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Fire
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Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions
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Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255). This special issue belongs to the section "Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Fire".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 12581

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Pinghua Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
Interests: fire safety of concrete structures; tunnel fire resistance; fireproof coating; thermal insulation material

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fire-resistant material is an indispensable part for industries associated with high temperature, such as metallurgic, mechanical, chemical and construction filed etc.. Under fire condition, high temperature will cause the expansion of materials, and thus creating the internal stress, which will directly lead to the damage and functional failure of fire-resistant materials. The key to improve fire safety is to explore ways and means to reduce thermal stress and optimize the structure of fire-resistant materials.

Therefore, we are pleased to invite researchers from all over the world to investigate the thermal–mechanical analysis and lowering methods applied in materials under fire condition.

This Special Issue aims to highlight the original findings regarding to the fire-resistant materials, and the potential perspectives for future investigations are also encouraged.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Heat conduction and thermal stress calculation
  • Geometric deformation of fire-resistant materials at high temperatures
  • Thermal conductivity and fire resistance of fire-resistant materials
  • Heat transport in high-performance concrete
  • Thermal analysis method
  • Dynamic thermal analysis technology
  • Fire-resistant coatings
  • Burst spalling of concrete structures at high temperature

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Pinghua Zhu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fire-resistant materials
  • thermal analysis
  • thermal stress
  • heat conduction
  • fire resistance
  • fire safety
  • thermal field
  • thermal analysis kinetics

