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Geosciences
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Ground Penetrating Radar Velocities
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Ground Penetrating Radar Velocities

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Geophysics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 10775

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nikos Economou

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Guest Editor
Applied Geophysics Laboratory, School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73200 Chania, Greece
Interests: applied geophysics; ground penetrating radar; non-stationary signal processing; data adaptive processing; geophysical methods integration; geotechnical geophysics; environmental geophysics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Maksim Bano

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Guest Editor
ITES UMR-7063, EOST, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
Interests: ground penetrating radar; signal processing; environmental assessment; civil engineering; cultural heritage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hai Liu

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Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Interests: ground penetrating radar; non-destructive testing; acoustic imaging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method based on electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation into the ground.This high-resolution method utilizes a range of frequencies from 10 MHz up to 2 GHz, and its fields of application are numerous. GPR has been successfully used in hydrological investigations to locate water tables and delineate shallow unconsolidated aquifers, in the surveyal of archaeological sites and architectural heritage, as a critical infrastructure assessment method for use in structures such as roads and bridges, as well as in water supply or other utility networks. Other applications include sedimentology, tectonic faults, agriculture, and civil and geotechnical engineering. Recently, the method has undergone enormous advancements with regard to studying near-surface structures of the far side of the Moon: lunar penetrating radar (LPR). All these applications require dedicated processing, imaging, and intrpretation techniques. 
Even though after processing, radargrams depict subsurface dielectric heterogeneities, interpretation is often challenging and physical parameters such as EM velocity, dielectric permittivity, and the attenuation of the EM signal are required for efficient interpretation. In the last few years, in the GPR community, a lot of work has been focused on the estimation of EM velocity into the ground or into structures. The scope of this issue aims to highlight the estimation of this specific attribute, which in its turn has been proven as a useful parameter for both the intrpretation of the suburface and further estimation of other desired parameters (such as dielectric permittivity) or for further processing of the radargrams (such as migration). 
Applications in areas including, but not limited to, 3D archaeology and cultural heritage, geology, hydrology, pedophysics, subsurface voids, and planetary studies are encouraged. Accordingly, we invite the submission of papers dealing with progress in the following topics:

  1. GPR modeling;
  2. GPR full waveform inversion;
  3. Velocity estimation via diffraction analysis;
  4. Multi-offset GPR data and velocity assessment;
  5. GPR tomography;
  6. The use of velocity estimation for time lapse GPR studies;
  7. Migration;
  8. Borehole GPR studies

Dr. Nikos Economou
Dr. Maksim Bano
Dr. Hai Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ground penetrating radar
  • velocity estimation
  • earth’s subsurface characterization

