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17 pages, 1218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Distributed Robust Power Control for Two-Layer Cooperative Communication Networks in Smart Grids with Reduced Utility Costs

by Chang Xiong, Yixin Su, Danhong Zhang, Lan Chen, Huajie Zhang and Qi Li

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2911; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062911 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1846

Abstract

The packet loss during transmission of load control commands can lead to regulation errors in the smart grid and increase the cost of utility agencies due to the purchase of additional automatic generation control (AGC) services. In this paper, a two-layer cooperative communication [...] Read more.

The packet loss during transmission of load control commands can lead to regulation errors in the smart grid and increase the cost of utility agencies due to the purchase of additional automatic generation control (AGC) services. In this paper, a two-layer cooperative communication network between the utility company and relays is presented. The utility company rents the relay to assist with the downlink transmission to improve the reliability of communication and reduce the data transmission cost due to packet loss. Furthermore, the uncertainty of channel gain is considered, and a two-tier game model is established. A distributed robust power control algorithm based on the continuous convex approximation method is proposed to obtain the optimal relay power allocation and price. Through the simulation analysis of the proposed scheme and the two comparison schemes, the cost of the utility company was reduced by 6% and 21%, and the standard deviation of income value between the relays was reduced by 40% and 48%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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16 pages, 2901 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Control of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Voltage-Sourced Converter Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks

by Sengal Ghidewon-Abay and Ali Mehrizi-Sani

Energies 2023, 16(1), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010453 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2044

Abstract

With the rise of inverter-based resources (IBRs) within the power system, the control of grid-connected converters (GCCs) has become pertinent due to the fact they interface IBRs to the grid. The conventional method of control for a GCC such as the voltage-sourced converter [...] Read more.

With the rise of inverter-based resources (IBRs) within the power system, the control of grid-connected converters (GCCs) has become pertinent due to the fact they interface IBRs to the grid. The conventional method of control for a GCC such as the voltage-sourced converter (VSC) is through a decoupled control loop in the synchronous reference frame. However, this model-based control method is sensitive to parameter changes causing deterioration in controller performance. Data-driven approaches such as machine learning can be utilized to design controllers that are capable of operating GCCs in various system conditions. This work explores a deep learning-based control method for a three-phase grid-connected VSC, specifically utilizing a long short-term memory (LSTM) network for robust control. Simulations of a conventional controlled VSC are conducted using Simulink to collect data for training the LSTM-based controller. The LSTM model is built and trained using the Keras and TensorFlow libraries in Python and tested in Simulink. The performance of the LSTM-based controller is evaluated under different case studies and compared to the conventional method of control. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by outperforming the conventional controller and maintaining stability under different system parameter changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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25 pages, 11468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Stability Assessment of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid

by Fangyuan Chang, John O’Donnell, Jr. and Wencong Su

Energies 2023, 16(1), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010399 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3769

Abstract

AC/DC hybrid microgrids are becoming potentially more attractive due to the proliferation of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic generation, battery energy storage systems, and wind turbines. The collaboration of AC sub-microgrids and DC sub-microgrids improves operational efficiency when multiple types of power [...] Read more.

AC/DC hybrid microgrids are becoming potentially more attractive due to the proliferation of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic generation, battery energy storage systems, and wind turbines. The collaboration of AC sub-microgrids and DC sub-microgrids improves operational efficiency when multiple types of power generators and loads coexist at the power distribution level. However, the voltage stability analysis and software validation of AC/DC hybrid microgrids is a critical concern, especially with the increasing adoption of power electronic devices and various types of power generation. In this manuscript, we investigate the modeling of AC/DC hybrid microgrids with grid-forming and grid-following power converters. We propose a rapid simulation technique to reduce the simulation runtime with acceptable errors. Moreover, we discuss the stability of hybrid microgrids with different types of faults and power mismatches. In particular, we examine the voltage nadir to evaluate the transient stability of the hybrid microgrid. We also design a droop controller to regulate the power flow and alleviate voltage instability. During our study, we establish a Simulink-based simulation platform for operational analysis of the microgrid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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24 pages, 9504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ANFIS-Based Droop Control of an AC Microgrid System: Considering Intake of Water Treatment Plant

by C. Rohmingtluanga, Subir Datta, Nidul Sinha, Taha Selim Ustun and Akhtar Kalam

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7442; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197442 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2434

Abstract

Provision of an efficient water supply system (WSS) is one of the top priorities of all municipals to ascertain adequate water supply to the city. Intake is the lifeline of the water supply system and largely effects the overall plant efficiency. The required [...] Read more.