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 5084 KiB  
Article
Impact of Jet Fires on Steel Structures: Application of Passive Fire Protection Materials
by Marina Gravit, Dmitry Korolchenko, Ekaterina Nedviga, Fedor Portnov and Semen Diachenko
Fire 2024, 7(8), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7080281 - 9 Aug 2024
Viewed by 550
Abstract
Jet fires are the second most common fire scenario after spill fires. This type of fire is characteristic of gas and gas–oil fires occurring on oil platforms and gas production and processing plants. The consequences of such fires are characterized by high material [...] Read more.
Jet fires are the second most common fire scenario after spill fires. This type of fire is characteristic of gas and gas–oil fires occurring on oil platforms and gas production and processing plants. The consequences of such fires are characterized by high material damage; this is associated with extensive networks of technological communications, since there is a high density of technological facilities and installations in the territory where these fires occur. At such facilities, there is a large number of steel structures, which under the action of high temperature quickly lose their strength and deform. To protect steel structures in the oil and gas industry, fire protection is used, which consists of different types: boards in the form of flat plates, plasters, and epoxy paints. This paper compares three types of fire protection materials for steel structures under jet fire: board fireproofing, plaster composition, and epoxy coating. When comparing the efficiency in jet fire, cement boards were found to be the best. However, despite the better fire protection efficiency, their low application is expected due to their massiveness and the high cost of such protection and the difficulty of installation. Nevertheless, the development of fire depends on the place of its origin, the size of the initial fire zone, and the stability and massiveness of the metal elements of the vessel structure or the structure of the boards on which the equipment can be placed. Therefore, it is necessary to take these factors into account when selecting fire protection and to apply it depending on the required fire resistance limits of structures, which should be determined depending on the fire development scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions)
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22 pages, 6790 KiB  
Article
Thermal Characteristics of Epoxy Fire-Retardant Coatings under Different Fire Regimes
by Marina Gravit, Daria Shabunina and Nikita Shcheglov
Fire 2023, 6(11), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6110420 - 2 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
Different systems of fire protection coatings are used to protect the metal structures of stories and trestles at oil and gas facilities from low (when filling cryogenic liquids) and high temperatures (in case of the possible development of a hydrocarbon fire regime). This [...] Read more.
Different systems of fire protection coatings are used to protect the metal structures of stories and trestles at oil and gas facilities from low (when filling cryogenic liquids) and high temperatures (in case of the possible development of a hydrocarbon fire regime). This paper presents the results of experiments of fireproof coatings on an epoxy binder after the simulation of a liquefied hydrocarbons spill and subsequent development of a hydrocarbon fire regime at the object of protection and exposure of structures to a standard fire regime. According to the experimental results, the temperatures on the samples at the end of the cryogenic exposure were determined and the time from the beginning of the thermal exposure to the limit state of the samples at a hydrocarbon and standard temperature fire regime was determined. As a result, temperature–time curves in the hydrocarbon and standard fire regimes were obtained, showing good convergence with the simulation results. The solution of the inverse task of heat conduction using finite element modeling made it possible to determine the thermophysical properties of the formed foam coke at the end of the fire tests of steel structures with intumescent coatings. It was determined that an average of 12 mm of intumescent coating thickness is required to achieve a fire protection efficiency of 120 min and for the expected impact of the hydrocarbon fire regime, the coating consumption should be increased by 1.5–2 times compared to the coating consumption for the standard regime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions)
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14 pages, 14600 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Application Potential and Performance of SiO2 Aerogel Mortar in Various Tunnel High-Temperature Environments
by Hongyun Chen, Pinghua Zhu, Xiancui Yan, Xiaoyan Xu and Xinjie Wang
Fire 2023, 6(10), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6100407 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1795
Abstract
SiO2 aerogel is a super-insulating material that can be used for tunnel fireproofing to eliminate high-temperature spalling and extend the safe evacuation time of personnel. This study aimed to replace traditional aggregates with SiO2 aerogel in mortar preparation and evaluate its [...] Read more.
SiO2 aerogel is a super-insulating material that can be used for tunnel fireproofing to eliminate high-temperature spalling and extend the safe evacuation time of personnel. This study aimed to replace traditional aggregates with SiO2 aerogel in mortar preparation and evaluate its mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and durability (freeze–thaw, water, and moisture resistance). Furthermore, the high-temperature characteristics of SiO2 aerogel and the damage evolution pattern of SiO2 aerogel mortar were investigated with varying fire durations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 h) and fire temperatures (1000, 1100, and 1200 °C) as environmental variables. The results revealed that the critical temperature and critical time of SiO2 aerogel particles from amorphous to crystalline structures were about 1100 °C and 1.5 h, respectively. SiO2 aerogel mortar exhibited a compressive strength of 3.5 MPa, a bond strength of 0.36 MPa, and a thermal conductivity of 0.165 W/m·K. The residual mass ratio and residual compressive strength of SiO2 aerogel mortar were 81% and 1.8 MPa after 1100 °C for 2.5 h. The incorporation of SiO2 aerogel significantly improved the fire resistance of the mortar. Therefore, SiO2 aerogel mortar has the potential to be used as a fireproof coating and can be applied in tunnels to reduce high-temperature spalling and extend the safe evacuation time for personnel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions)
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23 pages, 8950 KiB  
Article
Engineering Attributes of Ternary Geopolymer Mortars Containing High Volumes of Palm Oil Fuel Ash: Impact of Elevated Temperature Exposure
by Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Ziyad Kubba and Sib Krishna Ghoshal
Fire 2023, 6(9), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6090340 - 30 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1578
Abstract
Geopolymer mortars made from various waste products can appreciably reduce carbon dioxide emissions and landfill-related issues, making them viable substitutes for ordinary Portland cement, a workhorse in the concrete industry. Thus, a series of ternary geopolymer mortars were made and characterized to determine [...] Read more.
