaterials are at the forefront of the future, finding a variety of applications in the biomedical field, especially in wound healing, thanks to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Wounds spontaneously try to heal through a series of interconnected processes involving several initiators and [...] Read more.

Biomaterials are at the forefront of the future, finding a variety of applications in the biomedical field, especially in wound healing, thanks to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Wounds spontaneously try to heal through a series of interconnected processes involving several initiators and mediators such as cytokines, macrophages, and fibroblasts. The combination of biopolymers with wound healing properties may provide opportunities to synthesize matrices that stimulate and trigger target cell responses crucial to the healing process. This review outlines the optimal management and care required for wound treatment with a special focus on biopolymers, drug-delivery systems, and nanotechnologies used for enhanced wound healing applications. Researchers have utilized a range of techniques to produce wound dressings, leading to products with different characteristics. Each method comes with its unique strengths and limitations, which are important to consider. The future trajectory in wound dressing advancement should prioritize economical and eco-friendly methodologies, along with improving the efficacy of constituent materials. The aim of this work is to give researchers the possibility to evaluate the proper materials for wound dressing preparation and to better understand the optimal synthesis conditions as well as the most effective bioactive molecules to load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Reviews in Biomaterials: Development, Applications and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7902 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Manganese-Implanted Titanium Modulates the Crosstalk between Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Macrophages to Improve Osteogenesis

by Kuicai Ye, Xianming Zhang, Li Shangguan, Xingdan Liu, Xiaoshuang Nie and Yuqin Qiao

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090456 - 3 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient in various physiological processes, but its functions in bone metabolism remain undefined. This is partly due to the interplay between immune and bone cells because Mn plays a central role in the immune system. In this study, [...] Read more.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient in various physiological processes, but its functions in bone metabolism remain undefined. This is partly due to the interplay between immune and bone cells because Mn plays a central role in the immune system. In this study, we utilized the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D) technique to introduce Mn onto the titanium surface. The results demonstrated that Mn-implanted surfaces stimulated the shift of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and had minimal effects on the osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) under mono-culture conditions. However, they promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages and improved the osteogenic activities of mBMSCs under co-culture conditions, indicating the importance of the crosstalk between mBMSCs and macrophages mediated by Mn in osteogenic activities. This study provides a positive incentive for the application of Mn in the field of osteoimmunology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 18169 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Catecholamine Derivatives as Novel Crosslinkers for the Synthesis of Versatile Biopolymers

by Manickam Sugumaran and Jason J. Evans

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090449 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3234

Abstract

Catecholamine metabolites are not only involved in primary metabolism, but also in secondary metabolism, serving a diverse array of physiologically and biochemically important functions. Melanin, which originates from dopa and dopamine, found in the hair, eye, and skin of all animals, is an [...] Read more.

Catecholamine metabolites are not only involved in primary metabolism, but also in secondary metabolism, serving a diverse array of physiologically and biochemically important functions. Melanin, which originates from dopa and dopamine, found in the hair, eye, and skin of all animals, is an important biopolymeric pigment. It provides protection against damaging solar radiation to animals. N-Acetyldopamine and N-β-alanyldopamine play a crucial role in the hardening of the exoskeletons of all insects. In addition, insects and other arthropods utilize the melanogenic process as a key component of their defense systems. Many marine organisms utilize dopyl peptides and proteins as bonding materials to adhere to various substrata. Moreover, the complex dopa derivatives that are precursors to the formation of the exoskeletons of numerous marine organisms also exhibit antibiotic properties. The biochemistry and mechanistic transformations of different catecholamine derivatives to produce various biomaterials with antioxidant, antibiotic, crosslinking, and gluing capabilities are highlighted. These reactivities are exhibited through the transient and highly reactive quinones, quinone methides, and quinone methide imine amide intermediates, as well as chelation to metal ions. A careful consideration of the reactivities summarized in this review will inspire numerous strategies for synthesizing novel biomaterials for future medical and industrial use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4887 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synthesis, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Biocompatibility of Multi-Component Collagen-Based Hydrogels Developed by E-Beam Irradiation

by Maria Demeter, Andreea Mariana Negrescu, Ion Calina, Anca Scarisoreanu, Mădălina Albu Kaya, Marin Micutz, Marius Dumitru and Anisoara Cimpean

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090454 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2800

Abstract

Herein, three different recipes of multi-component hydrogels were synthesized by e-beam irradiation. These hydrogels were obtained from aqueous polymer mixtures in which different proportions of bovine collagen gel, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), chitosan, and poly(ethylene oxide) were used. The cross-linking reaction was carried [...] Read more.

Herein, three different recipes of multi-component hydrogels were synthesized by e-beam irradiation. These hydrogels were obtained from aqueous polymer mixtures in which different proportions of bovine collagen gel, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), chitosan, and poly(ethylene oxide) were used. The cross-linking reaction was carried out exclusively by e-beam cross-linking at 25 kGy, a dose of irradiation sufficient both to complete the cross-linking reaction and effective for hydrogel sterilization. The hydrogels developed in this study were tested in terms of physical and chemical stability, mechanical, structural, morphological, and biological properties. They are transparent, maintain their structure, are non-adhesive when handling, and most importantly, especially from the application point of view, have an elastic structure. Likewise, these hydrogels possessed different swelling degrees and expressed rheological behavior characteristic of soft solids with permanent macromolecular network. Morphologically, collagen- and CMC based-hydrogels showed porous structures with homogeneously distributed pores assuring a good loading capacity with drugs. These hydrogels were investigated by indirect and direct contact studies with Vero cell line (CCL-81™, ATCC), demonstrating that they are well tolerated by normal cells and, therefore, showed promising potential for further use in the development of drug delivery systems based on hydrogels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multifunctional Hydrogels for Biomedical Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4210 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Sustainable, Green-Processed, Ag-Nanoparticle-Incorporated Eggshell-Derived Biomaterial for Wound-Healing Applications

by Rosemond A. Mensah, Federico Trotta, Emily Briggs, Nik San Sharifulden, Lady V. Barrios Silva, Zalike Keskin-Erdogan, Seyta Diop, Alvena K. Kureshi and David Y. S. Chau

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090450 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5558

Abstract

The eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial with unique physical and mechanical properties that make it a promising candidate for wound-healing applications. However, the ESM’s inherent properties can be enhanced through incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have been shown to have [...] Read more.

The eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial with unique physical and mechanical properties that make it a promising candidate for wound-healing applications. However, the ESM’s inherent properties can be enhanced through incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have been shown to have antimicrobial properties. In this study, commercially produced AgNPs and green-processed AgNPs were incorporated into ESM and evaluated for their physical, biological, and antimicrobial properties for potential dermal application. The ESM was extracted using various techniques, and then treated with either commercially produced AgNPs (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) or green-synthesized AgNPs (Metalchemy, London, UK) to produce AgNPs-ESM samples. The physical characteristics of the samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the biological properties were assessed through in vitro studies using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and BJ cells. The SEM analysis of the AgNPs-ESM samples showed localization of AgNPs on the ESM surface, and that the ESM maintained its structural integrity following AgNP incorporation. The FTIR confirmed loading of AgNPs to ESM samples. The biological studies showed that the 5 μg/mL AgNPs-ESM samples were highly biocompatible with both HDFs and BJ cells, and had good viability and proliferation rates. Additionally, the AgNPs-ESM samples demonstrated pro-angiogenic properties in the CAM assay, indicating their potential for promoting new blood vessel growth. Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the enhanced AgNPs/ESMs was validated using the International Standard ISO 16869:2008 methodology and exploited Cladosporium, which is one of the most commonly identified fungi in wounds, as the test microorganism (≥5 × 10⁶ cells/mL). The AgNPs-ESM samples displayed promising antimicrobial efficacy as evidenced by the measured zone of inhibition. Notably, the green-synthesized AgNPs demonstrated greater zones of inhibition (~17 times larger) compared to commercially available AgNPs (Sigma-Aldrich). Although both types of AgNP exhibited long-term stability, the Metalchemy-modified samples demonstrated a slightly stronger inhibitory effect. Overall, the AgNPs-ESM samples developed in this study exhibited desirable physical, biological, and antimicrobial properties for potential dermal wound-dressing applications. The use of green-processed AgNPs in the fabrication of the AgNPs-ESM samples highlights the potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly wound-healing therapies. Further research is required to assess the long-term biocompatibility and effectiveness of these biomaterials in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Evaluation and Biomedical Applications of Novel Biomimetic Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 10103 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring CVD Method for Synthesizing Carbon–Carbon Composites as Materials to Contact with Nerve Tissue

by Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta, Natalia Kondracka, Marcel Zambrzycki, Maciej Gubernat, Pawel Czaja, Miroslawa Pawlyta, Piotr Jelen, Ryszard Wielowski and Danuta Jantas

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090443 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3625

Abstract

The main purpose of these studies was to obtain carbon–carbon composites with a core built of carbon fibers and a matrix in the form of pyrolytic carbon (PyC), obtained by using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method with direct electrical heating of a [...] Read more.

The main purpose of these studies was to obtain carbon–carbon composites with a core built of carbon fibers and a matrix in the form of pyrolytic carbon (PyC), obtained by using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method with direct electrical heating of a bundle of carbon fibers as a potential electrode material for nerve tissue stimulation. The methods used for the synthesis of PyC proposed in this paper allow us, with the appropriate selection of parameters, to obtain reproducible composites in the form of rods with diameters of about 300 µm in 120 s (CF_PyC_120). To evaluate the materials, various methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and tensiometer techniques were used to study their microstructural, structural, chemical composition, surface morphology, and surface wettability. Assessing their applicability for contact with nervous tissue cells, the evaluation of cytotoxicity and biocompatibility using the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line was performed. Viability and cytotoxicity tests (WST-1 and LDH release) along with cell morphology examination demonstrated that the CF_PyC_120 composites showed high biocompatibility compared to the reference sample (Pt wire), and the best adhesion of cells to the surface among all tested materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Procedures of Biomaterials in Medical Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2470 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Role of the Lactide:Glycolide Ratio in PLGA Nanoparticle Stability and Release under Lysosomal Conditions for Enzyme Replacement Therapy of Lysosomal Storage Disorders

by Maria del Moral, Maximilian Loeck, Eameema Muntimadugu, Guillem Vives, Vy Pham, Peter Pfeifer, Giuseppe Battaglia and Silvia Muro

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090440 - 25 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2475

Abstract

Prior studies demonstrated that encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced the delivery of enzymes used for replacement therapy (ERT) of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). This study examined how the copolymer lactide:glycolide ratio impacts encapsulation, physicochemical characteristics, stability, and release under lysosomal [...] Read more.