Provision of an efficient water supply system (WSS) is one of the top priorities of all municipals to ascertain adequate water supply to the city. Intake is the lifeline of the water supply system and largely effects the overall plant efficiency. The required power supply is generally fed from the main grid, and a diesel generator is commonly used as a power backup source. This results in high pumping cost as well as high operational cost. Moreover, due to operation of motor pumps and other auxiliary loads, frequent maintenance is required. Therefore, to avoid various challenges and to efficiently operate the intake system, microgrid concept has been introduced in this paper. Various distributed generations (DGs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV), interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) wind turbine generator and Battery energy storage system (BESS) are incorporated in the microgrid system. Additionally, a new approach based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is proposed, where P-f and Q-V droop is considered while training the ANFIS data; after successful training, the microgrid voltage and frequency are controlled as per system requirement. Simulation of the microgrid system shows good results and comparison with the generalized droop control (GDC) method is done using MATLAB/Simulink software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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17 pages, 15545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Phase Hybrid Trading of Green Certificate under Renewables Portfolio Standards in Community of Active Energy Agents

by Yaxin Tan, Zhiyu Xu and Weisheng Xu

Energies 2022, 15(19), 6915; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196915 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661

Abstract

The future distribution network is a community involving numerous active energy agents (AEAs) and a local operator. Each AEA is obligated to meet the renewables portfolio standards (RPS) with enough green certificates (GCs), which can be obtained from renewable energy consumption or from [...] Read more.

The future distribution network is a community involving numerous active energy agents (AEAs) and a local operator. Each AEA is obligated to meet the renewables portfolio standards (RPS) with enough green certificates (GCs), which can be obtained from renewable energy consumption or from GC trading. This paper concentrates on the GC trading in AEA community and proposes a two-phase hybrid mechanism, which combines the peer-to-peer (P2P) phase and the centralized phase. In Phase 1, GCs are traded among AEAs in P2P manner. All AEAs are classified into two types: naïve and sophisticated, each of which has the specific preference in GC trading. Additionally, each AEA finds trading partners by adopting multi-option-based matching. In Phase 2, the remaining GCs are traded between AEAs and the local operator. Numeric studies are performed on a 30-AEA community in three different market scenarios: globally balanced, undersupplied, and oversupplied. Simulation results indicate the optimality of bi-option, verify the effectiveness of the hybrid trading, and reveal the economic advantages over the sole centralized counterpart. The impact of AEA type is also discussed on both updating quotation and concluding deals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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12 pages, 4632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Magnetic Gear Patterns Based on Taguchi Method Combined with Genetic Algorithm

by Yuan Mao and Yun Yang

Energies 2022, 15(14), 4963; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15144963 - 6 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1812

Abstract

Magnetic gears (MGs) have gained increasing attention due to their sound performance in high torque density and low friction loss. Aiming to maximize the torque density, topology design has been a popular issue in recent years. However, studies on the optimization comparisons of [...] Read more.

Magnetic gears (MGs) have gained increasing attention due to their sound performance in high torque density and low friction loss. Aiming to maximize the torque density, topology design has been a popular issue in recent years. However, studies on the optimization comparisons of a general MG topology pattern are very limited. This paper proposes a Taguchi-method-based optimization method for a general MG topology pattern, which can cover most of the common types of radially magnetized concentric-surface-mounted MGs (RMCSM-MGs). The Taguchi method is introduced to evaluate the influence of each parameter in MGs. Moreover, the parameter value range is re-examined based on the sensitivity analysis results. The genetic algorithm (GA) method is adopted to optimize the topology pattern in the study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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14 pages, 5859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Load-Independent Self-Oscillating Control of Domino Wireless Power Transfer Systems for High-Voltage Power Grid Monitoring Equipment

by Kaiyuan Wang, Rui Liang and Yun Yang

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4228; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124228 - 8 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2363

Abstract

Real-time monitoring devices are popularly utilized in modern power grids. To ensure long-term operations of the monitoring systems under complex outdoor conditions, a reliable and stable power supply is essential. In this paper, a general analysis of domino wireless power transfer (WPT) systems [...] Read more.