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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13 pages, 11140 KiB  
Article
Exploiting Ground-Penetrating Radar Signal Enhancements by Water-Saturated Bulb Surrounding Defective Waterpipes for Leak Detection
by Pierre Carrive, Albane Saintenoy, Emmanuel Léger, Steven A. Arcone and Pascal Sailhac
Geosciences 2022, 12(10), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100368 - 4 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3062
Abstract
The detection of water leakage along its transportation network has important societal impacts, such as avoiding a large volume of water wasted along the waterways or preventing water-related chemical or physical surrounding media deterioration. Among the vast domain of destructive techniques, Ground-Penetrating Radar [...] Read more.
The detection of water leakage along its transportation network has important societal impacts, such as avoiding a large volume of water wasted along the waterways or preventing water-related chemical or physical surrounding media deterioration. Among the vast domain of destructive techniques, Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a common and efficient tool used for detection in many near-surface contexts, and it is particularly efficient in civil engineering cases, such as utility detection, due to its fine resolution and the ease of data acquisition. A peculiar form of signal enhancement appears in GPR profiles recorded over spheres and cylinders where velocity contrasts exist between the body’s material and the surrounding medium. We used this enhancement to detect potential water leakages in water pipes. After exhibiting the signal enhancement effect in a laboratory sandbox experiment using a spherical glass ball, we verified the results with numerical experiments with varied sphere and cylinder sizes and dielectric properties. We then investigated field and numerical experiments of GPR transects above a “real life” water-leaking PVC pipe. Our results show that the water cylinder and water infiltration bulb produced a characteristic signal that could be used for detecting water leakages along water pipes. The largest amplitude in the GPR signal is caused by a bottom pipe reflection enhanced by the water bulb and not by the top of the pipe. We stress the risk of miscalculating the pipe’s depth during velocity estimation when amplitude enhancement conditions are met. Beyond civil-engineering impacts, knowledge on signal amplification phenomena can help GPR data interpretations in sedimentology and hydrogeology studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Penetrating Radar Velocities)
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16 pages, 10004 KiB  
Article
Integration of Geophysical Methods for Doline Hazard Assessment: A Case Study from Northern Oman
by Mohammed Farfour, Nikos Economou, Osman Abdalla and Masdouq Al-Taj
Geosciences 2022, 12(6), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12060243 - 13 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3577
Abstract
Subsurface formations with low compaction, often, due to the presence of underlying cavities, are potential sources of hazards. Thus, understanding the occurrence, properties, and extension of these weak zones poses a major concern in engineering geophysics. In this study, we examine the ability [...] Read more.
Subsurface formations with low compaction, often, due to the presence of underlying cavities, are potential sources of hazards. Thus, understanding the occurrence, properties, and extension of these weak zones poses a major concern in engineering geophysics. In this study, we examine the ability of geophysical methods to map weak areas over carbonates in Northern Oman. The weak zones are known to cause surface depression in many areas. The geophysical methods examined involve Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR), Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT), and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). This integrated geophysical survey was conducted near the Bimmah sinkhole, in the Quriya area, Northern Oman. The survey covers both an area with ground truth (low compaction sediments overlaying a cave) and a part with unknown subsurface properties. GPR velocity analysis using selected diffraction’s fitting helped to identify high-velocity anomalies that were attributed to the cavity. The GPR interpretation was calibrated with SRT and ERT. The former showed a clear drop in P-wave velocity and low ray coverage at the cavity zone, while the latter demonstrated high resistivity anomalies caused by the air filling the cavity. The scope was to examine the geophysical methods response, especially the GPR, and utilize the results of this preliminary approach for a wider exploration investigation in the area. The results from the study indicated that the GPR is capable to serve as a pioneer method in detecting the cavities. Hence, the GPR will cover large area in the site and the other two methods will be used as complementary for the final subsurface conditions’ evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Penetrating Radar Velocities)
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10 pages, 4157 KiB  
Article
3D Migration Depth Focus Velocity Analysis of Hand-Held Ground Penetrating Radar
by Zejun Dong, Xuan Feng, Haoqiu Zhou, Lilong Zou and Motoyuki Sato
Geosciences 2022, 12(4), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040178 - 16 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2945
Abstract
Hand-held ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems have been widely applied to landmine detections during recent decades. The accuracy of an imaging result by migration for a hand-held GPR is strongly related to the accuracy of subsurface velocity distribution obtained from multi offset data. [...] Read more.
Hand-held ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems have been widely applied to landmine detections during recent decades. The accuracy of an imaging result by migration for a hand-held GPR is strongly related to the accuracy of subsurface velocity distribution obtained from multi offset data. For shallow targets like landmines, the hyperbolas are usually not distinct in 2D slices and are masked by the surface reflections. In this article, we propose a 3D migration depth focus velocity analysis method for hand-held GPRs to estimate the background velocity of the subsurface. This method is performed based on the images generated by migrations. The objective function is defined as the proportion of the target on the depth slice containing the target. After migrating a GPR radargram with different velocities, the background velocity, which minimizes the objective function, can be determined by comparing the imaging results by migration using different velocities. To test the proposed method, we apply this procedure to experimental GPR data collected with an advanced landmine imaging system (ALIS) in the laboratory. Subsequently, the velocity of the background is obtained, 3D diffraction migration with the obtained velocity achieves subsurface imaging with high quality. The accurate position and depth of the target are obtained from the optimal migration image. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Penetrating Radar Velocities)
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