Prior studies demonstrated that encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced the delivery of enzymes used for replacement therapy (ERT) of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). This study examined how the copolymer lactide:glycolide ratio impacts encapsulation, physicochemical characteristics, stability, and release under lysosomal conditions. Hyaluronidase, deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis IX, was encapsulated in NPs synthesized using 50:50, 60:40, or 75:25 lactide:glycolide copolymers. All NPs had diameters compatible with cellular transport (≤168 nm) and polydispersity indexes (≤0.16) and ζ-potentials (≤−35 mV) compatible with colloidal stability. Yet, their encapsulation efficiency varied, with 75:25 NPs and 60:40 NPs having the lowest and highest EE, respectively (15% vs. 28%). Under lysosomal conditions, the 50:50 copolymer degraded fastest (41% in 1 week), as expected, and the presence of a targeting antibody coat did not alter this result. Additionally, 60:40 NPs destabilized fastest (<1 week) because of their smaller diameter, and 75:25 NPs did not destabilize in 4 weeks. All formulations presented burst release under lysosomal conditions (56–78% of the original load within 30 min), with 50:50 and 60:40 NPs releasing an additional small fraction after week 1. This provided 4 weeks of sustained catalytic activity, sufficient to fully degrade a substrate. Altogether, the 60:40 NP formulation is preferred given its higher EE, and 50:50 NPs represent a valid alternative, while the highest stability of 75:25 NPs may impair lysosomes. These results can guide future studies aiming to translate PLGA NP-based ERT for this and other LSDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Polymers for the Delivery of Vaccines and Therapeutics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 2665 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Factors Influencing Properties of Spider Silk Coatings and Their Interactions within a Biological Environment

by Vanessa T. Trossmann, Sarah Lentz and Thomas Scheibel

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080434 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3737

Abstract

Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for [...] Read more.

Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for various applications since they are biocompatible, non-toxic and anti-inflammatory. Nevertheless, the biological response toward a spider silk coating cannot be generalized. The properties of spider silk coatings are influenced by many factors, including silk source, solvent, the substrate to be coated, pre- and post-treatments and the processing technique. All these factors consequently affect the biological response of the environment and the putative application of the appropriate silk coating. Here, we summarize recently identified factors to be considered before spider silk processing as well as physicochemical characterization methods. Furthermore, we highlight important results of biological evaluations to emphasize the importance of adjustability and adaption to a specific application. Finally, we provide an experimental matrix of parameters to be considered for a specific application and a guided biological response as exemplarily tested with two different fibroblast cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4481 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Promising Materials in the Fight against Healthcare-Associated Infections: Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Hybrid Hydrogels

by Antonio Laganà, Alessio Facciolà, Daniela Iannazzo, Consuelo Celesti, Evelina Polimeni, Carmelo Biondo, Angela Di Pietro and Giuseppa Visalli

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080428 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

New technologies and materials could help in this fight against healthcare-associated infections. As the majority of these infections are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the development of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties is a promising field of research. We combined chitosan (CS), with antibacterial [...] Read more.

New technologies and materials could help in this fight against healthcare-associated infections. As the majority of these infections are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the development of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties is a promising field of research. We combined chitosan (CS), with antibacterial properties, with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), a biocompatible polymer with physico-chemical, mechanical, and rheological properties, creating a hydrogel using cross-linking agent genipin. The antibacterial properties of CS and CS-POSS hydrogels were investigated against nosocomial Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria both in terms of membrane damage and surface charge variations, and finally, the anti-biofilm property was studied through confocal microscopy. Both materials showed a good antibacterial capacity against all analyzed strains, both in suspension, with % decreases between 36.36 and 73.58 for CS and 29.86 and 66.04 for CS-POSS, and in plates with % decreases between 55.29 and 78.32 and 17.00 and 53.99 for CS and CS-POSS, respectively. The treated strains compared to the baseline condition showed an important membrane damage, which also determined a variation of surface charges, and finally, for both hydrogels, a remarkable anti-biofilm property was highlighted. Our findings showed a possible future use of these biocompatible materials in the manufacture of medical and surgical devices with intrinsic antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Clinical Applications and Mechanical Properties of CAD-CAM Materials in Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry: A Systematic Review

by Imena Rexhepi, Manlio Santilli, Gianmaria D’Addazio, Giuseppe Tafuri, Eugenio Manciocchi, Sergio Caputi and Bruna Sinjari

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080431 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9437

Abstract

Clinical outcomes of dental restorations depend primarily on the choice of materials used, and nowadays, dental CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing) materials have strongly changed daily clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze CAD-CAM dental materials according to their [...] Read more.

Clinical outcomes of dental restorations depend primarily on the choice of materials used, and nowadays, dental CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing) materials have strongly changed daily clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze CAD-CAM dental materials according to their mechanical properties and in relation to their clinical applications. A literature review was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library. Articles addressing at least one of the following topics regarding dental materials for CAD-CAM systems: manufacturers, mechanical features, materials’ composition, optical properties, clinical indications, and/or outcomes were included in the review. A flowchart was performed as described in the PRISMA guidelines. Among the 564 articles found, 63 were analyzed and evaluated. Within the limitations of this systematic review, it can be concluded that CAD-CAM materials present a wide range of clinical applications due to their improved mechanical properties. Specifically, in addition to materials that have been in use for a long time (such as feldspathic ceramics), resin block composites can also be used for permanent restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CAD–CAM and Bioactive Glass for Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical and Functional Improvement of β-TCP Scaffolds for Use in Bone Tissue Engineering

by Felix Umrath, Lukas-Frank Schmitt, Sophie-Maria Kliesch, Christine Schille, Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer, Elina Gurewitsch, Kathleen Bahrini, Fabian Peters, Siegmar Reinert and Dorothea Alexander

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080427 - 16 Aug 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2942

Abstract

Autologous bone transplantation is still considered as the gold standard therapeutic option for bone defect repair. The alternative tissue engineering approaches have to combine good hardiness of biomaterials whilst allowing good stem cell functionality. To become more useful for load-bearing applications, mechanical properties [...] Read more.

Autologous bone transplantation is still considered as the gold standard therapeutic option for bone defect repair. The alternative tissue engineering approaches have to combine good hardiness of biomaterials whilst allowing good stem cell functionality. To become more useful for load-bearing applications, mechanical properties of calcium phosphate materials have to be improved. In the present study, we aimed to reduce the brittleness of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). For this purpose, we used three polymers (PDL-02, -02a, -04) for coatings and compared resulting mechanical and degradation properties as well as their impact on seeded periosteal stem cells. Mechanical properties of coated and uncoated β-TCP scaffolds were analyzed. In addition, degradation kinetics analyses of the polymers employed and of the polymer-coated scaffolds were performed. For bioactivity assessment, the scaffolds were seeded with jaw periosteal cells (JPCs) and cultured under untreated and osteogenic conditions. JPC adhesion/proliferation, gene and protein expression by immunofluorescent staining of embedded scaffolds were analyzed. Raman spectroscopy measurements gave an insight into material properties and cell mineralization. PDL-coated β-TCP scaffolds showed a significantly higher flexural strength in comparison to that of uncoated scaffolds. Degradation kinetics showed considerable differences in pH and electrical conductivity of the three different polymer types, while the core material β-TCP was able to stabilize pH and conductivity. Material differences seemed to have an impact on JPC proliferation and differentiation potential, as reflected by the expression of osteogenic marker genes. A homogenous cell colonialization of coated and uncoated scaffolds was detected. Most interesting from a bone engineer’s point of view, the PDL-04 coating enabled detection of cell matrix mineralization by Raman spectroscopy. This was not feasible with uncoated scaffolds, due to intercalating effects of the β-TCP material and the JPC-formed calcium phosphate. In conclusion, the use of PDL-04 coating improved the mechanical properties of the β-TCP scaffold and promoted cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation, whilst allowing detection of cell mineralization within the ceramic core material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering: Material Design and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 3404 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Overview of Magnesium-Phosphate-Based Cements as Bone Repair Materials

by Rita Gelli and Francesca Ridi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080424 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4363

Abstract

In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are nowadays gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. The goal of this review [...] Read more.

In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are nowadays gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. The goal of this review was to highlight the main properties and applications of MPCs in the orthopedic field, focusing on the different types of formulations that have been described in the literature, their main features, and the in vivo and in vitro response towards them. The presented results will be useful to showcase the potential of MPCs in the orthopedic field and will suggest novel strategies to further boost their clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Functional Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 5396 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In-Vitro Comparison of Fracture Strength of Endocrowns and Overlays in Endodontically Treated Teeth Manufactured with Monolithic Lithium Disilicate and Zirconia

by Maya Veselinova, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Chariklia Paximada and Efstratios Papazoglou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080422 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4834

Abstract

To evaluate the fracture strength and the failure mode of endodontically treated molars restored with monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia endocrowns and overlays. A total of 48 extracted mandibular molars were endodontically treated, decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into [...] Read more.

To evaluate the fracture strength and the failure mode of endodontically treated molars restored with monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia endocrowns and overlays. A total of 48 extracted mandibular molars were endodontically treated, decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into four 12-specimen groups. Group ELD: lithium disilicate endocrowns. Group EZ: monolithic zirconia endocrowns. Group OLD: lithium disilicate overlays. Group OZ: monolithic zirconia overlays. Overlays did not extend in the pulp chamber and endocrowns extended in the pulp chamber 2 mm. After adhesive bonding of the restorations, the specimens were subjected to thermocycling (×5000 cycles) and then to fracture resistance testing at lateral static loading (1 mm/min) at a universal testing machine. The failure mode of the specimens was qualitatively evaluated. Differences in means were compared using with t-tests for independent samples or Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05). Weibull distribution analysis was also performed. Group ELD showed significantly higher fracture strength than all other groups (p = 0.001), and the highest Weibull modulus. Conclusions: Lithium disilicate endocrowns exhibit higher fracture strength and are more reliable compared to the other types of restorations examined. Endocrowns had more catastrophic failures compared to overlays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3933 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Polymethyl Methacrylate Prostheses for Cranioplasty with Ti mesh Inlays

by Gargi Shankar Nayak, Heinz Palkowski and Adele Carradò

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080420 - 10 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Biocompatible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), despite fulfilling biomedical aspects, lack the mechanical strength needed for hard-tissue implant applications. This gap can be closed by using composites with metallic reinforcements, as their adaptable mechanical properties can overcome this problem. Keeping this in [...] Read more.

