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Challenges in Energy Management System for Wholesale, Retail, and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "C: Energy Economics and Policy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 June 2026 | Viewed by 4783

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yuanxing Xia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical and Power Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
Interests: electricity markets; energy trading processes; energy storage optimization; large language models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yu Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Advanced Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
Interests: energy economic; system resilience; distribution network
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Wu Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
Interests: substance flow analysis; life cycle; production stage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is difficult to imagine a modern and flexible power system without advanced energy management systems (EMSs). With the proliferation of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, distributed energy resources (DERs), and intelligent demand-side technologies, the role of EMSs has rapidly expanded from conventional centralized scheduling to complex, multi-layered market coordination. The ongoing energy transition has led to the emergence of new market structures—wholesale, retail, and peer-to-peer (P2P)—which require the EMSs to simultaneously address the issues of scalability, interoperability, real-time optimization, cybersecurity, and economic efficiency. These transitions have also posed significant challenges in market design, hierarchical control, data privacy, and decentralized decision-making, calling for a fundamental rethinking of EMS architecture and algorithms.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances in the architecture, modelling, optimization, control, and implementation of energy management systems tailored to the operational needs of wholesale, retail, and peer-to-peer energy markets.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Multi-layer EMS design for integrated wholesale, retail, and P2P trading;
  • Coordination mechanisms among transmission, distribution, and prosumer markets;
  • EMS for market-based distributed energy resource (DER) scheduling;
  • Decentralized and distributed optimization techniques in EMSs;
  • EMSs under uncertain renewable generation and demand responses;
  • Privacy-preserving and secure data sharing in market-oriented EMSs;
  • Game-theoretic approaches and market mechanism design in P2P environments;
  • Blockchain and smart contract integration in energy management;
  • Real-time energy pricing and settlement mechanisms;
  • Human-in-the-loop and behavioral modeling in EMS design;
  • Digital twins and AI-driven EMSs for resilient market operations;
  • Forms of renewable energy plants' participation in the market.

Dr. Yuanxing Xia
Dr. Yu Huang
Dr. Wu Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy management system (EMS)
  • peer-to-peer energy trading
  • decentralized optimization
  • multi-market coordination
  • renewable energy integration
  • market mechanism design

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 1431 KB  
Article
Multi-Scenario Assessment of Imbalance Settlement Mechanisms in a Provincial Dual-Track Electricity Market: An EMS-Oriented Framework
by Mingyang Wang and Haoyong Chen
Energies 2026, 19(3), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030683 - 28 Jan 2026
Viewed by 484
Abstract
In provincial electricity markets where long-term contracts and spot trading coexist, multiple categories of imbalance funds arise from congestion, energy deviations and dual-track price differences, posing challenges to energy management systems (EMS) in terms of fair and robust settlement. This paper proposes an [...] Read more.
In provincial electricity markets where long-term contracts and spot trading coexist, multiple categories of imbalance funds arise from congestion, energy deviations and dual-track price differences, posing challenges to energy management systems (EMS) in terms of fair and robust settlement. This paper proposes an EMS-oriented framework to assess and diagnose alternative imbalance settlement mechanisms in a provincial dual-track market. First, a unified settlement model is developed that reconstructs key imbalance fund categories and allocates them to heterogeneous agents—thermal, renewable and storage units and different user groups—under a library of settlement rules. Second, a multi-scenario simulation platform is built, covering normal operation, tight supply and high-renewable-volatility conditions. Third, a multi-criteria evaluation scheme is designed to quantify economic efficiency, fairness, risk and renewable support for each mechanism–scenario combination. Finally, a category–agent two-dimensional diagnostic module is introduced to reveal misallocation patterns and the main money-transfer paths among fund categories and agent groups. A case study on a realistic provincial system shows that the proposed framework can distinguish mechanisms with better overall robustness, identify severe cross-subsidies in extreme scenarios and provide practical guidance for refining imbalance settlement parameters within EMS-driven market operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Energy Management System for Wholesale, Retail, and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading)
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21 pages, 1552 KB  
Article
The Biddings of Energy Storage in Multi-Microgrid Market Based on Stackelberg Game Theory
by Zifen Han, He Sheng, Yufan Liu, Shaofeng Liu, Shangxing Wang and Ke Wang
Energies 2026, 19(2), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020433 - 15 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 648
Abstract
Dual Carbon Goals are driving transformation in China’s power system, where increased renewable energy penetration is accompanied by heightened fluctuations on the generation and load sides. Energy storage and microgrid coordination have emerged as key solutions. However, existing research faces the challenge of [...] Read more.
Dual Carbon Goals are driving transformation in China’s power system, where increased renewable energy penetration is accompanied by heightened fluctuations on the generation and load sides. Energy storage and microgrid coordination have emerged as key solutions. However, existing research faces the challenge of balancing microgrid operations, energy storage services, and the alignment of user demand with stakeholder interests. This paper establishes a tripartite collaborative optimization framework to balance multi-stakeholder interests and enhance system efficiency, assuming fixed energy storage capacity. Centering on a principal-agent game between microgrid operators and consumer aggregators, energy storage service providers are integrated into this dynamic. Microgrid operators set 24-h electricity and heat pricing while adhering to tariff constraints, prompting consumer aggregators to adjust energy consumption and storage strategies accordingly. The KKT conditional method is employed to solve the model, deriving optimal user energy consumption strategies at the lower level while solving marginal pricing equilibrium relationships at the upper level, balancing accuracy with information privacy. The creative contribution of this article lies in the first construction of a tripartite collaborative optimization architecture in which energy storage service providers are embedded in a game of ownership and subordination. It proposes a dynamic coupling mechanism between pricing power, energy consumption decision-making, and energy storage configuration under fixed energy storage capacity constraints, achieving a balance of interests among multiple parties. By building a case study using MATLAB (R2022b), we compare operation costs, benefits, and absorption rates across different scenarios to validate the framework’s effectiveness and provide a reference for engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Energy Management System for Wholesale, Retail, and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading)
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44 pages, 7081 KB  
Article
Current Status and Future Prospects of Commercial Wind Power Generation
by Firoz Alam, Yingai Jin and Xingjun Hu
Energies 2025, 18(22), 6068; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226068 - 20 Nov 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3107
Abstract
Rising global population, socioeconomic development, industrialisation, lifestyle changes, mobility, and transportation all depend on fossil fuels. This reliance creates environmental pollution, CO2 emissions, depletion of fossil fuel resources, energy insecurity, and increased financial and environmental costs. Renewable energy sources, especially wind, provide [...] Read more.
Rising global population, socioeconomic development, industrialisation, lifestyle changes, mobility, and transportation all depend on fossil fuels. This reliance creates environmental pollution, CO2 emissions, depletion of fossil fuel resources, energy insecurity, and increased financial and environmental costs. Renewable energy sources, especially wind, provide a viable alternative to fossil fuels, decreasing reliance on them and mitigating environmental impacts. Despite considerable advances in the use of renewable wind energy for power generation, significant challenges persist in realising the full potential of this promising energy source. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to thoroughly examine global wind power generation, its distribution by region, and the challenges associated with using wind energy, such as issues with the global supply chain, equipment manufacturers, rare earth materials required for wind turbines, and a lack of skilled workforces in the wind energy sector. The major finding and novelty of the study includes a national action plan for wind power generation that encompasses diverse tasks and activities, which can be tailored to the specific requirements of a country. Additionally, the study proposed a classification of countries into six groups based on the availability of specific energy types within their national jurisdictions, aiming for an optimal energy mix to achieve energy security, sustainability, and climate impact mitigation. The other contribution of the study is outlining present difficulties, their origins, and potential solutions that governments, legislators, and other wind power stakeholders encounter while formulating strategies for wind power generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Energy Management System for Wholesale, Retail, and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading)
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