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Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Bridging Theory and Clinical Application
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Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Bridging Theory and Clinical Application

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Mental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 March 2026) | Viewed by 22826

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Rafał R. Jaeschke

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Section of Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 21a, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
Interests: adult ADHD; perinatal mental health; affective disorders; clinical neuropsychopharmacology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Journal of Clinical Medicine is pleased to announce a Special Issue dedicated to attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bridging theory and clinical application. Despite significant advances in ADHD research, the practical implementation of these findings in clinical settings remains a challenge. Therefore, we invite contributions that integrate theoretical insights with real-world strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of ADHD across diverse populations.

The aims of this Special Issue include the following:

  1. To bridge theoretical insights and clinical application: Translating current research findings into actionable interventions and best practices.
  2. To highlight interdisciplinary approaches: Encouraging collaboration among neuroscience, psychology, and pharmacology to address the multifaceted nature of ADHD.
  3. To address gaps in current knowledge: Advancing the understanding of underexplored areas of ADHD, from novel diagnostic methods to innovative therapeutic modalities.

Submissions may include, but are not limited to, the following areas:

  1. Diagnosis and Assessment:
  • Innovations in diagnostic criteria and tools, with attention to adult and older populations;
  • Diagnostic challenges among underrepresented groups, including individuals with intellectual disabilities;
  • Comorbid conditions and their effect on diagnostic accuracy.
  1. Emotional Dysregulation and Neurobiology:
  • Interactions between emotional dysregulation and core ADHD symptoms;
  • The role of the cortico-striatal network and neurotransmitter systems.
  1. Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments:
  • Advances in stimulant and non-stimulant therapies;
  • Long-term outcomes and safety of ADHD medications;
  • Psychostimulants’ impact on sleep, emotional regulation, and cognitive functioning.
  1. ADHD Across the Lifespan:
  • The developmental trajectories and persistence of ADHD symptoms;
  • Unique treatment considerations for older adults;
  • Interaction between ADHD and age-related conditions.
  1. Comorbidities and Special Populations:
  • ADHD with co-occurring psychiatric conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, substance use);
  • ADHD within neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities);
  • Sex and gender differences in ADHD presentation and management.

We encourage authors from diverse disciplines and international settings to share their latest work shaping the future of ADHD research and practice. By bringing together evidence-based insights and clinical innovations, the ultimate aim of this Special Issue is to foster meaningful progress in the field. We welcome original research, reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and other scholarly contributions.

We look forward to your contributions and thank you in advance for partnering with us to advance knowledge and improve care for individuals with ADHD. For further inquiries or to submit your manuscript, please visit the journal’s website or contact the Special Issue Guest Editor directly.

Dr. Rafał R. Jaeschke
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ADHD
  • emotional dysregulation
  • diagnosis and assessment
  • pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments
  • neurobiology
  • comorbidities

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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19 pages, 801 KB  
Article
The Impact of Executive Functions on Metaphonological Skills: Correlation and Treatment Implication for ADHD Children
by Adriana Piccolo, Margherita La Fauci, Carmela De Domenico, Marcella Di Cara, Alessia Fulgenzi, Noemi Mancuso, Lilla Bonanno, Maria Tresoldi, Rosalia Muratore, Caterina Impallomeni, Emanuela Tripodi and Francesca Cucinotta
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020906 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 445
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder frequently associated with impairments in executive functions (EF). These deficits have been linked to difficulties across various cognitive domains, including metaphonological skills (MS), essential for phonological awareness and processing abilities. Background/Objectives: This pilot study examines [...] Read more.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder frequently associated with impairments in executive functions (EF). These deficits have been linked to difficulties across various cognitive domains, including metaphonological skills (MS), essential for phonological awareness and processing abilities. Background/Objectives: This pilot study examines the correlations between EF and MS in ADHD children. Methods: A total of 84 children aged 6–14 years, diagnosed with ADHD and an IQ ≥ 70, were assessed using the NEPSY-II test to evaluate executive functions and the Assessment of Metaphonological Skills Test to assess phonological processing abilities. Results: Correlational analyses and multiple regression models were employed to explore the relationships between EF and MS, focusing on attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. Rhyme was positively correlated with processing speed and negatively correlated with response inhibition. Phonemic segmentation was significantly related to auditory attention and response inhibition. Age emerged as a significant predictor of phonemic synthesis and final syllable deletion, consistent with the developmental maturation of executive and phonological abilities. Conclusions: The findings suggest that deficits in executive functioning in ADHD children are closely linked to metaphonological abilities, which play a crucial role in the acquisition of reading and writing skills. Integrating EF training into phonological interventions can help reduce learning difficulties and improve cognitive and language outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Bridging Theory and Clinical Application)
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Review