Biocompatible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), despite fulfilling biomedical aspects, lack the mechanical strength needed for hard-tissue implant applications. This gap can be closed by using composites with metallic reinforcements, as their adaptable mechanical properties can overcome this problem. Keeping this in mind, novel Ti-mesh-reinforced PMMA composites were developed. The influence of the orientation and volume fraction of the mesh on the mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The composites were prepared by adding Ti meshes between PMMA layers, cured by hot-pressing above the glass transition temperature of PMMA, where the interdiffusion of PMMA through the spaces in the Ti mesh provided sufficient mechanical clamping and adhesion between the layers. The increase in the volume fraction of Ti led to a tremendous improvement in the mechanical properties of the composites. A significant anisotropic behaviour was analysed depending on the direction of the mesh. Furthermore, the shaping possibilities of these composites were investigated via four-point bending tests. High shaping possibility was found for these composites when they were shaped at elevated temperature. These promising results show the potential of these materials to be used for patient-specific implant applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Biomechanics in Implant Design and Bone Tissue Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5361 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Liver dECM–Gelatin Composite Bioink for Precise 3D Printing of Highly Functional Liver Tissues

by Min Kyeong Kim, Wonwoo Jeong and Hyun-Wook Kang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080417 - 9 Aug 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3516

Abstract

In recent studies, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have gained significant attention for their excellent compatibility with hepatocytes. However, their low printability limits the fabrication of highly functional liver tissue. In this study, a new liver dECM–gelatin composite bioink (dECM gBioink) was [...] Read more.

In recent studies, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have gained significant attention for their excellent compatibility with hepatocytes. However, their low printability limits the fabrication of highly functional liver tissue. In this study, a new liver dECM–gelatin composite bioink (dECM gBioink) was developed to overcome this limitation. The dECM gBioink was prepared by incorporating a viscous gelatin mixture into the liver dECM material. The novel dECM gBioink showed 2.44 and 10.71 times higher bioprinting resolution and compressive modulus, respectively, than a traditional dECM bioink. In addition, the new bioink enabled stable stacking with 20 or more layers, whereas a structure printed with the traditional dECM bioink collapsed. Moreover, the proposed dECM gBioink exhibited excellent hepatocyte and endothelial cell compatibility. At last, the liver lobule mimetic structure was successfully fabricated with a precisely patterned endothelial cell cord-like pattern and primary hepatocytes using the dECM gBioink. The fabricated lobule structure exhibited excellent hepatic functionalities and dose-dependent responses to hepatotoxic drugs. These results demonstrated that the gelatin mixture can significantly improve the printability and mechanical properties of the liver dECM materials while maintaining good cytocompatibility. This novel liver dECM gBioink with enhanced 3D printability and resolution can be used as an advanced tool for engineering highly functional liver tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 13901 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fit and Retention of Cobalt–Chromium Removable Partial Denture Frameworks Fabricated with Selective Laser Melting

by Stefan Rues, Akinori Tasaka, Isabella Fleckenstein, Shuichiro Yamashita, Peter Rammelsberg, Sophia Boehm and Franz Sebastian Schwindling

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080416 - 8 Aug 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3800

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate fit and retention of cobalt–chromium removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM). Methods: Three types of framework for clasp-retained RPDs were virtually designed and fabricated using SLM (n = 30). For comparison, 30 additional frameworks were [...] Read more.

Purpose: To evaluate fit and retention of cobalt–chromium removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM). Methods: Three types of framework for clasp-retained RPDs were virtually designed and fabricated using SLM (n = 30). For comparison, 30 additional frameworks were produced using conventional lost-wax casting. A biomechanical model was created, incorporating extracted teeth mounted on flexible metal posts. Using this model, horizontal constraint forces resulting from a misfit were measured using strain gauges, while vertical forces were not recorded. The constraint force components and resultant forces were determined for all abutment teeth, and the maximum retention force during RPD removal from the model was also assessed. For statistical evaluation, the two fabrication methods were analyzed by calculating the means and standard deviations. Results: The average horizontal constraint forces showed similar values for both fabrication methods (SLM: 3.5 ± 1.0 N, casting: 3.4 ± 1.6 N). The overall scatter of data for cast RPDs was greater compared to those fabricated using SLM, indicating a better reproducibility of the SLM process. With regard to retention, the intended retention force of 5–10 N per abutment tooth was not attained in one of the cast groups, while it was consistently achieved in all SLM groups. Conclusions: This in vitro study found that SLM is a promising option for the manufacture of cobalt–chromium RPD frameworks in terms of fit and retention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Dental Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7431 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antifouling Behavior of Copper-Modified Titania Nanotube Surfaces

by Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar, Amit H. Munshi, Paulo Soares and Ketul C. Popat

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080413 - 4 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these [...] Read more.

Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these implants. To combat this, various approaches are being investigated in the literature. One of the approaches is modifying the surface topography of implants and creating surfaces that are not only antifouling but also encourage osteointegration. Titania nanotube surfaces have demonstrated a moderate decrease in bacterial adhesion while encouraging mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and hence were used in this study. In this work, titania nanotube surfaces were fabricated using a simple anodization technique. These surfaces were further modified with copper using a physical vapor deposition technique, since copper is known to be potent against bacteria once in contact. In this study, scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate surface topography; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to evaluate surface chemistry; contact angle goniometry was used to evaluate surface wettability; and X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate surface crystallinity. Antifouling behavior against a gram-positive and a gram-negative bacterium was also investigated. The results indicate that copper-modified titania nanotube surfaces display enhanced antifouling behavior when compared to other surfaces, and this may be a potential way to prevent infection in orthopedic implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4111 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Anti-Tumor Activity of Novel Nimotuzumab-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as a Potential Immunotherapeutic Agent against Skin and Lung Cancers

by Mohammad Anisuzzman, Varsha Komalla, Mariam Abdulaziz M. Tarkistani and Veysel Kayser

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080407 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is vital for many different types of cancer. Nimotuzumab (NmAb), an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb), is used against some of EGFR-overexpressed cancers in various countries. It targets malignant cells and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We hypothesized [...] Read more.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is vital for many different types of cancer. Nimotuzumab (NmAb), an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb), is used against some of EGFR-overexpressed cancers in various countries. It targets malignant cells and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We hypothesized that mAb-nanoparticle conjugation would provide an enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and hence we conjugated NmAb with 27 nm spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form AuNP-NmAb nanoconjugates. Using biophysical and spectroscopic methods, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the AuNP-NmAb complex was characterized. Furthermore, in vitro studies were performed using a medium-level EGFR-expressing skin cancer cell (A431, EGFR^medium) and low-level EGFR-expressing lung cancer cell (A549, EGFR^low) to evaluate anti-tumor and cellular uptake efficiency via MTT assay and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS), respectively. In comparison to NmAb monotherapy, the AuNP-NmAb treatment drastically reduced cancer cell survivability: for A431 cells, the IC₅₀ value of AuNP-NmAb conjugate was 142.7 µg/mL, while the IC₅₀ value of free NmAb was 561.3 µg/mL. For A549 cells, the IC₅₀ value of the AuNP-NmAb conjugate was 163.6 µg/mL, while the IC₅₀ value of free NmAb was 1,082.0 µg/mL. Therefore, this study highlights the unique therapeutic potential of AuNP-NmAb in EGFR+ cancers and shows the potential to develop other mAb nanoparticle complexes for a superior therapeutic efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Properties and Biomedical Application)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 6764 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of the Loading with Newly Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Equisetum sylvaticum on the Antibacterial Activity and Surface Hardness of a Composite Resin

by Ionuț Tărăboanță, Ana Flavia Burlec, Simona Stoleriu, Andreia Corciovă, Adrian Fifere, Denisa Batir-Marin, Monica Hăncianu, Cornelia Mircea, Irina Nica, Andra Claudia Tărăboanță-Gamen and Sorin Andrian

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080402 - 28 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1788

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and surface hardness of a light-activated microhybrid composite resin modified with green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were synthesized using an Equisetum sylvaticum extract and characterized through different methods such as UV-Vis, EDX, [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and surface hardness of a light-activated microhybrid composite resin modified with green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were synthesized using an Equisetum sylvaticum extract and characterized through different methods such as UV-Vis, EDX, and FTIR. The obtained AgNPs were mixed with a microhybrid composite resin (Herculite XRV, Kerr Corp., Orange, CA, USA) in different concentrations: 0% (group A-control); 0.5% (group B); 1% (group C); and 1.5% (group D). A total of 120 composite resin disk-shaped samples were obtained and divided into 4 groups (n = 30) according to AgNP concentration. Each group was then divided into 2 subgroups: subgroup 1—samples were not soaked in 0.01 M NaOH solution; and subgroup 2—samples were soaked in 0.01 M NaOH solution. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was determined using a direct contact test. A digital electronic hardness tester was used to determine the composite resin’s Vickers surface hardness (VH). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests with a confidence level of 95%. Groups C and D showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded between VH values (p > 0.05). The use of AgNPs synthesized from Equisetum sylvaticum as a composite resin filler in 1% wt. and 1.5% wt. reduced the activity of Streptococcus mutans. Soaking of the experimental composite resin decreased the antibacterial efficacy. The loading of a microhybrid composite resin with AgNPs in concentrations of 0.5% wt., 1% wt., and 1.5% wt. did not influence the surface hardness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2343 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimization of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles for Stimuli-Triggered Antileukemic Drug Release

by Andra-Sorina Tatar, Timea Nagy-Simon, Adrian Bogdan Tigu, Ciprian Tomuleasa and Sanda Boca

