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Fluids
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Respiratory Flows
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Respiratory Flows

A special issue of Fluids (ISSN 2311-5521).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 3125

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xinguang Cui

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Interests: multiple-phase flows; computational fluid dynamics; numerical modeling; respiratory flow; biofluid mechanics; environmental fluid and the man-machine-engineering system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The special issue on "Respiratory Flows" aims to explore and discuss the various aspects related to flows in the respiratory systems. The respiratory system plays a vital role in human health and disease, and understanding the flow patterns and mechanics within this system is crucial for improving medical interventions and treatments. This issue provides a platform for researchers, scientists, and engineers to share their latest findings, advancements, and challenges in understanding the complex flow patterns and phenomena occurring within the respiratory system. It will cover a wide range of topics, including but not limited to specific respiratory flow patterns, disease-related flow abnormalities, inhalation, and exhalation dynamics, inhaled drugs, virus transmission, particle toxicity, computational modeling, experimental investigations, and medical applications.

Keywords:

  • Respiratory System
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Pulmonary Flow
  • Flow Patterns
  • Aerosol Deposition
  • Particle Transport
  • Disease-related Flow Abnormalities
  • Asthma
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Computational Modeling
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
  • Multi-scale Modeling
  • Numerical Methods
  • Patient-specific Simulations
  • Experimental Investigations
  • Imaging Techniques
  • Medical Applications
  • Therapeutic Approaches
  • Drug Delivery Techniques
  • Medical Devices
  • Diagnostic Procedures
  • Biomarkers
  • Particle toxicity
  • Virus transmission

These keywords encompass the core areas to be covered in the special issue, ensuring that a wide range of research in the field of respiratory flows is included. By encouraging contributions from experts in fluid dynamics, computational modeling, experimental research, and clinical applications, this issue aims to advance scientific knowledge, improve clinical interventions, and foster innovation in respiratory healthcare.

Dr. Xinguang Cui
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fluids is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 8620 KiB  
Article
Evaporation Dynamics and Dosimetry Methods in Numerically Assessing MDI Performance in Pulmonary Drug Delivery
by Mohamed Talaat, Xiuhua Si and Jinxiang Xi
Fluids 2024, 9(12), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9120286 - 5 Dec 2024
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) play a crucial role in managing respiratory diseases, but their effectiveness depends on whether the intended dose is delivered to the target, which can be influenced by various factors. Accurate assessment of MDI performance is crucial for optimizing MDI [...] Read more.
Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) play a crucial role in managing respiratory diseases, but their effectiveness depends on whether the intended dose is delivered to the target, which can be influenced by various factors. Accurate assessment of MDI performance is crucial for optimizing MDI delivery and ensuring drug efficacy. This study numerically examined the role of evaporation dynamics and dosimetry methods in assessing the efficiency of MDI delivery to different regions in a mouth–lung model extending to the eleventh generation (G11) of lung bifurcations. The experimentally determined spray exit speed, applied dose, and droplet size distribution were implemented as the initial/boundary conditions. Large eddy simulations (LES) were used to resolve the transient inhalation flows, and a chemical species model was applied to simulate vapor and temperature variations in the airflow. A multi-component model was used to consider the heat and mass transfer between the droplets and the airflow. The model was validated against literature data and applied to evaluate the impact of evaporation on pulmonary drug delivery using MDI, in comparison to inert particles. Three methods were used to quantify deposition, which were based on the droplet count, the droplet mass, and the drug carried by the droplets. The results demonstrate that evaporation notably alters the spray droplet size distribution and subsequent deposition patterns. Compared to inert particles, evaporation led to significantly more droplets ranging from 1–5 µm entering the pulmonary region. For a given region, large discrepancies were observed in the deposition fraction (DF) using different dosimetry methods. In the lower lung, the count-based DF (33.9%) and mass-based DF (2.4%) differed by more than one order of magnitude, while the drug-based DF fell between them (20.5%). This large difference highlights the need to include evaporation in predictive dosimetry, as well as to use the appropriate method to quantify the delivery efficiency of evaporating droplets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Flows)
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17 pages, 4661 KiB  
Article
Interrupter Technique Revisited: Building an Experimental Mechanical Ventilator to Assess Respiratory Mechanics in Large Animals
by Camilla Zilianti, Erfan Bashar, Anna Kyriakoudi and Matteo Pecchiari
Fluids 2024, 9(6), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9060142 - 14 Jun 2024
Viewed by 918
Abstract
Large animals are increasingly used as experimental models of respiratory diseases. Precise characterization of respiratory mechanics requires dedicated equipment with specific characteristics which are difficult to find together in the same commercial device. In this work, we describe building and validation of a [...] Read more.
Large animals are increasingly used as experimental models of respiratory diseases. Precise characterization of respiratory mechanics requires dedicated equipment with specific characteristics which are difficult to find together in the same commercial device. In this work, we describe building and validation of a computer-controlled ventilator able to perform rapid airways occlusions during constant flow inflations followed by a prolonged inspiratory hold. A constant airflow is provided by a high pressure source (5 atm) connected to the breathing circuit by three proportional valves. The combined action of three 2-way valves produces the phases of the breath. During non-inspiratory breath phases, airflow is diverted to a flowmeter for precise feedback regulation of the proportional valves. A computer interface enables the user to change the breathing pattern, trigger test breaths or run predetermined breaths sequences. A respiratory system model was used to test the ability of the ventilator to correctly estimate interrupter resistance. The ventilator was able to produce a wide range of constant flows (0.1–1.6 L/s) with the selected timing. Errors in the measurement of interrupter resistance were small (1 ± 5% of the reference value). The device described reliably estimated interrupter resistance and can be useful as a measuring tool in large animal research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Flows)
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23 pages, 2949 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Optimal Flow Setting and Respiratory Profile Evaluation in Infants Treated with High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC)
by Francesco Montecchia and Paola Papoff
Fluids 2024, 9(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9040093 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1132
Abstract
High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is becoming the gold standard to treat respiratory distress at any age since it potentially provides several significant clinical advantages. An obstacle to the diffusion of this simple and effective system of oxygen therapy is the impossibility to know [...] Read more.
High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is becoming the gold standard to treat respiratory distress at any age since it potentially provides several significant clinical advantages. An obstacle to the diffusion of this simple and effective system of oxygen therapy is the impossibility to know the optimal flow rate leading to such advantages that allows the reduction in the respiratory effort without causing hyperinflation. To assist clinicians during HFNC treatment in setting the optimal flow rate and in determining the most relevant parameters related to respiratory mechanics and the effort of the patient, we developed a new programmable data monitoring, acquisition, and elaborating system (Pro_HFNC). The application of Pro_HFNC is fully compatible with HFNC as it is interfaced with patient through a facial mask and two specific catheters. The unavoidable and unpredictable loss of air flow occurring around the contour of the mask is evaluated and compensated by a specific algorithm implemented by Pro_HFNC. Our preliminary clinical trials on pediatric patients treated with HFNC show that Pro_HFNC is actually capable to detect for any specific patient both the lower threshold of the delivered flow beyond which the benefits of HFNC application are reached and all the parameters useful for a complete evaluation of the respiratory profile. Pro_HFNC can really help physicians in setting the optimal flow rate during HFNC treatment, thus allowing for the most effective HFNC performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Flows)
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