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21 pages, 613 KB  
Review
Menstrual Cycle-Related Hormonal Fluctuations in ADHD: Effect on Cognitive Functioning—A Narrative Review
by Dora Wynchank, Regina M. G. T. M. F. Sutrisno, Emma van Andel and J. J. Sandra Kooij
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010121 - 24 Dec 2025
Viewed by 3661
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder linked to impaired cognition and altered dopamine neurotransmission. Emerging evidence suggests that women with ADHD experience pronounced hormone-related difficulties, with menstrual cycle-related changes in mood and cognition interfering with daily functioning and diminishing treatment efficacy. [...] Read more.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder linked to impaired cognition and altered dopamine neurotransmission. Emerging evidence suggests that women with ADHD experience pronounced hormone-related difficulties, with menstrual cycle-related changes in mood and cognition interfering with daily functioning and diminishing treatment efficacy. This review examines the influence of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle on cognitive functioning and ADHD symptomatology in women. A comprehensive literature search of Ovid EmBase identified studies published between 2015 and 2025 examining cognitive performance, including attention, executive functioning, working memory, and inhibitory control, across menstrual cycle phases in women with or without ADHD. Twenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Neurobiological measurements included hormonal assays, neuroimaging, and neurotransmitter models. Seven studies in non-clinical populations suggested that attentional processing was enhanced during the mid-luteal phase, which may be linked to higher progesterone levels. By contrast, four studies in women with ADHD and six studies in women with mood-related disorders, such as PMS or PMDD, consistently observed impairments in attention, executive function, and impulsivity during the mid-luteal and pre-menstrual phases. These objective findings parallel subjective reports of worsened cognition, heightened mood symptoms, and diminished medication efficacy during the luteal phase. Current evidence indicates that ADHD-related cognitive functioning fluctuates with the menstrual cycle, with impairments particularly evident in women with ADHD and/or comorbid mood disorders. These changes may reflect increased sensitivity to allopregnanolone, peri-menstrual oestrogen withdrawal, and the absence of compensatory neural adaptations observed in non-clinical populations. However, findings remain preliminary and sometimes contradictory due to methodological heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms and, importantly, to translate theoretical insights into clinical application through female-specific diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Bridging Theory and Clinical Application)
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12 pages, 464 KB  
Review
Methylphenidate, Sleep, and the “Stimulant Paradox” in Adult ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Chronopharmacotherapy and Coaching
by Rafał R. Jaeschke and Joanna Z. Sułkowska
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8494; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238494 - 30 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5603
Abstract
This conceptual narrative review explores the intricate dynamics of the ‘stimulant paradox’ in adult ADHD, highlighting the timing-dependent trade-offs associated with stimulant medication. The paradox underscores the complexity of balancing therapeutic benefits against potential side effects, contingent on the timing of administration. Chronopharmacotherapy [...] Read more.
This conceptual narrative review explores the intricate dynamics of the ‘stimulant paradox’ in adult ADHD, highlighting the timing-dependent trade-offs associated with stimulant medication. The paradox underscores the complexity of balancing therapeutic benefits against potential side effects, contingent on the timing of administration. Chronopharmacotherapy emerges as a promising framework, integrating circadian and homeostatic processes with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. This approach suggests that aligning medication timing with individual biological rhythms may optimize outcomes, although the conceptual nature of this integration remains non-prescriptive. ADHD coaching is examined as a complementary strategy, focusing on the development of skill-oriented routines that are sensitive to timing. This adjunctive support may facilitate the practical implementation of chronopharmacotherapy principles, enhancing adherence and effectiveness. Figures and heuristics within the review serve as illustrative tools intended to guide understanding rather than dictate clinical practice. The review identifies critical areas for future research, emphasizing the need for empirical investigation into optimal clock-time windows, phase measures, and chronotype stratification. Additionally, assumptions regarding medication formulations warrant further scrutiny to refine timing-sensitive interventions in adult ADHD management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Bridging Theory and Clinical Application)