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080399 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is gaining attraction in advanced cancer therapeutics due to the ubiquity of kinases in cell survival and differentiation. Great progress was made in the past years in identifying tyrosine kinases that can function as valuable molecular targets and [...] Read more.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is gaining attraction in advanced cancer therapeutics due to the ubiquity of kinases in cell survival and differentiation. Great progress was made in the past years in identifying tyrosine kinases that can function as valuable molecular targets and for the entrapment of their corresponding inhibitors in delivery compounds for triggered release. Herein we present a class of drug-delivery nanocompounds based on TKI Midostaurin-loaded gold nanoparticles that have the potential to be used as theranostic agents for the targeting of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) in acute myeloid leukemia. We optimized the nanocompounds’ formulation with loading efficiency in the 84–94% range and studied the drug release behavior in the presence of stimuli-responsive polymers. The therapeutic activity of MDS-loaded particles, superior to that of the free drug, was confirmed with toxicities depending on specific dosage ranges. No effect was observed on FLT3-negative cells or for the unloaded particles. Beyond druggability, we can track this type of nanocarrier inside biological structures as demonstrated via dark field microscopy. These properties might contribute to the facilitation of personalized drug dosage administration, critical for attaining a maximal therapeutic effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theranostic Nanocompounds: Synthesis and Applications in Personalized Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1960 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceBrief Report

Corrosion Products from Metallic Implants Induce ROS and Cell Death in Human Motoneurons In Vitro

by Hannes Glaß, Anika Jonitz-Heincke, Janine Petters, Jan Lukas, Rainer Bader and Andreas Hermann

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080392 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1937

Abstract

Due to advances in surgical procedures and the biocompatibility of materials used in total joint replacement, more and younger patients are undergoing these procedures. Although state-of-the-art joint replacements can last 20 years or longer, wear and corrosion is still a major risk for [...] Read more.

Due to advances in surgical procedures and the biocompatibility of materials used in total joint replacement, more and younger patients are undergoing these procedures. Although state-of-the-art joint replacements can last 20 years or longer, wear and corrosion is still a major risk for implant failure, and patients with these implants are exposed for longer to these corrosive products. It is therefore important to investigate the potential effects on the whole organism. Released nanoparticles and ions derived from commonly used metal implants consist, among others, of cobalt, nickel, and chromium. The effect of these metallic products in the process of osteolysis and aseptic implant loosening has already been studied; however, the systemic effect on other cell types, including neurons, remains elusive. To this end, we used human iPSC-derived motoneurons to investigate the effects of metal ions on human neurons. We treated human motoneurons with ion concentrations regularly found in patients, stained them with MitoSOX and propidium iodide, and analyzed them with fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS). We found that upon treatment human motoneurons suffered from the formation of ROS and subsequently died. These effects were most prominent in motoneurons treated with 500 μM of cobalt or nickel, in which we observed significant cell death, whereas chromium showed fewer ROS and no apparent impairment of motoneurons. Our results show that the wear and corrosive products of metal implants at concentrations readily available in peri-implant tissues induced ROS and subsequently cell death in an iPSC-derived motoneuron cell model. We therefore conclude that monitoring of neuronal impairment is important in patients undergoing total joint replacement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3974 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comparative Investigation of Chemical Decontamination Methods for In-Situ Cleaning of Dental Implant Surfaces

by Badra Hussain, Sadia Khan, Anne Eriksson Agger, Jan Eirik Ellingsen, Ståle Petter Lyngstadaas, Jaime Bueno and Håvard J. Haugen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080394 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

Surface chemistry evaluation is crucial in assessing the efficacy of chemical decontamination products for titanium implants. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of chemical decontamination solutions in cleaning a contaminated dental implant surface and to evaluate the potential of combining Pluronic gel [...] Read more.

Surface chemistry evaluation is crucial in assessing the efficacy of chemical decontamination products for titanium implants. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of chemical decontamination solutions in cleaning a contaminated dental implant surface and to evaluate the potential of combining Pluronic gel with hydrogen peroxide (NuBone^®Clean) by evaluating pellicle disruption and re-formation on implant surfaces. In addition, ensuring safety with in vitro and human testing protocols. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was utilised for surface analysis. All the tested gels had some effect on the surface cleanness except for PrefGel^®. Among the tested chemical decontamination candidates, NuBone^®Clean demonstrated effectiveness in providing a cleaner titanium surface. Furthermore, none of the tested chemical agents exhibited cytotoxic effects, and the safety assessment showed no adverse events. The results of this study highlight the significance of conducting comprehensive evaluations, encompassing safety and efficacy, before introducing new chemical agents for dental treatments. The findings suggest that NuBone^®Clean shows potential as a chemical decontamination solution for implant surfaces. However, further investigation through randomised clinical trials is necessary. By adhering to rigorous testing protocols, the development of safe and efficient chemical decontamination strategies can be advanced, benefiting patients and promoting progress in implant dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3372 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Satraplatin to Overcome Cisplatin Drug Resistance

by Xiaohan Jiang, Qiang Yang, Ruogu Qi and Lesan Yan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070387 - 22 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2183

Abstract

Drug resistance and cancer metastasis are the major obstacles for widely used platinum-based chemotherapy. It is acknowledgement that the decreasing intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs and increasing sulfur-binding detoxification are two major mechanisms related to drug resistance. Herein, we developed a practical and [...] Read more.

Drug resistance and cancer metastasis are the major obstacles for widely used platinum-based chemotherapy. It is acknowledgement that the decreasing intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs and increasing sulfur-binding detoxification are two major mechanisms related to drug resistance. Herein, we developed a practical and straightforward method for formulating the clinically used anticancer drug satraplatin (JM-216) with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS)-based polymers to create satraplatin-loaded nanoparticles (SatPt-NPs). The experimental results demonstrate that SatPt-NPs exhibited comparable efficacy to A2780 in treating the A2780 cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (A2780DDP), indicating their significant potential in overcoming drug resistance. Additionally, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is capable of depleting intracellular glutathione (GSH), resulting in reduced detoxification. After BSO treatment, the IC₅₀ value of SatPt-NPs changed from 0.178 to 0.133 μM, which remained relatively unchanged compared to cisplatin. This suggests that SatPt-NPs can overcome drug resistance by evading GSH detoxification. Therefore, SatPt-NPs have the ability to inhibit drug resistance in tumor cells and hold tremendous potential in cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3550 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Immobilisation of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Laccase on Chitosan Particles as a Multi-Enzymatic System for the Synthesis of Lactobionic Acid

by Justyna Sulej, Wiktoria Piątek-Gołda, Marcin Grąz, Katarzyna Szałapata, Piotr Waśko, Ewa Janik-Zabrotowicz and Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070383 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2251

Abstract

Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive compound that has become increasingly popular in medicine in recent years due to its unique properties. This chemical can be formed via the enzymatic oxidation of lactose using fungal oxidoreductive enzymes. This study aimed to intensify the [...] Read more.

Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive compound that has become increasingly popular in medicine in recent years due to its unique properties. This chemical can be formed via the enzymatic oxidation of lactose using fungal oxidoreductive enzymes. This study aimed to intensify the synthesis of LBA using immobilised enzymes (cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PchCDH) and laccase from Cerrena unicolor (CuLAC)) on chitosan microspheres. We used three different crosslinking agents: genipin, glutaraldehyde, and polyethyleneimine to activate the chitosan. The FTIR and CellDrop techniques were used to characterise the activated microspheres. Quantitative (HPLC) and qualitative (TLC) methods were used to determine the obtained LBA. The results show that the type of activator used influences the efficiency of the binding of the enzyme to the matrix. Furthermore, the amount of LBA formed depends on the type of system used. The use of a system in which one of the enzymes is immobilised on a PEI-activated carrier (PchCDH) and the other is free (CuLAC) proved to be the most optimal, as it yielded almost 100% conversion of lactose to lactobionic acid. Summarising the data obtained the following: lactobionic acid immobilised on chitosan microspheres has great potential for medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1181 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceOpinion

Comparative Evaluation of Mineralized Bone Allografts for Spinal Fusion Surgery

by Paul J. Hubbell, Brandon Roth and Jon E. Block

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070384 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1984

Abstract

The primary objective of this review is to evaluate whether the degree of processing and the clinical utility of commercially available mineralized bone allografts for spine surgery meet the 2020 US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guideline definitions for minimal manipulation and homologous [...] Read more.

The primary objective of this review is to evaluate whether the degree of processing and the clinical utility of commercially available mineralized bone allografts for spine surgery meet the 2020 US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guideline definitions for minimal manipulation and homologous use, respectively. We also assessed the consistency of performance of these products by examining the comparative postoperative radiographic fusion rates following spine surgery. Based on the FDA’s criteria for determining whether a structural allograft averts regulatory oversight and classification as a drug/device/biologic, mineralized bone allografts were judged to meet the Agency’s definitional descriptions for minimal manipulation and homologous use when complying with the American Association of Tissue Banks’ (AATB) accredited guidelines for bone allograft harvesting, processing, storing and transplanting. Thus, these products do not require FDA medical device clearance. Radiographic fusion rates achieved with mineralized bone allografts were uniformly high (>85%) across three published systematic reviews. Little variation was found in the fusion rates irrespective of anatomical location, allograft geometry, dimensions or indication, and in most cases, the rates were similar to those for autologous bone alone. Continued utilization of mineralized bone allografts should be encouraged across all spine surgery applications where supplemental grafts and/or segmental stability are required to support mechanically solid arthrodeses. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8382 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biological Activity and Thrombogenic Properties of Oxide Nanotubes on the Ti-13Nb-13Zr Biomedical Alloy

by Agnieszka Stróż, Maciej Gawlikowski, Katarzyna Balin, Patrycja Osak, Julian Kubisztal, Maciej Zubko, Joanna Maszybrocka, Karolina Dudek and Bożena Łosiewicz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070375 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2052

Abstract

The success of implant treatment is dependent on the osseointegration of the implant. The main goal of this work was to improve the biofunctionality of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr implant alloy by the production of oxide nanotubes (ONTs) layers for better anchoring in the bone [...] Read more.

