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Fluids
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Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 3rd Edition
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Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 3rd Edition

A special issue of Fluids (ISSN 2311-5521). This special issue belongs to the section "Geophysical and Environmental Fluid Mechanics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 5315

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jaan H. Pu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
Interests: river hydrodynamics; numerical method; flow measurement; acoustic doppler velocimetry; flow-structure interaction; flow turbulence; sediment transport; vegetated flow
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Prashanth Reddy Hanmaiahgari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
Interests: sediment transport; turbulence; pipeline engineering; water distribution networks; hydrodynamics; unsteady flows
Dr. Manish Pandey

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
Interests: experimental hydraulics; sediment transport; river training works
Prof. Dr. Bimlesh Kumar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati, India
Interests: sediment transport and river hydraulics; mixing and computational fluid dynamics; turbulent flow and pump–pipeline surge analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bedforming within rivers is a complex process that can be influenced by hydraulics, the vegetated field, and various suspended and bedload transports. Changes in flow conditions due to rain and floods further complicate a river’s behavior. To date, the morphologic and bedforming characteristics of natural rivers are still not sufficiently understood. This Special Issue aims to build a collection of state-of-the-art research and technologies to form a useful guide for the related research and engineering communities. This Special Issue’s scope comprises, but is not limited to, the characteristics of river hydraulics, temporal and spatial developments of the riverbed under different geometric and sedimentation factors, the vegetation impact within the river flow, and extreme river flow events (i.e., floods and dam-break flows). Although this Special Issue is focused on the latest research in the analytical and experimental fields, interesting numerical works are also welcome.

Dr. Jaan H. Pu
Dr. Prashanth Reddy Hanmaiahgari
Dr. Manish Pandey
Prof. Dr. Bimlesh Kumar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fluids is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Dr. Jaan H. Pu
Dr. Prashanth Reddy Hanmaiahgari
Dr. Manish Pandey
Prof. Dr. Bimlesh Kumar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fluids is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bedform
  • river hydrodynamics
  • morphology processes
  • sediment transport
  • vegetated flow
  • flood
  • dam-induced flow
  • analytical modeling
  • numerical modeling