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24 pages, 313 KB  
Review
Global Trends in ADHD Medication Use: Multiple Contexts and Rising Concerns—A Narrative Review
by Marcin Rzeszutek and Tomasz Wolańczyk
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7338; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207338 - 17 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8460
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition frequently treated with pharmacological interventions, most commonly stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, alongside non-stimulant options. This narrative review, based on 31 publications and five national drug utilization registers, summarizes global trends in ADHD medication use [...] Read more.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition frequently treated with pharmacological interventions, most commonly stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, alongside non-stimulant options. This narrative review, based on 31 publications and five national drug utilization registers, summarizes global trends in ADHD medication use since 2000. Across most countries, prevalence of ADHD medication use increased steadily, with the sole exception of the Netherlands, where recent declines were observed. The highest prevalence of ADHD medication use was consistently found among older children and adolescents. While boys showed higher values of prevalence of ADHD medication use than girls in childhood, faster increases among females resulted in reversed gender ratios in several adult populations. Methylphenidate remained the most widely prescribed drug, although the use of lisdexamfetamine and guanfacine has expanded in recent years. Variations in national guidelines, diagnostic frameworks, healthcare access, and sociocultural acceptance of pharmacotherapy contributed to observed differences across regions. Increasing use of ADHD medications raises important questions about equitable access to treatment, potential overdiagnosis, and the risk of stimulant misuse. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of utilization patterns to ensure safe, rational, and equitable ADHD care worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Bridging Theory and Clinical Application)
32 pages, 1058 KB  
Review
Holistic Management of Adult ADHD with a History of Addiction: Emphasis on Low-Addiction-Risk Psychopharmacotherapy
by Kacper Żełabowski, Wiktor Petrov, Dawid Ślebioda, Malwina Rusinek, Kamil Biedka, Katarzyna Błaszczyk, Michał Wesołowski, Kacper Wojtysiak, Mateusz Sroka, Zuzanna Ratka, Ignacy Ilski and Agnieszka Chłopaś-Konowałek
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6470; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186470 - 14 Sep 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3151
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder generally associated with pediatric patients and in lesser extent with adults. Patients diagnosed with ADHD have a higher likelihood of developing addiction. Consequently, a disorder that frequently co-occurs with ADHD is Substance Use Disorder (SUD). The [...] Read more.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder generally associated with pediatric patients and in lesser extent with adults. Patients diagnosed with ADHD have a higher likelihood of developing addiction. Consequently, a disorder that frequently co-occurs with ADHD is Substance Use Disorder (SUD). The pharmaceuticals prescribed in the treatment of ADHD are predominantly stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, which possess a high addiction potential. The objective of this study is to examine the risk of developing substance dependence during stimulant treatment in individuals with ADHD who have a natural predisposition to addiction, with particular emphasis on adult patients with a history of SUD. Our literature review was conducted using research papers from PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, ProQuest and ScienceDirect. The main results from our review are as follows: (i) the majority of studies indicate that the administration of stimulants in the treatment of ADHD does not increase the risk of developing Substance Use Disorder; (ii) stimulants may also be used in the treatment of SUD; (iii) while pharmacotherapy is a crucial part of ADHD treatment, a holistic approach comprising pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy is most effective; (iv) holistic management of ADHD is necessary to improve patients’ quality of life to the greatest extent possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Bridging Theory and Clinical Application)
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