The success of implant treatment is dependent on the osseointegration of the implant. The main goal of this work was to improve the biofunctionality of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr implant alloy by the production of oxide nanotubes (ONTs) layers for better anchoring in the bone and use as an intelligent carrier in drug delivery systems. Anodization of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was carried out in 0.5% HF, 1 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ + 2% NH₄F, and 1 M ethylene glycol + 4 wt.% NH₄F electrolytes. Physicochemical characteristics of ONTs were performed by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). Water contact angle studies were conducted using the sitting airdrop method. In vitro biological properties and release kinetics of ibuprofen were investigated. The results of TEM and XPS studies confirmed the formation of the single-walled ONTs of three generations on the bi-phase (α + β) Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy. The ONTs were composed of oxides of the alloying elements. The proposed surface modification method ensured good hemolytic properties, no cytotoxity for L-929 mouse cells, good adhesion, increased surface wettability, and improved athrombogenic properties of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy. Nanotubular surfaces allowed ibuprofen to be released from the polymer matrix according to the Gallagher–Corrigan model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 2942 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bubble-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Next-Generation Diagnosis to Therapy

by Mihaela Kancheva, Lauren Aronson, Tara Pattilachan, Francesco Sautto, Benjamin Daines, Donald Thommes, Angela Shar and Mehdi Razavi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070373 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4590

Abstract

Current radiologic and medication administration is systematic and has widespread side effects; however, the administration of microbubbles and nanobubbles (MNBs) has the possibility to provide therapeutic and diagnostic information without the same ramifications. Microbubbles (MBs), for instance, have been used for ultrasound (US) [...] Read more.

Current radiologic and medication administration is systematic and has widespread side effects; however, the administration of microbubbles and nanobubbles (MNBs) has the possibility to provide therapeutic and diagnostic information without the same ramifications. Microbubbles (MBs), for instance, have been used for ultrasound (US) imaging due to their ability to remain in vessels when exposed to ultrasonic waves. On the other hand, nanobubbles (NBs) can be used for further therapeutic benefits, including chronic treatments for osteoporosis and cancer, gene delivery, and treatment for acute conditions, such as brain infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Clinical trials are also being conducted for different administrations and utilizations of MNBs. Overall, there are large horizons for the benefits of MNBs in radiology, general medicine, surgery, and many more medical applications. As such, this review aims to evaluate the most recent publications from 2016 to 2022 to report the current uses and innovations for MNBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Hydrogel for Drug Delivery: Design and Synthesis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 17535 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioprinted 3D Bionic Scaffolds with Pancreatic Islets as a New Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes—Analysis of the Results of Preclinical Studies on a Mouse Model

by Marta Klak, Michał Wszoła, Andrzej Berman, Anna Filip, Anna Kosowska, Joanna Olkowska-Truchanowicz, Michał Rachalewski, Grzegorz Tymicki, Tomasz Bryniarski, Marta Kołodziejska, Tomasz Dobrzański, Dominika Ujazdowska, Jarosław Wejman, Izabela Uhrynowska-Tyszkiewicz and Artur Kamiński

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070371 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4164

Abstract

Recently, tissue engineering, including 3D bioprinting of the pancreas, has acquired clinical significance and has become an outstanding potential method of customized treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. The study aimed to evaluate the function of 3D-bioprinted pancreatic petals with pancreatic islets in [...] Read more.

Recently, tissue engineering, including 3D bioprinting of the pancreas, has acquired clinical significance and has become an outstanding potential method of customized treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. The study aimed to evaluate the function of 3D-bioprinted pancreatic petals with pancreatic islets in the murine model. A total of 60 NOD-SCID (Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice were used in the study and divided into three groups: control group; IsletTx (porcine islets transplanted under the renal capsule); and 3D bioprint (3D-bioprinted pancreatic petals with islets transplanted under the skin, on dorsal muscles). Glucose, C-peptide concentrations, and histological analyses were performed. In the obtained results, significantly lower mean fasting glucose levels (mg/dL) were observed both in a 3D-bioprint group and in a group with islets transplanted under the renal capsule when compared with untreated animals. Differences were observed in all control points: 7th, 14th, and 28th days post-transplantation (129, 119, 118 vs. 140, 139, 140; p < 0.001). Glucose levels were lower on the 14th and 28th days in a group with bioprinted petals compared to the group with islets transplanted under the renal capsule. Immunohistochemical staining indicated the presence of secreted insulin-living pancreatic islets and neovascularization within 3D-bioprinted pancreatic petals after transplantation. In conclusion, bioprinted bionic petals significantly lowered plasma glucose concentration in studied model species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2974 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Decontaminative Properties of Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment on Collagen Membranes Used for Guided Bone Regeneration

by Aydin Gülses, Lina Dohrmann, Oral Cenk Aktas, Juliane Wagner, Salih Veziroglu, Tim Tjardts, Torge Hartig, Kim Rouven Liedtke, Jörg Wiltfang, Yahya Acil and Christian Flörke

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070372 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2138

Abstract

Background cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is known to be a surface-friendly yet antimicrobial and activating process for surfaces such as titanium. The aim of the present study was to describe the decontaminating effects of CAP on contaminated collagen membranes and their influence on [...] Read more.

Background cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is known to be a surface-friendly yet antimicrobial and activating process for surfaces such as titanium. The aim of the present study was to describe the decontaminating effects of CAP on contaminated collagen membranes and their influence on the properties of this biomaterial in vitro. Material and Methods: A total of n = 18 Bio-Gide^® (Geistlich Biomaterials, Baden-Baden, Germany) membranes were examined. The intervention group was divided as follows: n = 6 membranes were treated for one minute, and n = 6 membranes were treated for five minutes with CAP using kINPen^® MED (neoplas tools GmbH, Greifswald, Germany) with an output of 5 W, respectively. A non-CAP-treated group (n = 6) served as the control. The topographic alterations were evaluated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Afterward, the samples were contaminated with E. faecalis for 6 days, and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and additional SEM analyses were performed. The CFUs increased with CAP treatment time in our analyses, but SEM showed that the surface of the membranes was essentially free from bacteria. However, the deeper layers showed remaining microbial conglomerates. Furthermore, we showed, via XPS analysis, that increasing the CAP time significantly enhances the carbon (carbonyl group) concentration, which also correlates negatively with the decontaminating effects of CAP. Conclusions: Reactive carbonyl groups offer a potential mechanism for inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis on collagen membranes after cold atmospheric plasma treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4864 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Human Whole Blood Interactions with Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction Materials: Exploring In Vitro the Role of Blood Cascades and Leukocytes in Early Healing Events

by Viviana R. Lopes, Ulrik Birgersson, Vivek Anand Manivel, Gry Hulsart-Billström, Sara Gallinetti, Conrado Aparicio and Jaan Hong

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070361 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

The present study investigated early interactions between three alloplastic materials (calcium phosphate (CaP), titanium alloy (Ti), and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with human whole blood using an established in vitro slide chamber model. After 60 min of contact with blood, coagulation (thrombin–antithrombin complexes, TAT) was [...] Read more.

The present study investigated early interactions between three alloplastic materials (calcium phosphate (CaP), titanium alloy (Ti), and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with human whole blood using an established in vitro slide chamber model. After 60 min of contact with blood, coagulation (thrombin–antithrombin complexes, TAT) was initiated on all test materials (Ti > PEEK > CaP), with a significant increase only for Ti. All materials showed increased contact activation, with the KK–AT complex significantly increasing for CaP (p < 0.001), Ti (p < 0.01), and PEEK (p < 0.01) while only CaP demonstrated a notable rise in KK-C1INH production (p < 0.01). The complement system had significant activation across all materials, with CaP (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001) generating the most pronounced levels of C3a and sC5b-9, followed by Ti (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and lastly, PEEK (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). This activation correlated with leukocyte stimulation, particularly myeloperoxidase release. Consequently, the complement system may assume a more significant role in the early stages post implantation in response to CaP materials than previously recognized. Activation of the complement system and the inevitable activation of leukocytes might provide a more favorable environment for tissue remodeling and repair than has been traditionally acknowledged. While these findings are limited to the early blood response, complement and leukocyte activation suggest improved healing outcomes, which may impact long-term clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scaffolds and Implants for Bone Regeneration)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 9838 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Collagen and Beyond: A Comprehensive Comparison of Human ECM Properties Derived from Various Tissue Sources for Regenerative Medicine Applications

by Nashaita Y. Patrawalla, Nilabh S. Kajave, Mohammad Z. Albanna and Vipuil Kishore

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070363 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4056

Abstract

Collagen, along with proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and various growth factors, forms the extracellular matrix (ECM) and contributes to the complexity and diversity of different tissues. Herein, we compared the physicochemical and biological properties of ECM hydrogels derived from four different human tissues: skin, [...] Read more.

Collagen, along with proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and various growth factors, forms the extracellular matrix (ECM) and contributes to the complexity and diversity of different tissues. Herein, we compared the physicochemical and biological properties of ECM hydrogels derived from four different human tissues: skin, bone, fat, and birth. Pure human collagen type I hydrogels were used as control. Physical characterization of ECM hydrogels and assessment of cell response of cord-tissue mesenchymal stem cells (CMSCs) were performed. Decellularization efficiency was found to be >90% for all ECM. Hydroxyproline quantification assay showed that collagen content in birth ECM was comparable to collagen control and significantly greater than other sources of ECM. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed the presence of γ, β, α₁ and α₂ collagen chains in all ECMs. Gelation kinetics of ECM hydrogels was significantly slower than collagen control. Compressive modulus of skin ECM was the highest and birth ECM was the lowest. Skin and birth ECM hydrogels were more stable than bone and fat ECM hydrogels. CMSCs encapsulated in birth ECM hydrogels exhibited the highest metabolic activity. Rheological characterization revealed that all ECM-derived inks exhibited shear thinning properties, and skin-derived ECM inks were most suitable for extrusion-based bioprinting for the concentration and printing conditions used in this study. Overall, results demonstrate that the physicochemical and biological properties of ECM hydrogels vary significantly depending on the tissue source. Therefore, careful selection of tissue source is important for development of ECM-based biomimetic tissue constructs for regenerative medicine applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collagen-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

PEGylated Paclitaxel Nanomedicine Meets 3D Confinement: Cytotoxicity and Cell Behaviors

by Wenhai Lin, Yuanhao Xu, Xiao Hong and Stella W. Pang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060322 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1951

Abstract

Investigating the effect of nanomedicines on cancer cell behavior in three-dimensional (3D) platforms is beneficial for evaluating and developing novel antitumor nanomedicines in vitro. While the cytotoxicity of nanomedicines on cancer cells has been widely studied on two-dimensional flat surfaces, there is little [...] Read more.