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 4801 KiB  
Article
Hydrological Response of Land Use and Climate Change Impact on Sediment Rate in Upper Citarum Watershed
by Evi Anggraheni, Abdul Halim Hamdany, Farouk Maricar, Neil Andika, Dian Sisinggih, Fransiskus Sean Tanlie and Fransiskus Adinda Rio Respati
Fluids 2025, 10(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10020036 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 594
Abstract
The Citarum Watershed is indeed a critical water resource in Indonesia, playing a significant role in providing water to Jakarta and other areas in West Java. However, it faces severe environmental stress due to land use changes and climate changes. The Upper Citarum [...] Read more.
The Citarum Watershed is indeed a critical water resource in Indonesia, playing a significant role in providing water to Jakarta and other areas in West Java. However, it faces severe environmental stress due to land use changes and climate changes. The Upper Citarum Watershed, considered to be a conservation area, has experienced rapid development due to human activities and economic growth. Climate change not only affects the rainfall value but also the rainfall patterns and sediment flow. The sedimentation process significantly impacts the soil characteristics around the river body. Several factors such as topography, flow velocity, and soil texture influence the sediment characteristics. Given the critical condition of climate and land use change, this study aims to analyse the impacts of the hydrological response of land use and climate change on the sediment rate in the Upper Citarum Watershed. The land use change analysis was conducted by comparing the land use data in 2000, 2010, and 2023 in the Upper Citarum Watershed. The deposition process of solid particles such as sand, silt, and gravel that are transported in the Upper Citarum River were examined in a soil investigation. The sediment rate and deposition by river flow were analysed using HEC-RAS quasi-unsteady flow. The impact of climate change in this study was assessed by simulating the discharge in three conditions, with the first simulation using the discharge from 2000 to 2010, the second simulation using the discharge from 2011 to 2023, and the last simulation using the discharge from 2000 to 2023. Due to the land use change, the developed area increased from 4% to 24% between 2000 until 2023. The magnitude of low flow during the simulation step for three discharge gauges (Majalaya, Dayeuhkolot, and Nanjung) decreased up to 48%, but, on other hand, the sediment rate increased by 20% in Dayeuhkolot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 3rd Edition)
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23 pages, 7164 KiB  
Article
Transformations in Flow Characteristics and Fluid Force Reduction with Respect to the Vegetation Type and Its Installation Position Downstream of an Embankment
by A H M Rashedunnabi, Norio Tanaka and Md Abedur Rahman
Fluids 2025, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10010016 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 574
Abstract
Compound mitigation systems, integrations of natural and engineering structures against the high inundating current from tsunamis or storm surges, have garnered significant interest among researchers, especially following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Understanding the complex flow phenomena is essential for the [...] Read more.
Compound mitigation systems, integrations of natural and engineering structures against the high inundating current from tsunamis or storm surges, have garnered significant interest among researchers, especially following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Understanding the complex flow phenomena is essential for the resilience of the mitigation structures and effective energy reduction. This study conducted a flume experiment to clarify flow characteristics and fluid force dissipation in a compound defense system. Vegetation models (V) with different porosities (Φ) were placed at three different positions downstream of an embankment model (E). A single-layer emergent vegetation model was considered, and a short-layer vegetation with several values of Φ was incorporated to increase its density (decreased Φ). Depending on Φ and the spacing (S) between the E and V, hydraulic jumps occurred in the physical system. The findings demonstrated that a rise in S allowed a hydraulic jump to develop inside the system and contributed to reducing the fluid force in front and downstream of V. Due to the reduced porosity of the double-layer vegetation, the hydraulic jump moved upstream and terminated within the system, resulting in a uniform water surface upstream of V and downstream of the system. As a result, the fluid force in front of and behind V reduced remarkably. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 7159 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Anisotropic Invariants in Streams with Rigid Vegetation and 3D Bedforms
by Kourosh Nosrati, Ali Rahm Rahimpour, Hossein Afzalimehr, Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian and Moses Karakouzian
Fluids 2024, 9(12), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9120282 - 28 Nov 2024
Viewed by 658
Abstract
The presence of vegetation in submerged conditions and bedforms are a reality in coarse-bed streams. However, this reality has not been well investigated in the literature, despite being a major challenge for natural stream restoration. In order to control many unknown factors affecting [...] Read more.
The presence of vegetation in submerged conditions and bedforms are a reality in coarse-bed streams. However, this reality has not been well investigated in the literature, despite being a major challenge for natural stream restoration. In order to control many unknown factors affecting prototype scale, this experimental study has been conducted in a laboratory flume, considering 3D bedforms. The results of this study show that 3D bedforms with submerged vegetation elements may change all estimations from 3D to 2D forms near the bed due to the change in roughness. This will change the classic determinations of resistance to flow and sediment transport via Reynolds stress and turbulent flow and may lead to more-affordable complex hydraulic process modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 10702 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Scour Depth for Diverse Pier Shapes Utilizing Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System Sediment Model
by Muhanad Al-Jubouri, Richard P. Ray and Ethar H. Abbas
Fluids 2024, 9(11), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9110247 - 25 Oct 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1233
Abstract
Examining scouring around bridge piers is crucial for ensuring water-related infrastructure’s long-term safety and stability. Accurate forecasting models are essential for addressing scour, especially in complex water systems where traditional methods fall short. This study investigates the application of the HEC-RAS 2D sedimentation [...] Read more.
Examining scouring around bridge piers is crucial for ensuring water-related infrastructure’s long-term safety and stability. Accurate forecasting models are essential for addressing scour, especially in complex water systems where traditional methods fall short. This study investigates the application of the HEC-RAS 2D sedimentation model, which has recently become available for detailed sediment analysis, to evaluate its effectiveness in predicting scoring around various pier shapes and under different water conditions. This study offers a comprehensive assessment of the model’s predictive capabilities by focusing on variables such as water velocity, shear stress, and riverbed changes. Particular attention was paid to the influence of factors like floating debris and different pier geometries on scour predictions. The results demonstrate that while the HEC-RAS 2D model generally provides accurate predictions for simpler pier shapes—achieving up to 85% precision—it shows varied performance for more complex designs and debris-influenced scenarios. Specifically, the model overpredicted scouring depths by approximately 20% for diamond-shaped piers and underpredicted by 15% for square piers in debris conditions. Elliptical piers, in contrast, experienced significantly less erosion, with scour depths up to 30% shallower compared to other shapes. This study highlights the novel application of the HEC-RAS 2D model in this context and underscores its strengths and limitations. Identified issues include difficulties in modeling water flow and debris-induced bottlenecks. This research points to the improved calibration of sediment movement parameters and the development of advanced computational techniques to enhance scour prediction accuracy in complex environments. This work contributes valuable insights for future research and practical applications in civil engineering, especially where traditional scour mitigation methods, such as apron coverings, are not feasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 3rd Edition)
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24 pages, 13301 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of Impact River Morphology Evolution Mechanism Under the Influence of Floodplain Vegetation
by Heng Xiang, Zhimeng Zhang, Chunning Ji, Dong Xu, Xincong Chen, Lian Tang and Yuelei Wang
Fluids 2024, 9(10), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9100243 - 20 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1507
Abstract
Shallow floodplains play a crucial role in river basins by providing essential ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic functions. During floods, intricate hydrodynamic conditions arise as flow exits and re-enters the river channel, interacting with the shallow vegetation. The influence and mechanism of shoal vegetation [...] Read more.
Shallow floodplains play a crucial role in river basins by providing essential ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic functions. During floods, intricate hydrodynamic conditions arise as flow exits and re-enters the river channel, interacting with the shallow vegetation. The influence and mechanism of shoal vegetation on channel hydrodynamics, bed topography, and sediment transport remain poorly understood. This study employs numerical simulations to address this gap, focusing on the Xiaolangdi–Taochengpu river section downstream of the Yellow River. Sinusoidal-derived curves are applied to represent the meandering river channel to simulate the river’s evolutionary process at a true scale. The study simulated the conditions of bare and vegetated shallow areas using rigid water-supported vegetation with the same diameter but varying spacing. The riverbed substrate was composed of non-cohesive sand and gravel. The analysis examined alterations in in-channel sediments, bed morphology, and bed heterogeneity in relation to variations in vegetation density. Findings indicated a positive correlation between vegetation density and bed heterogeneity, implying that the ecological complexity of river habitats can be enhanced under natural hydrological conditions in shallow plain vegetation and riparian diffuse flow. Therefore, for biological river restoration, vegetation planting in shallow plain regions can provide greater effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 3rd Edition)
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