Geopolymer mortars made from various waste products can appreciably reduce carbon dioxide emissions and landfill-related issues, making them viable substitutes for ordinary Portland cement, a workhorse in the concrete industry. Thus, a series of ternary geopolymer mortars were made and characterized to determine the effects of exposure to elevated temperatures (from room temperature up to 900 °C) on their engineered (residual compressive strength, weight loss, and slant shear bond strength) and microstructural properties. These mortars, which contain fly ash, ground blast furnace slag, and a high volume of palm oil fuel ash, were designed to activate via the incorporation of an alkali activator solution at a low concentration (molarity of 4). The elevated temperature-mediated deterioration of the ternary geopolymer mortar was quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed an improvement in the ternary geopolymer mortars’ resistance against elevated temperatures when the palm oil fuel ash level in the mortar matrix was raised from 50 to 70% and when slag was replaced by fly ash. It was asserted that the proposed ternary geopolymer mortars may contribute to the advancement of green concretes demanded by the construction sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions)
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12 pages, 7691 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Concrete Cylinders Confined with PBO FRCM Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
by Reem Talo, Farid Abed, Ahmed El Refai and Yazan Alhoubi
Fire 2023, 6(8), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6080322 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1778
Abstract
Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been widely used for strengthening and retrofitting applications. However, their efficacy is hindered by the poor resistance of their epoxy resins to elevated temperatures and their limited compatibility with concrete substrates. To address these limitations, fabric-reinforced cementitious [...] Read more.
Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been widely used for strengthening and retrofitting applications. However, their efficacy is hindered by the poor resistance of their epoxy resins to elevated temperatures and their limited compatibility with concrete substrates. To address these limitations, fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM), also known as textile reinforced mortar (TRM), systems have emerged as an alternative solution. In this study, experimental tests were performed on concrete cylinders confined with FRCM systems that consisted of mineral mortar and poliparafenilenbenzobisoxazole fabric (PBO). The cylinders with concrete strengths of 30, 45, and 70 MPa, were confined with one or two FRCM layers, and were subjected to different target temperatures (100, 400, and 800 °C). The experimental results highlighted the confinement effect of FRCMs on the compressive strength of the tested cylinders. Cylinders exposed to 100 °C exhibited a slight increase in their compressive strength, while no specific trend was observed in the compressive strength of cylinders heated to 400 °C. Specimens heated up to 800 °C experienced a significant reduction in strength, reaching up to 82%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions)
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28 pages, 16402 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Behavior of Encased Pultruded GFRP Beams under Elevated and Ambient Temperatures
by Enas M. Mahmood, Teghreed H. Ibrahim, Abbas A. Allawi and Ayman El-Zohairy
Fire 2023, 6(5), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6050212 - 21 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1441
Abstract
In this research, experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the performance of encased glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) beams under fire. The test specimens were divided into two peer groups to be tested under the effect of ambient and elevated temperatures. The [...] Read more.
In this research, experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the performance of encased glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) beams under fire. The test specimens were divided into two peer groups to be tested under the effect of ambient and elevated temperatures. The first group was statically tested to investigate the monotonic behavior of the specimens. The second group was exposed to fire loading first and then statically tested to explore the residual behavior of the burned specimens. Adding shear connectors and web stiffeners to the GFRP beam was the main parameter in this investigation. Moreover, service loads were applied to the tested beams during the fire. Utilizing shear connectors, web stiffeners, and both enhanced the load-carrying capacities of the encased beams by 100.6%, 97.3%, and 130.8%, respectively. Comparisons between the burned and unburned peer beams were presented with losses in the load-carrying capacity of the burned beams. These losses were the highest in the cases of shear connectors and web stiffeners due to the obtained severe damage, which led to more reductions in the residual behavior of the burned beams. Numerical analyses were performed using the general-purpose finite element (FE) ABAQUS package to conduct a parametric study. The investigated parameters included the effect of the exposure duration and the temperature level. The results of the FE analysis showed good agreement with the experimental results. Additional reductions in the residual capacities of the fire-damaged beams were observed due to exposure to longer fire durations. The improvements in the beam capacities due to using shear connectors and web stiffeners relative to the reference beams under the same exposure time decreased as the exposure duration increased. Furthermore, increasing the temperature to 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C caused reductions in the residual capacities by about 25%, 45%, 70%, and 80%, respectively, for the encased beams in comparison to their peers at ambient temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions)
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18 pages, 5107 KiB  
Article
Influence of Nano Composites on the Impact Resistance of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures
by Balamurali Kanagaraj, Anand Nammalvar, A. Diana Andrushia, Beulah Gnana Ananthi Gurupatham and Krishanu Roy
Fire 2023, 6(4), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6040135 - 27 Mar 2023
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2054
Abstract
The addition of nanomaterials to concrete efficiently fills the pores of the concrete, thereby improving its hardening characteristics. However, no research is available in the literature that investigated the influence of nano-cement (NC), nano-silica-fume (NS), nano-fly-ash (NF), and nano-metakaolin (NM), which are used [...] Read more.
The addition of nanomaterials to concrete efficiently fills the pores of the concrete, thereby improving its hardening characteristics. However, no research is available in the literature that investigated the influence of nano-cement (NC), nano-silica-fume (NS), nano-fly-ash (NF), and nano-metakaolin (NM), which are used as partial replacements for cement, on the impact strength (IS) of concrete at elevated temperatures. This issue is addressed herein. Nanomaterials were used in this study to replace 10%, 20%, and 30% of the cement in four different grades of concrete, starting from M20 to M50, at different temperatures. This nano-blended matrix was exposed to various temperatures ranging from 250 °C to 1000 °C, with an increment of 250 °C. In total, the results of 384 new tests were reported. In addition, morphological changes undergone by the concrete specimens were observed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The study revealed that the type of binder, proportion of binder, heating intensity, duration, and cooling type directly influenced the impact strength of concrete when subjected to elevated temperature. In comparison to NC, NF, NS, and NM, the mix with NC possessed superior performance when it was heated at 1000 °C. Prior to being subjected to elevated temperatures, the MK blended concrete mix performed well; however, when subjected to elevated temperatures, the MK blended concrete also experienced severe damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal–Mechanical Analysis Applied in Materials under Fire Conditions)
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