Investigating the effect of nanomedicines on cancer cell behavior in three-dimensional (3D) platforms is beneficial for evaluating and developing novel antitumor nanomedicines in vitro. While the cytotoxicity of nanomedicines on cancer cells has been widely studied on two-dimensional flat surfaces, there is little work using 3D confinement to assess their effects. This study aims to address this gap by applying PEGylated paclitaxel nanoparticles (PEG-PTX NPs) for the first time to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC43) cells in 3D confinement consisting of microwells with different sizes and a glass cover. The cytotoxicity of the small molecule drug paclitaxel (PTX) and PEG-PTX NPs was studied in microwells with sizes of 50 × 50, 100 × 100, and 150 × 150 μm² both with and without a concealed top cover. The impact of microwell confinement with varying sizes and concealment on the cytotoxicity of PTX and PEG-PTX NPs was analyzed by assessing NPC43 cell viability, migration speed, and cell morphology following treatment. Overall, microwell isolation was found to suppress drug cytotoxicity, and differences were observed in the time-dependent effects of PTX and PEG-PTX NPs on NPC43 cells in isolated and concealed microenvironments. These results not only demonstrate the effect of 3D confinement on nanomedicine cytotoxicity and cell behaviors but also provide a novel method to screen anticancer drugs and evaluate cell behaviors in vitro. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3582 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biomimetic Liquid Crystal-Modified Mesoporous Silica−Based Composite Hydrogel for Soft Tissue Repair

by Xiaoling Li, Lei Wan, Taifu Zhu, Ruiqi Li, Mu Zhang and Haibin Lu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060316 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1997

Abstract

The reconstruction of blood vessels plays a critical role in the tissue regeneration process. However, existing wound dressings in tissue engineering face challenges due to inadequate revascularization induction and a lack of vascular structure. In this study, we report the modification of mesoporous [...] Read more.

The reconstruction of blood vessels plays a critical role in the tissue regeneration process. However, existing wound dressings in tissue engineering face challenges due to inadequate revascularization induction and a lack of vascular structure. In this study, we report the modification of mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) with liquid crystal (LC) to enhance bioactivity and biocompatibility in vitro. This LC modification facilitated crucial cellular processes such as the proliferation, migration, spreading, and expression of angiogenesis−related genes and proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, we incorporated LC−modified MSN within a hydrogel matrix to create a multifunctional dressing that combines the biological benefits of LC−MSN with the mechanical advantages of a hydrogel. Upon application to full−thickness wounds, these composite hydrogels exhibited accelerated healing, evidenced by enhanced granulation tissue formation, increased collagen deposition, and improved vascular development. Our findings suggest that the LC−MSN hydrogel formulation holds significant promise for the repair and regeneration of soft tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2202 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ex Vivo Osteogenesis Induced by Calcium Silicate-Based Cement Extracts

by Gabriel Kato, Rita Araújo, Cláudia Rodrigues, Pedro Sousa Gomes, Liliana Grenho and Maria Helena Fernandes

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060314 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

Calcium silicate-based cements are used in a variety of clinical conditions affecting the pulp tissue, relying on their inductive effect on tissue mineralization. This work aimed to evaluate the biological response of calcium silicate-based cements with distinct properties—the fast-setting Biodentine™ and TotalFill^® [...] Read more.

Calcium silicate-based cements are used in a variety of clinical conditions affecting the pulp tissue, relying on their inductive effect on tissue mineralization. This work aimed to evaluate the biological response of calcium silicate-based cements with distinct properties—the fast-setting Biodentine™ and TotalFill^® BC RRM™ Fast Putty, and the classical slow-setting ProRoot^® MTA, in an ex vivo model of bone development. Briefly, eleven-day-old embryonic chick femurs were cultured for 10 days in organotypic conditions, being exposed to the set cements’ eluates and, at the end of the culture period, evaluated for osteogenesis/bone formation by combining microtomographic analysis and histological histomorphometric assessment. ProRoot^® MTA and TotalFill^® extracts presented similar levels of calcium ions, although significantly lower than those released from Biodentine^TM. All extracts increased the osteogenesis/tissue mineralization, assayed by microtomographic (BV/TV) and histomorphometric (% of mineralized area; % of total collagen area, and % of mature collagen area) indexes, although displaying distinct dose-dependent patterns and quantitative values. The fast-setting cements displayed better performance than that of ProRoot^® MTA, with Biodentine^TM presenting the best performance, within the assayed experimental model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontic Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reinforcement of Hydrogels with a 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone (PCL) Structure Enhances Cell Numbers and Cartilage ECM Production under Compression

by Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud, Xiongbiao Chen and B. Frank Eames

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060313 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2727

Abstract

Hydrogels show promise in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) by supporting chondrocytes and maintaining their phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Under prolonged mechanical forces, however, hydrogels can be structurally unstable, leading to cell and ECM loss. Furthermore, long periods of mechanical loading might [...] Read more.

Hydrogels show promise in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) by supporting chondrocytes and maintaining their phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Under prolonged mechanical forces, however, hydrogels can be structurally unstable, leading to cell and ECM loss. Furthermore, long periods of mechanical loading might alter the production of cartilage ECM molecules, including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen type 2 (Col2), specifically with the negative effect of stimulating fibrocartilage, typified by collagen type 1 (Col1) secretion. Reinforcing hydrogels with 3D-printed Polycaprolactone (PCL) structures offer a solution to enhance the structural integrity and mechanical response of impregnated chondrocytes. This study aimed to assess the impact of compression duration and PCL reinforcement on the performance of chondrocytes impregnated with hydrogel. Results showed that shorter loading periods did not significantly affect cell numbers and ECM production in 3D-bioprinted hydrogels, but longer periods tended to reduce cell numbers and ECM compared to unloaded conditions. PCL reinforcement enhanced cell numbers under mechanical compression compared to unreinforced hydrogels. However, the reinforced constructs seemed to produce more fibrocartilage-like, Col1-positive ECM. These findings suggest that reinforced hydrogel constructs hold potential for in vivo cartilage regeneration and defect treatment by retaining higher cell numbers and ECM content. To further enhance hyaline cartilage ECM formation, future studies should focus on adjusting the mechanical properties of reinforced constructs and exploring mechanotransduction pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Soft and Hard Tissue Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3218 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Peroxidase-like Nanocomposites as Hydrogen Peroxide-Sensitive Elements in Cholesterol Oxidase-Based Biosensors for Cholesterol Assay

by Olha Demkiv, Wojciech Nogala, Nataliya Stasyuk, Nadiya Grynchyshyn, Bohdan Vus and Mykhailo Gonchar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060315 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2255

Abstract

Catalytically active nanomaterials, in particular, nanozymes, are promising candidates for applications in biosensors due to their excellent catalytic activity, stability and cost-effective preparation. Nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities are prospective candidates for applications in biosensors. The purpose of the current work is to develop [...] Read more.

Catalytically active nanomaterials, in particular, nanozymes, are promising candidates for applications in biosensors due to their excellent catalytic activity, stability and cost-effective preparation. Nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities are prospective candidates for applications in biosensors. The purpose of the current work is to develop cholesterol oxidase-based amperometric bionanosensors using novel nanocomposites as peroxidase (HRP) mimetics. To select the most electroactive chemosensor on hydrogen peroxide, a wide range of nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. Pt NPs were deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in order to improve the conductivity and sensitivity of the nanocomposites. The most HRP-like active bi-metallic CuFe nanoparticles (nCuFe) were placed on a previously nano-platinized electrode, followed by conjugation of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) in a cross-linking film formed by cysteamine and glutaraldehyde. The constructed nanostructured bioelectrode ChOx/nCuFe/nPt/GCE was characterized by CV and chronoamperometry in the presence of cholesterol. The bionanosensor (ChOx/nCuFe/nPt/GCE) shows a high sensitivity (3960 A·M⁻¹·m⁻²) for cholesterol, a wide linear range (2–50 µM) and good storage stability at a low working potential (−0.25 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl). The constructed bionanosensor was tested on a real serum sample. A detailed comparative analysis of the bioanalytical characteristics of the developed cholesterol bionanosensor and the known analogs is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials and Nanobiosensors: Synthesis, Characterization and Medical Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 8994 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Balloon Folding and Inserting Performance for Angioplasty: A Comparison of Two Materials, Polyamide-12 and Pebax

by Tao Li, Zhuo Zhang, Wenyuan Wang, Aijia Mao, Yu Chen, Yan Xiong and Fei Gao

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060312 - 5 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3929

Abstract

Background: A balloon dilatation catheter is a vital tool in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Various factors, including the material used, influence the ability of different types of balloons to navigate through lesions during delivery. Objective: Thus far, numerical simulation studies comparing the impacts of [...] Read more.