Real-time monitoring devices are popularly utilized in modern power grids. To ensure long-term operations of the monitoring systems under complex outdoor conditions, a reliable and stable power supply is essential. In this paper, a general analysis of domino wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with load-independent outputs is proposed to realize a constant power supply for the monitoring equipment. In addition, the methodology of analyzing the self-oscillating points of the proposed domino WPT systems is deduced. The availability and feasibility of the proposed analysis and control method are verified by both simulation and experiment results based on a four-coil WPT system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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Review

Jump to: Research

17 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fault-Tolerant Secure Data Aggregation Schemes in Smart Grids: Techniques, Design Challenges, and Future Trends

by Hayat Mohammad Khan, Abid Khan, Basheir Khan and Gwanggil Jeon

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9350; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249350 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

Secure data aggregation is an important process that enables a smart meter to perform efficiently and accurately. However, the fault tolerance and privacy of the user data are the most serious concerns in this process. While the security issues of Smart Grids are [...] Read more.

Secure data aggregation is an important process that enables a smart meter to perform efficiently and accurately. However, the fault tolerance and privacy of the user data are the most serious concerns in this process. While the security issues of Smart Grids are extensively studied, these two issues have been ignored so far. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of fault-tolerant and differential privacy schemes for the Smart Gird. We selected papers from 2010 to 2021 and studied the schemes that are specifically related to fault tolerance and differential privacy. We divided all existing schemes based on the security properties, performance evaluation, and security attacks. We provide a comparative analysis for each scheme based on the cryptographic approach used. One of the drawbacks of existing surveys on the Smart Grid is that they have not discussed fault tolerance and differential privacy as a major area and consider them only as a part of privacy preservation schemes. On the basis of our work, we identified further research areas that can be explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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29 pages, 8764 KiB

Open AccessReview

Virtual Synchronous Generator, a Comprehensive Overview

by Wenju Sang, Wenyong Guo, Shaotao Dai, Chenyu Tian, Suhang Yu and Yuping Teng

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6148; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176148 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 11225

Abstract

Renewable energy sources (RESs) are generally connected to the grid through power electronic interfaces, which generate electrical power instantaneously with little inertia. With the increasing penetration of RESs, the grid will gradually develop into a low inertia and underdamped power system, which results [...] Read more.

Renewable energy sources (RESs) are generally connected to the grid through power electronic interfaces, which generate electrical power instantaneously with little inertia. With the increasing penetration of RESs, the grid will gradually develop into a low inertia and underdamped power system, which results in serious grid frequency stabilization problems. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is an emerging technology that mimics the operation characteristics of traditional synchronous generators (SGs). Virtual inertia and damping are therefore introduced, which help to stabilize grid frequency. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of the VSG. The basic operation principle of VSG is introduced and analyzed in depth. The key issues related to VSG are summarized and discussed, including hardware configuration, software control strategies, energy supporting methods, and typical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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27 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Remote Power Generation for Applications to Natural Gas Grid: A Comprehensive Market Review of Techno-Energetic, Economic and Environmental Performance

by Luca Da Lio and Andrea Lazzaretto

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5065; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145065 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2209

Abstract

The operation of natural gas grids requires electric-powered devices as data acquisition and control systems, surveillance and communication appliances, etc., often located in remote, unpopulated off-the-grid areas, where there is no personnel for surveillance, and maintenance costs are prohibitive. The literature on the [...] Read more.

The operation of natural gas grids requires electric-powered devices as data acquisition and control systems, surveillance and communication appliances, etc., often located in remote, unpopulated off-the-grid areas, where there is no personnel for surveillance, and maintenance costs are prohibitive. The literature on the power generating systems for these devices is limited to specific applications without a comparison between competing technologies, making their choice a difficult task for natural gas operators. This work presents a comprehensive up-to-date survey of market available technologies for remote power generation in the range of 20–1000 W for gas grid applications: thermoelectric generators, solid acid, direct methanol and solid oxide fuel cells, Stirling engines and microturbines. The work aims at sorting the technologies by techno-energetic, economic and environmental performance while providing specific technological characteristics and limitations. The results indicate well-defined ranges of power in which only some of the technologies are suitable and have very different efficiencies (3–30%). The capital cost of equal power technologies is similar (EUR 5000–30,000) and roughly linear with power (34.8P_el + EUR 6553), whereas operation costs (10–120 cEUR/kWh) and lifetime (0.5–20 yr) significantly depend on the technology. The indications of this review may constitute helpful guidelines to choose properly power generation systems for remote applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grids with High Integrations of New Technologies)

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