Chemical Contaminants in Food: Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Safety Strategies

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 November 2026 | Viewed by 2063

Editors


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Guest Editor
Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: contaminants; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; chemical elements; per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; dietary exposure; risk assessment; food safety; food control

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: contaminants; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; sample preparation; liquid chromatography; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; food safety; food control

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: contaminants; chemical elements; sample preparation; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; food safety; food control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The production and use of synthetic organic chemicals, such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and brominated flame retardants, have persisted for over half a century. These compounds are released into the environment during their production, use, and disposal, resulting in their presence across various environmental compartments. Additionally, environmental contaminants include metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. A common characteristic of these compounds is their persistent nature and slow degradation. As persistent pollutants, they possess a high potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification within the food chain.

Dietary intake is considered the primary source of exposure to these pollutants. Long-term exposure through food consumption can lead to intoxication and result in various adverse effects on human health. Analyzing these substances is essential to determine their presence in the environment and food, as well as to conduct risk assessment studies aimed at evaluating their impact on consumer health.

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather original research articles and reviews on the quantification of environmental contaminants in food using modern analytical methods, as well as the evaluation of risk characterization for the purpose of consumer food safety.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Nina Bilandžić
Dr. Maja Đokić
Dr. Marija Sedak
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • food contaminants
  • pesticides
  • polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
  • per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
  • brominated flame retardants
  • heavy metals
  • monitoring
  • risk assessment
  • food safety

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1141 KB  
Article
Rapid and Accurate ED-XRF Quantification of Trace Arsenic in Rice-Based Foods Employing ANNs to Resolve Lead Spectral Interference
by Murphy Carroll, Zili Gao and Lili He
Foods 2026, 15(7), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15071130 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 554
Abstract
Trace quantifications of arsenic (As) in foods by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry are hindered by spectral overlap from lead (Pb) at characteristic emission lines. This study employed artificial neural networks (ANN) to statistically model and correct for As/Pb spectral overlap, enabling accurate [...] Read more.
Trace quantifications of arsenic (As) in foods by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry are hindered by spectral overlap from lead (Pb) at characteristic emission lines. This study employed artificial neural networks (ANN) to statistically model and correct for As/Pb spectral overlap, enabling accurate As quantifications in rice-based foods. Calibration standards were prepared by pelletizing milled rice spiked with As and Pb, and validation was performed using a certified reference material, commercial rice-based foods, and Pb-spiked commercial foods. As calibration metrics were great (R2 = 0.92, standard error in calibration = 41.20 µg kg−1). The validation assessment achieved acceptable error using the As reference material (−19.43% error) and in commercial rice-based foods containing low Pb content (6 of 11 As determinations in agreement with the reference method). Additionally, accurate predictions of As were found in the presence of significant Pb interference (absolute mean error = 14.11% in Pb-spiked commercial foods). Overall, ANN modeling for Pb exhibited poor performance during both calibration and validation. This work demonstrates the usability of an ANN to address the As/Pb overlapping issue while offering insights into the strengths and weaknesses of ANNs when coupled with ED-XRF for trace elemental quantifications in foods. Full article
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21 pages, 425 KB  
Article
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Levels in Commercial and Home-Produced Eggs in Croatia
by Nina Bilandžić, Ines Varga, Jelena Kaurinović, Bruno Čalopek, Maja Đokić, Ivana Varenina, Božica Solomun Kolanović, Marija Sedak, Luka Cvetnić, Damir Pavliček and Elena Fattore
Foods 2026, 15(5), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15050889 - 5 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 673
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels in eggs collected in Croatia and to identify differences between commercially produced eggs (cage, barn, and organic) and home-produced eggs (HPE). Thirty PFAS compounds were analyzed using high-performance liquid [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to measure per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels in eggs collected in Croatia and to identify differences between commercially produced eggs (cage, barn, and organic) and home-produced eggs (HPE). Thirty PFAS compounds were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. In HPE, the highest detection frequencies above the limit of quantification were observed for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) at 67.6%, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) at 43.2%, perfluoro-n-decanoic acid (PFDA) at 43.2%, and perfluoro-n-dodecanoic acid (PFDoDA) at 35.8%. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was detected only in HPE. Furthermore, HPE exhibited significantly higher mean lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) levels for all measured compounds, as well as for the sum of the four main PFAS (∑4PFAS: PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS]), with values of 0.263 and 0.44 µg/kg, respectively. Cage eggs showed the lowest LB and UB levels. The dietary contribution of ∑4PFAS to the established tolerable weekly intake (TWI) limit of 4.4 ng/kg bw indicated that children up to nine years old are the most vulnerable to exposure, particularly infants and toddlers consuming HPE. Significantly lower exposure was observed with cage eggs; therefore, consumers are advised to prefer these eggs. Full article
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