Background: A balloon dilatation catheter is a vital tool in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Various factors, including the material used, influence the ability of different types of balloons to navigate through lesions during delivery. Objective: Thus far, numerical simulation studies comparing the impacts of different materials on the trackability of balloon catheters has been limited. This project seeks to unveil the underlying patterns more effectively by utilizing a highly realistic balloon-folding simulation method to compare the trackability of balloons made from different materials. Methods: Two materials, nylon-12 and Pebax, were examined for their insertion forces via a bench test and a numerical simulation. The simulation built a model identical to the bench test’s groove and simulated the balloon’s folding process prior to insertion to better replicate the experimental conditions. Results: In the bench test, nylon-12 demonstrated the highest insertion force, peaking at 0.866 N, significantly outstripping the 0.156 N force exhibited by the Pebax balloon. In the simulation, nylon-12 experienced a higher level of stress after folding, while Pebax had demonstrated a higher effective strain and surface energy density. In terms of insertion force, nylon-12 was higher than Pebax in specific areas. Conclusion: nylon-12 exerts greater pressure on the vessel wall in curved pathways when compared to Pebax. The simulated insertion forces of nylon-12 align with the experimental results. However, when using the same friction coefficient, the difference in insertion forces between the two materials is minimal. The numerical simulation method used in this study can be used for relevant research. This method can assess the performance of balloons made from diverse materials navigating curved paths and can yield more precise and detailed data feedback compared to benchtop experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Study and Analysis for Cardiovascular/Skeletal Materials and Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3390 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bactericidal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles on Oral Biofilms Related to Patients with and without Periodontal Disease

by Perla Alejandra Hernández-Venegas, Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras, Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez, Simón Yobanny Reyes-López, Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo, Juan Carlos Cuevas-González, Nelly Molina-Frechero and León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060311 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3395

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease (PD) is a multifactorial oral disease regularly caused by bacterial biofilms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have offered good antimicrobial activity; moreover, there is no available scientific information related to their antimicrobial effects in biofilms from patients with PD. This [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease (PD) is a multifactorial oral disease regularly caused by bacterial biofilms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have offered good antimicrobial activity; moreover, there is no available scientific information related to their antimicrobial effects in biofilms from patients with PD. This study reports the bactericidal activity of AgNP against oral biofilms related to PD. Materials and Methods: AgNP of two average particle sizes were prepared and characterized. Sixty biofilms were collected from patients with (30 subjects) and without PD (30 subjects). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of AgNP were calculated and the distribution of bacterial species was defined by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Well-dispersed sizes of AgNP were obtained (5.4 ± 1.3 and 17.5 ± 3.4 nm) with an adequate electrical stability (−38.2 ± 5.8 and −32.6 ± 5.4 mV, respectively). AgNP showed antimicrobial activities for all oral samples; however, the smaller AgNP had significantly the most increased bactericidal effects (71.7 ± 39.1 µg/mL). The most resistant bacteria were found in biofilms from PD subjects (p < 0.05). P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia were present in all PD biofilms (100%). Conclusions: The AgNP showed efficient bactericidal properties as an alternative therapy for the control or progression of PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 6460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Surface-Decorated Nanoparticles of Fe₃O₄ with Au and Ag: Study of the Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity

by Álvaro de Jesús Ruíz-Baltazar, Harald Norbert Böhnel, Daniel Larrañaga Ordaz, José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez, Néstor Méndez-Lozano and Simón Yobanny Reyes-López

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060304 - 1 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2237

Abstract

This work proposes a sonochemical biosynthesis of magnetoplasmonic nanostructures of Fe₃O₄ decorated with Au and Ag. The magnetoplasmonic systems, such as Fe₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄-Ag, were characterized structurally and magnetically. The structural characterizations reveal [...] Read more.

This work proposes a sonochemical biosynthesis of magnetoplasmonic nanostructures of Fe₃O₄ decorated with Au and Ag. The magnetoplasmonic systems, such as Fe₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄-Ag, were characterized structurally and magnetically. The structural characterizations reveal the magnetite structures as the primary phase. Noble metals, such as Au and Ag, are present in the sample, resulting in a structure-decorated type. The magnetic measurements indicate the superparamagnetic behavior of the Fe₃O₄-Ag and Fe₃O₄-Au nanostructures. The characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Complementarily, antibacterial and antifungal assays were carried out to evaluate the potential properties and future applications in biomedicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Coatings and Surfaces for Medical Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 5013 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with a P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ Scaffold and Photobiomodulation Therapy Enhance Bone Repair in Rat Calvarial Defects

by Leticia Faustino Adolpho, Larissa Mayra Silva Ribeiro, Gileade Pereira Freitas, Helena Bacha Lopes, Maria Paula Oliveira Gomes, Emanuela Prado Ferraz, Rossano Gimenes, Marcio Mateus Beloti and Adalberto Luiz Rosa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060306 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

Background: Tissue engineering and cell therapy have been the focus of investigations on how to treat challenging bone defects. This study aimed to produce and characterize a P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ scaffold and evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with this scaffold [...] Read more.

Background: Tissue engineering and cell therapy have been the focus of investigations on how to treat challenging bone defects. This study aimed to produce and characterize a P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ scaffold and evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with this scaffold and photobiomodulation (PBM) on bone repair. Methods and results: P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ was synthesized using an electrospinning technique and presented physical and chemical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering. This scaffold was implanted in rat calvarial defects (unilateral, 5 mm in diameter) and, 2 weeks post-implantation, MSCs were locally injected into these defects (n = 12/group). Photobiomodulation was then applied immediately, and again 48 and 96 h post-injection. The μCT and histological analyses showed an increment in bone formation, which exhibited a positive correlation with the treatments combined with the scaffold, with MSCs and PBM inducing more bone repair, followed by the scaffold combined with PBM, the scaffold combined with MSCs, and finally the scaffold alone (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO₃ scaffold acted synergistically with MSCs and PBM to induce bone repair in rat calvarial defects. These findings emphasize the need to combine a range of techniques to regenerate large bone defects and provide avenues for further investigations on innovative tissue engineering approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4743 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of the Effect of Thickness on the Performance of Polymeric Heart Valves

by Jingyuan Zhou, Yijing Li, Tao Li, Xiaobao Tian, Yan Xiong and Yu Chen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060309 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3190

Abstract

Polymeric heart valves (PHVs) are a promising and more affordable alternative to mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). Materials with good durability and biocompatibility used for PHVs have always been the research focus in the field of prosthetic heart valves [...] Read more.

Polymeric heart valves (PHVs) are a promising and more affordable alternative to mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). Materials with good durability and biocompatibility used for PHVs have always been the research focus in the field of prosthetic heart valves for many years, and leaflet thickness is a major design parameter for PHVs. The study aims to discuss the relationship between material properties and valve thickness, provided that the basic functions of PHVs are qualified. The fluid−structure interaction (FSI) approach was employed to obtain a more reliable solution of the effective orifice area (EOA), regurgitant fraction (RF), and stress and strain distribution of the valves with different thicknesses under three materials: Carbothane PC−3585A, xSIBS and SIBS−CNTs. This study demonstrates that the smaller elastic modulus of Carbothane PC−3585A allowed for a thicker valve (>0.3 mm) to be produced, while for materials with an elastic modulus higher than that of xSIBS (2.8 MPa), a thickness less than 0.2 mm would be a good attempt to meet the RF standard. What is more, when the elastic modulus is higher than 23.9 MPa, the thickness of the PHV is recommended to be 0.l–0.15 mm. Reducing the RF is one of the directions of PHV optimization in the future. Reducing the thickness and improving other design parameters are reliable means to reduce the RF for materials with high and low elastic modulus, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Study and Analysis for Cardiovascular/Skeletal Materials and Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5176 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Functional L-Arginine Derivative as an Efficient Vector for Intracellular Protein Delivery for Potential Cancer Therapy

by Xiao He, Yannv Qu, Su Xiong, Zhiru Jiang, Yaqin Tang, Fei Yan, Yuanfei Deng and Yansun Sun

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060301 - 30 May 2023

Viewed by 2417

Abstract

The utilization of cytosolic protein delivery is a promising approach for treating various diseases by replacing dysfunctional proteins. Despite the development of various nanoparticle-based intracellular protein delivery methods, the complicated chemical synthesis of the vector, loading efficiency and endosomal escape efficiency of proteins [...] Read more.

The utilization of cytosolic protein delivery is a promising approach for treating various diseases by replacing dysfunctional proteins. Despite the development of various nanoparticle-based intracellular protein delivery methods, the complicated chemical synthesis of the vector, loading efficiency and endosomal escape efficiency of proteins remain a great challenge. Recently, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-modified amino acid derivatives have been used to self-assemble into supramolecular nanomaterials for drug delivery. However, the instability of the Fmoc group in aqueous medium restricts its application. To address this issue, the Fmoc ligand neighboring arginine was substituted for dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) with a similar structure to Fmoc to obtain stable DBCO-functionalized L-arginine derivative (DR). Azide-modified triethylamine (crosslinker C) was combined with DR to construct self-assembled DRC via a click chemical reaction for delivering various proteins, such as BSA and saporin (SA), into the cytosol of cells. The hyaluronic-acid-coated DRC/SA was able to not only shield the cationic toxicity, but also enhance the intracellular delivery efficiency of proteins by targeting CD44 overexpression on the cell membrane. The DRC/SA/HA exhibited higher growth inhibition efficiency and lower IC₅₀ compared to DRC/SA toward various cancer cell lines. In conclusion, DBCO-functionalized L-arginine derivative represents an excellent potential vector for protein-based cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Hydrogel for Drug Delivery: Design and Synthesis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 4835 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Theta-Gel-Reinforced Hydrogel Composites for Potential Tensile Load-Bearing Soft Tissue Repair Applications

by Charenpreet Virdi, Zufu Lu, Hala Zreiqat and Young Jung No

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060291 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2413

Abstract

Engineering synthetic hydrogels for the repair and augmentation of load-bearing soft tissues with simultaneously high-water content and mechanical strength is a long-standing challenge. Prior formulations to enhance the strength have involved using chemical crosslinkers where residues remain a risk for implantation or complex [...] Read more.

Engineering synthetic hydrogels for the repair and augmentation of load-bearing soft tissues with simultaneously high-water content and mechanical strength is a long-standing challenge. Prior formulations to enhance the strength have involved using chemical crosslinkers where residues remain a risk for implantation or complex processes such as freeze-casting and self-assembly, requiring specialised equipment and technical expertise to manufacture reliably. In this study, we report for the first time that the tensile strength of high-water content (>60 wt.%), biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels can exceed 1.0 MPa through a combination of facile manufacturing strategies via physical crosslinking, mechanical drawing, post-fabrication freeze drying, and deliberate hierarchical design. It is anticipated that the findings in this paper can also be used in conjunction with other strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogel platforms in the design and construction of synthetic grafts for load-bearing soft tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 9799 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advancements in Electrospun Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

by S Shree Ganesh, Ramprasad Anushikaa, Venkadesan Sri Swetha Victoria, Krishnaraj Lavanya, Abinaya Shanmugavadivu and Nagarajan Selvamurugan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050288 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4011

Abstract

Treatment of large segmental bone loss caused by fractures, osteomyelitis, and non-union results in expenses of around USD 300,000 per case. Moreover, the worst-case scenario results in amputation in 10% to 14.5% of cases. Biomaterials, cells, and regulatory elements are employed in bone [...] Read more.

