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Analysis of Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy System

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2021) | Viewed by 20908

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. David Santos Martín

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Interests: modeling and control of wind energy and photovoltaic conversion systems; control of microgrids and distributed energy resources; advanced control techniques applied to renewable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrical energy has essentially been produced in large generation plants for many years. However, the energy generation model is changing. Renewable energies are becoming a relevant segment of the electricity market and frequently feature as distributed energy resources. This decentralization could help tackle challenges like reliability, resiliency, or the reduction of greenhouse emissions as well as producing benefits for consumers and producers. Microgrids are the ecosystem that may provide said decentralization of the generation resources. The improvement of tools and models for the operation and control in microgrids is, hence, considered a key factor to enhance their development.

This Special Issue will deal with the innovative strategies for the operation and control of microgrids. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

-Review of microgrids and distributed energy resources standards and guidelines.

-Review of modeling microgrids.

-Solar, wind, and demand forecasting applied to the operation or control of microgrids.

-Planning and operation of microgrids, including secure-constrained unit commitment models.

-Microgrid control elements, including microgrid energy management systems and battery energy storage systems.

-Operation and control examples of real world microgrid facilities.

Prof. Dr. David Santos Martín
Guest Editor

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Keywords

microgrid and distributed energy resources standards
operation and control of microgrids
forecasting

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 27950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scalable Microgrid Process Model: The Results of an Off-Grid Household Experiment

by Sylwia Sysko-Romańczuk, Grzegorz Kluj, Liliana Hawrysz, Łukasz Rokicki and Sylwester Robak

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7139; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217139 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2454

Abstract

The security of national energy systems as well as the transition to a low-carbon future are two hot topics of discussion in the international political arena. Research on the stability of centralized energy systems is currently focused on distributed generation. Developing a scalable microgrid model enabling its massive adoption is one of the safest and feasible ways to solve such problem. The paper aims to fill an existing gap regarding the operation model of microgrids that is a barrier for the large-scale integration of those in the conventional grid network. In the proposed approach the authors identified key processes to be considered when operating microgrids, in the conditions shown through an experimental (simulation) campaign. A three-phase research was performed: (1) systematic literature review to explore the management models of a stand-alone microgrid design and management; (2) a household experiment; and (3) a computer simulation of energy balance for a selected household. We identified eight key processes constituting a scalable microgrid: five core processes, two supporting processes, and one management process. Subsequently, we developed a map of these processes obtaining a microgrid process model for massive adoption. The model of processes can be considered as a repeatable pattern of conduct in the creation and maintenance of microgrids, which their future owners can follow. To support our literature findings, we performed an experiment and a computer simulation of three sub-processes of the (re)design of the infrastructure process: (1) wind turbine selection, (2) photovoltaic power plant selection, and (3) energy-storage selection. Results confirm conditional stability of the analyzed microgrid and the need for cyclical simulation exercises until unconditional stability is achieved. In terms of sustainability, to keep the microgrid permanently in a positive energy balance will require the implementation of all key processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy System)

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31 pages, 2756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Controller Based on LQR Applied to Interleaved Boost Converter and Microgrids under Power Quality Events

by Gerardo Humberto Valencia-Rivera, Ivan Amaya, Jorge M. Cruz-Duarte, José Carlos Ortíz-Bayliss and Juan Gabriel Avina-Cervantes

Energies 2021, 14(21), 6909; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216909 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are an environmentally attractive idea, but they require a proper control scheme to guarantee optimal operation. In this work, we tune different controllers for an Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) powered by a photovoltaic array using three metaheuristics: Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Gray Wolf Optimization. We also develop several controllers for a second simulated scenario where the IBC is plugged into an existing microgrid (MG) as this can provide relevant data for real-life applications. In both cases, we consider hybrid controllers based on a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). However, we hybridize it with an Integral action (I-LQR) in the first scenario to compare our data against previously published controllers. In the second one, we add a Proportional-Integral technique (PI-LQR) as we do not have previous data to compare against to provide a more robust controller than I-LQR. To validate our approach, we run extensive simulations with each metaheuristic and compare the resulting data. We focus on two fronts: the performance of the controllers and the computing cost of the solvers when facing practical issues. Our results demonstrate that the approach proposed for tuning controllers is a feasible strategy. The controllers tuned with the metaheuristics outperformed previously proposed strategies, yielding solutions thrice faster with virtually no overshoot and a voltage ripple seven times smaller. Not only this, but our controllers could correct some issues liaised to the IBC when it is plugged into an MG. We are confident that these insights can help migrate this approach to a more diverse set of MGs with different renewable sources and escalate it to real-life experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy System)

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22 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endogenous Approach of a Frequency-Constrained Unit Commitment in Islanded Microgrid Systems

by David Rebollal, Mónica Chinchilla, David Santos-Martín and Josep M. Guerrero

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6290; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196290 - 2 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1889

Abstract

Power reserves are usually scheduled in day-ahead unit commitment (UC) to minimize operating costs while maintaining system security. In applying basic UC (bUC) after a contingency, the system frequency may fall upon the activation of the load-shedding global control (under-frequency load-shedding or UFLS) limits. Small isolated microgrids are more sensitive to this issue due to their lack of inertia. Including dynamic considerations into the bUC problem can minimize UFLS activation and also avoid the need for the operator to later check the short-term feasibility of a bUC solution. These proposals are known as Frequency-Constrained UC (FCUC), although the implementation are very time-consuming. FCUC implementation will increase the system’s operational costs, which should be calculated to estimate remuneration to the safety service based on the additional reserve provision. The electrical system of Gran Canaria island has suffered several episodes of greater blackouts in recent years. Shortly, there will be 242 MW of wind generation installed (26% of the thermal power installed on Gran Canaria). The main objective of this work is to improve the island system reliability by means of an FCUC formulation applied by the system operator in practice, including renewable sources. The results show that the frequency values remained within the admissible boundaries, but the system’s operational costs increased by around 13%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy System)

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26 pages, 5996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Two Solar Probabilistic Forecasting Methodologies for Microgrids Energy Efficiency

by Luis Mazorra-Aguiar, Philippe Lauret, Mathieu David, Albert Oliver and Gustavo Montero

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061679 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

In this paper, the performances of two approaches for solar probabilistic are evaluated using a set of metrics previously tested by the meteorology verification community. A particular focus is put on several scores and the decomposition of a specific probabilistic metric: the continuous rank probability score (CRPS) as they give extensive information to compare the forecasting performance of both methodologies. The two solar probabilistic forecasting methodologies are used to produce intra-day solar forecasts with time horizons ranging from 1 h to 6 h. The first methodology is based on two steps. In the first step, we generated a point forecast for each horizon and in a second step, we use quantile regression methods to estimate the prediction intervals. The second methodology directly estimates the prediction intervals of the forecasted clear sky index distribution using past data as inputs. With this second methodology we also propose to add solar geometric angles as inputs. Overall, nine probabilistic forecasting performances are compared at six measurements stations with different climatic conditions. This paper shows a detailed picture of the overall performance of the models and consequently may help in selecting the best methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy System)

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Review

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23 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Data and Data Sources for the Assessment of the Potential of Utility-Scale Hybrid Wind–Solar PV Power Plants Deployment, under a Microgrid Scope

by Luis Arribas, Yolanda Lechón, Alberto Perula, Javier Domínguez, Manuel Ferres, Jorge Navarro, Luis F. Zarzalejo, Carolina García Barquero and Ignacio Cruz

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7434; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217434 - 8 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3603

Abstract

Utility-scale hybrid wind–solar PV power plants (which might include some storage as well) are an attractive option for the transition of conventional grids to incorporate high renewable energy (RE) shares. Along with lower generation costs, they offer increased dispatch capabilities and flexible operation. However, when assessing their potential, they present higher needs in terms of input data, as they are forced to consider both spatial and temporal variations to evaluate their techno-economic viability, as well as other common inputs such as economic, social or environmental data. The availability of the different data influences the type of analysis to be implemented. The microgrid approach of segmenting the information into layers will be adopted for the classification of data. Three different levels of analysis are sought: long-term energy scenarios, geo-spatial planning, and production cost estimation. The analysis of necessary data for each planning stage, and the available data sources for the assessment of utility-scale hybrid power plants, under this microgrid approach, is the main focus of this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy System)

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24 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resources Standards and Guidelines Review: Grid Connection and Operation Technical Requirements

by David Rebollal, Miguel Carpintero-Rentería, David Santos-Martín and Mónica Chinchilla

Energies 2021, 14(3), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030523 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5837

Abstract

In this review, the state of the art of 23 distributed generation and microgrids standards has been analyzed. Among these standards, 18 correspond mainly to distributed generation while five of them introduce the concept of microgrid. The following topics have been considered: interconnection criteria, operating conditions, control capabilities, power quality, protection functions and reference variables. The revised national standards cover ten countries on four continents, which represents 80% of the countries with the largest installed renewable capacities. In addition, eight other relevant international standards have been analyzed, finding IEEE 1547 as the most comprehensive standard. It is identified a clear need to define a common framework for distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrid standards in the future, wherein topics, terminology, and values are expressed in a manner that may widely cover the entire diversity in a way similar to how it has already been expressed at the network transport level by the ENTSO-E codes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy System)

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