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Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders
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Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Mental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 March 2023) | Viewed by 19783

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Serena Scarpelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Interests: sleep; EEG; dreaming; memory; emotion; sleepiness; aging; parasomnia, neu-rodevelopmental disorders; narcolepsy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Maurizio Gorgoni

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Interests: sleep; EEG; dreaming; memory; sleepiness; healthy and pathological aging; neurodevelopmental disorders; sleep disorders; neural plasticity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Valentina Alfonsi

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Interests: sleep; EEG; sleep onset; sleepiness; cortical stimulation; sleep and cognition; parasomnias; dreaming
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Parasomnias are sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavior, movements, emotions, perceptions, and dreams, which occur during specific sleep stages or sleep–wake transitions. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-III, 3rd ed) categorized parasomnias into three clusters: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) related, rapid-eye movement (REM) related, and others. RBD is widely studied, while studies on NREM parasomnias are still limited. In particular, disorders of arousal (DOAs) such as sleepwalking and sleep terrors are poorly understood and underdiagnosed. Recent research introducing the concept of local sleep regulation has opened new perspectives in interpreting the substrates of DOAs. Furthermore, the study of NREM and REM parasomnia events may offer unique and valuable insights into mental activity and cognition during sleep.

The submission of original research articles advancing our understanding of REM or NREM parasomnias and other parasomnia-like events is encouraged for this Special Issue. Additionally, reviews proposing new perspectives on the available literature on disruptive sleep disorders and related brain mechanisms, treatments, and implications for mental health are welcome.

Dr. Serena Scarpelli
Dr. Maurizio Gorgoni
Dr. Valentina Alfonsi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • parasomnia
  • disruptive sleep disorders
  • disorders of arousal (DOA)
  • REM behavior disorder (RBD)
  • sleepwalking
  • sleep terrors
  • dream enactment behavior
  • sleep talking

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 182 KiB  
Editorial
Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders: Insights from Local Sleep Findings
by Serena Scarpelli, Valentina Alfonsi and Maurizio Gorgoni
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4435; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154435 - 29 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1300
Abstract
Parasomnias are sleep disorders that involve abnormal behaviors, emotional experiences, perceptions, and dream activity, occurring during specific sleep stages or sleep–wake transitions [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders)

Research

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13 pages, 1188 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Sleep Talking on Nocturnal Sleep and Sleep-Dependent Cognitive Processes
by Milena Camaioni, Serena Scarpelli, Valentina Alfonsi, Maurizio Gorgoni, Mina De Bartolo, Rossana Calzolari and Luigi De Gennaro
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(21), 6489; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216489 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2652
Abstract
Background: Sleep talking (ST) is characterized by the production of unaware verbal vocal activations (VBs) during sleep. ST seems potentially linked to linguistic and memory consolidation processes. However, sleep and dream characteristics and the relationship between verbal vocalizations (VBs) and cognitive functions are [...] Read more.
Background: Sleep talking (ST) is characterized by the production of unaware verbal vocal activations (VBs) during sleep. ST seems potentially linked to linguistic and memory consolidation processes. However, sleep and dream characteristics and the relationship between verbal vocalizations (VBs) and cognitive functions are still unknown. Our study aimed to investigate qualitative sleep and dream features in sleep talkers (STs) compared to healthy subjects (CNTs) through retrospective and longitudinal measures and explore the relationship between ST and memory consolidation. Methods: We recruited N = 29 STs and N = 30 CNTs (age range of 18–35). Participants recorded their dreams and filled out sleep logs for seven consecutive days. Vocal activations of STs were audio-recorded. On the eighth day, we administered a word-pair task. Results: We showed that STs had significantly worse self-reported sleep quality. VBs were positively correlated with sleep fragmentation and negatively associated with the oneiric emotional load. No difference between groups was found in the memory consolidation rate. Conclusions: Although ST is a benign phenomenon, we revealed that ST is associated with more sleep alterations and lower emotional intensity of dreams. In this vein, we support that ST depends on sleep fragmentation and could represent a potential window into sleep-dependent cognitive processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders)
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10 pages, 278 KiB  
Article
Medications as a Trigger of Sleep-Related Eating Disorder: A Disproportionality Analysis
by Diane Merino, Alexandre O. Gérard, Elise K. Van Obberghen, Nouha Ben Othman, Eric Ettore, Bruno Giordana, Delphine Viard, Fanny Rocher, Alexandre Destere, Michel Benoit and Milou-Daniel Drici
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(13), 3890; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133890 - 04 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2646
Abstract
Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a parasomnia with recurrent, involuntary, amnestic eating episodes during sleep. There is growing evidence of the association between SRED and medications. Therefore, we aimed to rank drugs showing the strongest association. VigiBase® (WHO pharmacovigilance database) was queried [...] Read more.
Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a parasomnia with recurrent, involuntary, amnestic eating episodes during sleep. There is growing evidence of the association between SRED and medications. Therefore, we aimed to rank drugs showing the strongest association. VigiBase® (WHO pharmacovigilance database) was queried for all reports of “Sleep-related eating disorder”. Disproportionality analysis relied on the Reporting Odds Ratio, with its 95% Confidence Interval (CI), and the Information Component. Our VigiBase® query yielded 676 cases of drug-associated SRED. Reports mostly involved zolpidem (243, 35.9%), sodium oxybate (185, 27.4%), and quetiapine (97, 14.3%). Significant disproportionality was found for 35 medications, including zolpidem (387.6; 95%CI 331.2–453.7), sodium oxybate (204.2; 95%CI 172.4–241.8), suvorexant (67.3; 95%CI 38.0–119.2), quetiapine (53.3; 95%CI 43.0–66.1), and several psychostimulants and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Patients treated with nonbenzodiazepines or SNRIs were significantly older (mean age: 49.0 vs. 37.5; p < 0.001) and their SRED were more likely to be serious (62.6% vs. 51.4%; p = 0.014) than patients treated with sodium oxybate or psychostimulants. Psychotropic drugs are involved in almost all reports. In patients with SRED, an iatrogenic trigger should be searched for. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders)