Treatment of large segmental bone loss caused by fractures, osteomyelitis, and non-union results in expenses of around USD 300,000 per case. Moreover, the worst-case scenario results in amputation in 10% to 14.5% of cases. Biomaterials, cells, and regulatory elements are employed in bone tissue engineering (BTE) to create biosynthetic bone grafts with effective functionalization that can aid in the restoration of such fractured bones, preventing amputation and alleviating expenses. Chitin (CT) and chitosan (CS) are two of the most prevalent natural biopolymers utilized in the fields of biomaterials and BTE. To offer the structural and biochemical cues for augmenting bone formation, CT and CS can be employed alone or in combination with other biomaterials in the form of nanofibers (NFs). When compared with several fabrication methods available to produce scaffolds, electrospinning is regarded as superior since it enables the development of nanostructured scaffolds utilizing biopolymers. Electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) offer unique characteristics, including morphological resemblance to the extracellular matrix, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, permeability, porosity, and stability. This review elaborates on the recent strategies employed utilizing CT and CS ENFs and their biocomposites in BTE. We also summarize their implementation in supporting and delivering an osteogenic response to treat critical bone defects and their perspectives on rejuvenation. The CT- and CS-based ENF composite biomaterials show promise as potential constructions for bone tissue creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan-II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 15156 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cytotoxicity Induced by Black Phosphorus Nanosheets in Vascular Endothelial Cells via Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Activation

by Hao Dong, Yin Wen, Jiating Lin, Xianxian Zhuang, Ruoting Xian, Ping Li and Shaobing Li

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050284 - 20 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2248

Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging two-dimensional material with unique optical, thermoelectric, and mechanical properties, has been proposed as bioactive material for tissue engineering. However, its toxic effects on physiological systems remain obscure. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of BP to vascular endothelial [...] Read more.

Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging two-dimensional material with unique optical, thermoelectric, and mechanical properties, has been proposed as bioactive material for tissue engineering. However, its toxic effects on physiological systems remain obscure. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of BP to vascular endothelial cells. BP nanosheets (BPNSs) with a diameter of 230 nm were fabricated via a classical liquid-phase exfoliation method. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to determine the cytotoxicity induced by BPNSs (0.31–80 μg/mL). When the concentrations were over 2.5 μg/mL, BPNSs adversely affected the cytoskeleton and cell migration. Furthermore, BPNSs caused mitochondrial dysfunction and generated excessive intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) at tested concentrations after 24 h. BPNSs could influence the expression of apoptosis-related genes, including the P53 and BCL-2 family, resulting in the apoptosis of HUVECs. Therefore, the viability and function of HUVECs were adversely influenced by the concentration of BPNSs over 2.5 μg/mL. These findings provide significant information for the potential applications of BP in tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5173 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Addition of Resolvins D1 or E1 to Collagen Membranes Mitigates Their Resorption in Diabetic Rats

by Michal Almogy, Ofer Moses, Nathan Schiffmann, Evgeny Weinberg, Carlos E. Nemcovsky and Miron Weinreb

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050283 - 19 May 2023

Viewed by 1770

Abstract

Uncontrolled diabetes is characterized by aberrant inflammatory reactions and increased collagenolysis. We have reported that it accelerates the degradation of implanted collagen membranes (CM), thus compromising their function in regenerative procedures. In recent years, a group of physiological anti-inflammatory agents called specialized pro-resolving [...] Read more.

Uncontrolled diabetes is characterized by aberrant inflammatory reactions and increased collagenolysis. We have reported that it accelerates the degradation of implanted collagen membranes (CM), thus compromising their function in regenerative procedures. In recent years, a group of physiological anti-inflammatory agents called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) have been tested as a treatment for various inflammatory conditions, either systemically or locally, via medical devices. Yet, no study has tested their effect on the fate of the biodegradable material itself. Here, we measured the in vitro release over time of 100 or 800 ng resolvin D1 (RvD1) incorporated into CM discs. In vivo, diabetes was induced in rats with streptozotocin, while buffer-injected (normoglycemic) rats served as controls. Resolvins (100 or 800 ng of RvD1 or RvE1) were added to biotin-labeled CM discs, which were implanted sub-periosteally over the calvaria of rats. Membrane thickness, density, and uniformity were determined by quantitative histology after 3 weeks. In vitro, significant amounts of RvD1 were released over 1–8 days, depending on the amount loaded. In vivo, CMs from diabetic animals were thinner, more porous, and more variable in thickness and density. The addition of RvD1 or RvE1 improved their regularity, increased their density, and reduced their invasion by the host tissue significantly. We conclude that addition of resolvins to biodegradable medical devices can protect them from excessive degradation in systemic conditions characterized by high degree of collagenolysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Oral Reconstructive Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2522 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Salmon Sperm DNA/Regenerated Silk Bio-Based Films for Biomedical Studies on Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells under Solar Spectrum

by Maria Rachele Ceccarini, Francesca Ripanti, Veronica Raggi, Alessandro Paciaroni, Caterina Petrillo, Lucia Comez, Kevin Donato, Matteo Bertelli, Tommaso Beccari and Luca Valentini

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050280 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3387

Abstract

In this study, we fabricated adhesive patches from silkworm-regenerated silk and DNA to safeguard human skin from the sun’s rays. The patches are realized by exploiting the dissolution of silk fibers (e.g., silk fibroin (SF)) and salmon sperm DNA in formic acid and [...] Read more.

In this study, we fabricated adhesive patches from silkworm-regenerated silk and DNA to safeguard human skin from the sun’s rays. The patches are realized by exploiting the dissolution of silk fibers (e.g., silk fibroin (SF)) and salmon sperm DNA in formic acid and CaCl₂ solutions. Infrared spectroscopy is used to investigate the conformational transition of SF when combined with DNA; the results indicated that the addition of DNA provides an increase in the SF crystallinity. UV–Visible absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed strong absorption in the UV region and the presence of B-form of DNA once dispersed in the SF matrix, respectively. Water absorption measurements as well as thermal dependence of water sorption and thermal analysis, suggested the stability of the fabricated patches. Biological results on cellular viability (MTT assay) of keratinocyte HaCaT cells after exposures to the solar spectrum showed that both SF and SF/DNA patches are photo-protective by increasing the cellular viability of keratinocytes after UV component exposure. Overall, these SF/DNA patches promise applications in wound dressing for practical biomedical purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4029 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Whitening Toothpastes with Different Active Agents on the Abrasive Wear of Dentin Following Tooth Brushing Simulation

by Dimitrios Dionysopoulos, Spyros Papageorgiou, Constantinos Papadopoulos, Sotiria Davidopoulou, Avraam Konstantinidis and Kosmas Tolidis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050268 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5593

Abstract

The aim of this research was to evaluate the abrasive dentin wear that can be induced by three commercial whitening toothpastes following a tooth-brushing simulation (TBS) corresponding to a three-month period. Sixty human canines were selected, and the roots were separated from the [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the abrasive dentin wear that can be induced by three commercial whitening toothpastes following a tooth-brushing simulation (TBS) corresponding to a three-month period. Sixty human canines were selected, and the roots were separated from the crowns. Then the roots were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10) and were submitted to TBS using the following slurries: Group 1—deionized water (RDA = 5); Group 2—ISO dentifrice slurry (RDA = 100); Group 3—a regular toothpaste (RDA = 70); Group 4—a charcoal-containing whitening toothpaste; Group 5—a whitening toothpaste containing blue covasorb and hydrated silica; and Group 6—a whitening toothpaste containing microsilica. Following TBS, surface loss and surface roughness changes were evaluated using confocal microscopy. Additionally, surface morphology and mineral content changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The deionized water group presented the lowest surface loss (p < 0.05), while the charcoal-containing toothpaste presented the highest surface loss, followed by ISO dentifrice slurry (p < 0.001). Blue-covasorb-containing and regular toothpastes did not present statistically significant differences (p = 0.245), and neither didmicrosilica-containing toothpaste or ISO dentifrice slurry (p = 0.112). The surface height parameters and surface morphology changes of the experimental groups followed the surface loss patterns, while no differences were detected in mineral content after TBS.Although the charcoal-containing toothpaste exhibited the highest abrasive wear to dentin, according to ISO 11609, all the tested toothpastes exhibited appropriate abrasive behavior towards dentin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2628 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Tissue-Engineered Cardiac Scaffolds—The Progress and Gap in Mimicking Native Myocardium Mechanical Behaviors

by Somayeh Baghersad, Abinaya Sathish Kumar, Matt J. Kipper, Ketul Popat and Zhijie Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050269 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5488

Abstract

Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. Despite modern therapy, challenges remain to rescue the damaged organ that contains cells with a very low proliferation rate after birth. Developments in tissue engineering and regeneration offer new tools [...] Read more.

Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. Despite modern therapy, challenges remain to rescue the damaged organ that contains cells with a very low proliferation rate after birth. Developments in tissue engineering and regeneration offer new tools to investigate the pathology of cardiac diseases and develop therapeutic strategies for heart failure patients. Tissue -engineered cardiac scaffolds should be designed to provide structural, biochemical, mechanical, and/or electrical properties similar to native myocardium tissues. This review primarily focuses on the mechanical behaviors of cardiac scaffolds and their significance in cardiac research. Specifically, we summarize the recent development of synthetic (including hydrogel) scaffolds that have achieved various types of mechanical behavior—nonlinear elasticity, anisotropy, and viscoelasticity—all of which are characteristic of the myocardium and heart valves. For each type of mechanical behavior, we review the current fabrication methods to enable the biomimetic mechanical behavior, the advantages and limitations of the existing scaffolds, and how the mechanical environment affects biological responses and/or treatment outcomes for cardiac diseases. Lastly, we discuss the remaining challenges in this field and suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding of mechanical control over cardiac function and inspire better regenerative therapies for myocardial restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Cardiovascular Regeneration and Pathogenesis Investigation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI