Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physiological States of Consciousness
2.1. Daydreaming
2.1.1. Self-Generated Thoughts, Daydreaming, and Depression
2.1.2. Daydreaming and the Default Mode Network
2.1.3. Daydreaming and Brain Rhythms
2.2. Lucid Dreaming
2.2.1. Lucid Dreaming, REM Sleep, and the Brain Rhythms
2.2.2. Neuroimaging of Non-Lucid and Lucid REM Sleep
2.3. False Awakenings
2.3.1. False Awakenings and REM Sleep
2.3.2. False Awakenings and the Brain Rhythms
3. Pathological States of Consciousness
3.1. Sleep Paralysis
3.1.1. Epidemiology of Sleep Paralysis
3.1.2. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Sleep Paralysis
3.2. Sleepwalking
3.2.1. The Neurobiology and Pathophysiology of Sleepwalking
3.2.2. Treatment of Sleepwalking
3.3. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
3.3.1. Epidemiology of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
3.3.2. Neurobiology and Pathophysiology of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
3.3.3. Evaluation of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
3.3.4. Management of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- (a)
- Environmental modification:
- (b)
- Pharmacotherapy:
- (c)
- Counseling:
4. Altered States of Consciousness
4.1. Hypnosis
4.1.1. Hypnosis, Sleep, and Dreaming
4.1.2. Hypnosis and the Brain
4.2. Anesthesia
4.2.1. Sleep, Anesthesia, and the Brain Rhythms
4.2.2. Neuroimaging Anesthesia
4.3. Psychedelics
4.3.1. Psychedelics and Dreaming
4.3.2. Psychedelics and the Brain
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physiological | Altered | Pathological |
---|---|---|
Daydreaming | Hypnosis | Sleep paralysis |
Lucid dreaming | Anesthesia | Sleepwalking |
False awakening | Psychedelics | REM behavior disorder |
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Sodré, M.E.; Wießner, I.; Irfan, M.; Schenck, C.H.; Mota-Rolim, S.A. Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3876. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123876
Sodré ME, Wießner I, Irfan M, Schenck CH, Mota-Rolim SA. Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(12):3876. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123876
Chicago/Turabian StyleSodré, Maria Eduarda, Isabel Wießner, Muna Irfan, Carlos H. Schenck, and Sergio A. Mota-Rolim. 2023. "Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 12: 3876. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123876