Review

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25 pages, 2169 KiB  
Review
Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States
by Maria Eduarda Sodré, Isabel Wießner, Muna Irfan, Carlos H. Schenck and Sergio A. Mota-Rolim
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(12), 3876; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123876 - 06 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3699
Abstract
Recent studies have begun to understand sleep not only as a whole-brain process but also as a complex local phenomenon controlled by specific neurotransmitters that act in different neural networks, which is called “local sleep”. Moreover, the basic states of human consciousness—wakefulness, sleep [...] Read more.
Recent studies have begun to understand sleep not only as a whole-brain process but also as a complex local phenomenon controlled by specific neurotransmitters that act in different neural networks, which is called “local sleep”. Moreover, the basic states of human consciousness—wakefulness, sleep onset (N1), light sleep (N2), deep sleep (N3), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep—can concurrently appear, which may result in different sleep-related dissociative states. In this article, we classify these sleep-related dissociative states into physiological, pathological, and altered states of consciousness. Physiological states are daydreaming, lucid dreaming, and false awakenings. Pathological states include sleep paralysis, sleepwalking, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Altered states are hypnosis, anesthesia, and psychedelics. We review the neurophysiology and phenomenology of these sleep-related dissociative states of consciousness and update them with recent studies. We conclude that these sleep-related dissociative states have a significant basic and clinical impact since their study contributes to the understanding of consciousness and the proper treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders)
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15 pages, 698 KiB  
Review
Sleep Paralysis and Lucid Dreaming—Between Waking and Dreaming: A Review about Two Extraordinary States
by Severin Ableidinger and Brigitte Holzinger
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(10), 3437; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103437 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5798
Abstract
Background: Sleep paralysis and lucid dreams are two states of consciousness that are connected to REM sleep but are defined by higher awareness in contrast to regular REM sleep. Despite these similarities, the two states differ widely in their emotional tone and their [...] Read more.
Background: Sleep paralysis and lucid dreams are two states of consciousness that are connected to REM sleep but are defined by higher awareness in contrast to regular REM sleep. Despite these similarities, the two states differ widely in their emotional tone and their perceived controllability. This review aims to summarize the current research containing sleep paralysis and lucid dreams. However, given the sparsity of the research, one single topic cannot be chosen. Methods: Articles containing both lucid dreams as well as sleep paralysis were searched for in the following databanks: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and PSYNDEX. Further, citations of the found papers were examined. Results: 10 studies were included in the review. Most of the studies were surveys, but there was also a case study, a randomized trial, and an observational EEG study. The numbers of participants ranged from a single participant in the case study to 1928 participants in a survey. The main findings were that correlations between sleep paralysis and lucid dreaming were positive and significant in most of the studies. Conclusions: There is a connection between lucid dreaming and sleep paralysis. However, research is still very limited and diverse in the methodologies used. Future research should build standardized methods for examining the two phenomena. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders)
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12 pages, 747 KiB  
Review
Violent and Complex Behaviors and Non-Restorative Sleep Are the Main Features of Disorders of Arousal in Adulthood: Real Picture or a More Severe Phenotype?
by Greta Mainieri, Giuseppe Loddo, Luca Baldelli, Angelica Montini, Susanna Mondini and Federica Provini
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(1), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010372 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2251
Abstract
Disorders of arousal (DoA) are NREM parasomnias characterized by motor and emotional behaviors emerging from incomplete arousals from deep sleep. DoA are largely present in pediatric populations, a period during which they are labeled as self-limited manifestations. However, an extensive literature has shown [...] Read more.
Disorders of arousal (DoA) are NREM parasomnias characterized by motor and emotional behaviors emerging from incomplete arousals from deep sleep. DoA are largely present in pediatric populations, a period during which they are labeled as self-limited manifestations. However, an extensive literature has shown that DoA can persist in adulthood, with different characteristics from childhood DoA. Adult DoA patients usually report excessive daily sleepiness, sleep-related violence during DoA episodes or potentially harmful behaviors, which are rare in childhood. The semeiological features of DoA episodes in adulthood may complicate differential diagnoses with other motor manifestations during sleep, in particular sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy. However, it cannot be excluded that adults with DoA attending sleep centers constitute a more severe phenotype, thus not being representative of adult DoA in the general population. Video-polysomnographic studies of DoA document a spectrum of motor patterns of different complexities, the simplest of which may often go unnoticed. Despite the different complexities of the episodes, neurophysiologic studies showed the co-existence of deep sleep and wakefulness during DoA episodes or even before their onset. These aspects make DoA an ideal model to investigate the mechanisms regulating local sleep, sleep arousal and cognitive functions including spatial and temporal orientation, attention or memory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders)
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